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A large reef manta ray (Manta alfredi) aggregation has been observed off the north Sudanese Red Sea coast since the 1950s. Sightings have been predominantly within the boundaries of a marine protected area (MPA), which was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in July 2016. Contrasting economic development trajectories have been proposed for the area (small-scale ecotourism and large-scale island development). To examine space-use, Wildlife Computers® SPOT 5 tags were secured to three manta rays. A two-state switching Bayesian state space model (BSSM), that allowed movement parameters to switch between resident and travelling, was fit to the recorded locations, and 50% and 95% kernel utilization distributions (KUD) home ranges calculated. A total of 682 BSSM locations were recorded between 30 October 2012 and 6 November 2013. Of these, 98.5% fell within the MPA boundaries; 99.5% for manta 1, 91.5% for manta 2, and 100% for manta 3. The BSSM identified that all three mantas were resident during 99% of transmissions, with 50% and 95% KUD home ranges falling mainly within the MPA boundaries. For all three mantas combined (88.4%), and all individuals (manta 1–92.4%, manta 2–64.9%, manta 3–91.9%), the majority of locations occurred within 15 km of the proposed large-scale island development. Results indicated that the MPA boundaries are spatially appropriate for manta rays in the region, however, a close association to the proposed large-scale development highlights the potential threat of disruption. Conversely, the focused nature of spatial use highlights the potential for reliable ecotourism opportunities.
Hintergrund: Einer der wichtigsten Gründe für das Therapieversagen von Zytostatika ist die MDR von malignen Zellen. Deren Modulation mit sogenannten Chemosen sitizern scheint ein erfolgversprechender Therapieansatz zu sein, so daß zahlreiche in vitro Studien initiiert wurden. Jedoch beachten diese Studien nur selten den Effekt der Proteinbindung auf die zelluläre Aufnahme von Zytostatika und der Wirkung von Chemosensitizern. Der Vorhersagewert der in vitro Tests für die in vivo Effektivität steht somit zur Diskussion. Die Ziele dieser Untersuchung waren es deshalb a) die Bindungscharakteristiken des Anthrazyklins IDA in HS und Zellkulturlösungen zu bestimmen, b) den Effekt der Proteinbindung, sowie des Chemosensitizers RVRP und des AkutPhaseProteins AGP, auf die Aufnahme und Retention von IDA in eine humane HL60 Leukämiezellinie zu untersuchen und c) die Bedeutung der Proteinbin dung für die in vivoAktivität von Zytostatika und Chemosensitizern zu analysieren. Methoden: Die Proteinbindung von IDA wurde mit Hilfe der Gleichgewichtsdialyse in HS und gebräuchlichen Zellkulturlösungen bestimmt. Die Zellaufnahme und Retention von IDA wurde in einer sensiblen und einer Pgpexprimierenden, resistenten humanen Leukämiezellinie (HL60 und HL60Vinc), sowie in Lymphozyten gesunder Probanden untersucht. Die Versuchsbedingungen wurden durch verschiedene Inkubationsmedien und die Zugabe von RVRP und AGP variiert. Die IDA Konzentration wurde spektrophotofluorometrisch analysiert. Ergebnisse: In den untersuchten Inkubationsmedien variierte die freie Fraktion von IDA um mehr als 7fach von ungefähr 60% in 15% FCS/PBS zu nur 8% in HS. In den Zellinien HL60 und HL60Vinc war die zelluläre Aufnahme von IDA in dem Medium mit niedrigen Proteinkonzentrationen ungefähr dreimal höher als in HS. Die Bedeutung von Pgp für das Resistenzverhalten der Leukämiezellinie zeigte sich durch die erniedrigte Akkumulation von IDA in den resistenten Zellen. RVRP konnte in allen Medien die Differenz der IDA Aufnahme und Retention zwischen der sensiblen und der resistenten Zellinie aufheben. Jedoch konnte RVRP nicht den Effekt von hohen Proteinkonzentrationen auf die IDA Aufnahme ausgleichen. In Anwesenheit von AGP konnte sowohl in den Medien mit hohen als auch niedrigen Protein konzentrationen nur eine sehr geringe Chemosensitizerwirkung nachgewiesen werden. Das Akkumulationsverhalten der Lymphozyten glich der sensiblen HL60 Zellinie. Schlußfolgerung: Proteinbindungsphänomene können die Aktivität von Zytostatika und Chemosensitizern erheblich beeinflussen. So ist in vitro die Serumproteinbindung eine wichtige Determinante für die zelluläre Aufnahme von IDA. Der Modulationseffekt von RVRP reagiert weniger sensitiv auf Unterschiede in der Gesamtproteinkonzentration, allerdings kann er durch erhöhte AGP Konzentrationen, wie sie bei Tumorpatienten vorkommen, erheblich beeinflußt werden. Bei der Interpretation von in vitro funktionellen Tests der zytostatischen Effektivität und Chemosensitizerwirkung sollte daher die Serumproteinbindung berücksichtigt und Untersuchungen in HS einbezogen werden.
Invasive fungal infections are associated with increased mortality in hematological patients. Despite considerable advances in antifungal therapy, the evaluation of suspected treatment failure is a common clinical challenge requiring extensive diagnostic testing to rule out potential causes, such as mixed infections. We present a 64-year-old patient with secondary AML, diabetes mellitus, febrile neutropenia, and sinusitis. While cultures from nasal tissue grew Aspergillus flavus, a microscopic examination of the tissue was suggestive of concomitant mucormycosis. However, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) using specific probes targeting Aspergillus and Mucorales species ruled out mixed infection. This was confirmed by specific qPCR assays amplifying the DNA of Aspergillus, but not of Mucorales. These results provided a rational basis for step-down targeted therapy, i.e., the patient received posaconazole after seven days of calculated dual therapy with liposomal amphotericin B and posaconazole. Despite clinical response to the antifungal therapy, he died due to the progression of the underlying disease within two weeks after diagnosis of fungal infection. Molecular diagnostics applied to tissue blocks may reveal useful information on the etiology of invasive fungal infections, including challenging situations, such as with mixed infections. A thorough understanding of fungal etiology facilitates targeted therapy that may improve therapeutic success while limiting side effects.
Highlights
• Open pulmonary tuberculosis patient discharge policy was not reviewed for decades.
• After smear-negativity conversion, substantial cultural positivity may remain.
• It remains unclear, whether smear-negative patients still may be infective.
• The clinical relevance of this finding warrants further investigation.
Abstract
Objectives: Patients with open pulmonary tuberculosis (opTB) are subject to strict isolation rules. Sputum smear microscopy is used to determine infectivity, but sensitivity is lower than for culture. This study aimed to investigate the clinical relevance of this mismatch in contemporary settings.
Methods: Differential results between microscopy and culture were determined at the time of microscopic sputum conversion, from all patients with opTB between 01/2013 and 12/2017. In addition, data on HIV, multi/extensive drug-resistant TB status, time to smear- and cultural-negativity conversion were analyzed; and a Kaplan-Meier curve was developed.
Results: Of 118 patients with opTB, 58 had demographic data available for microbiological and clinical follow-up analysis; among these, 26 (44.8%) had still at least one positive culture result. Median time from opTB-treatment initiation to full microscopic sputum- or culture conversion, was 16.5 days (range 2-105), and 20 days (1-105), respectively (median difference: +3.5 days). Sixteen days after de-isolation, >90% had converted culturally. HIV- or multi/extensive drug-resistant TB status did not impact conversion time.
Conclusion: When patients with opTB were de-isolated after 3 negative sputum smear microscopy tests, a substantial part still revealed cultural growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, but it remains unclear, whether smear-negative and culturally-positive individuals on therapy are really infective. Thus, the clinical relevance of this finding warrants further investigation.
The taxonomic status of Alcyonium aurantiacum Quoy & Gaimard, 1833, an octocoral endemic to New Zealand, was reviewed through morpho-molecular data comparisons in an integrative approach. Molecular phylogenetic analyses (nuclear 28S and mitochondrial mtMutS) resolved New Zealand taxa as more closely related to other genera and nominal Alcyonium Linnaeus, 1758 from South America than to the genus’ North Atlantic type species. Due to low genetic variation, species delimitation relied predominantly on identifying consistent differences in sclerite and colony morphology. The former A. aurantiacum is reassigned to Kotatea gen. nov. as K. aurantiaca gen. et comb. nov. and seven new species are described in this genus (K. amicispongia gen. et sp. nov., K. lobata gen. et sp. nov., K. kapotaiora gen. et sp. nov., K. kurakootingotingo gen. et sp. nov., K. niwa gen. et sp. nov., K. raekura gen. et sp. nov., and K. teorowai gen. et sp. nov.). Three new species in Ushanaia gen. nov. are also described (U. ferruginea gen. et sp. nov., U. fervens gen. et sp. nov. and U. solida gen. et sp. nov. ). These descriptions increase our understanding of New Zealand’s endemic octocoral diversity and contribute to ongoing systematic revisions of Alcyonium.
Identifizierung und Charakterisierung von Liganden für Faktor VIII neutralisierende Antikörper
(2008)
Das Fehlen von funktionellem Blutgerinnungsfaktor VIII (FVIII) in Hämophilie A- (HA-) Patienten wird durch Substitution mit FVIII-Präparaten therapiert. Die wesentlichste gegenwärtige Komplikation der FVIII-Ersatz-Therapie besteht in dem Auftreten von FVIII neutralisierenden Antikörpern (Inhibitoren) gegenüber exogenem FVIII. Diese können mittels verschiedener, kostenintensiver Therapien zur Induktion einer Immuntoleranz (ITI) mit unterschiedlichem Erfolg eliminiert werden. Für Patienten mit persistierenden Inhibitoren bedeuten diese nicht nur eine drastische Verminderung der Lebensqualität sondern ein lebensbedrohliches Szenario. Eine Liganden-vermittelte Blockierung von neutralisierenden anti-FVIII Antikörpern sowie die zielgerichtete Ansteuerung des Rezeptors FVIII-spezifischer Gedächtnis-B-Zellen stellen mögliche Ansätze zur Verwirklichung antigenspezifischer ITI-Strategien für eine dauerhafte, vollständige Eliminierung von FVIII-Inhibitoren dar. Zu diesem Zweck wurden in dieser Arbeit durch Screening von phagenpräsentierten, randomisierten Peptidbibliotheken mit Inhibitor-positiven Patientenplasmen Peptidliganden selektioniert. Diese wiesen eine spezifische Bindung von anti-FVIII Antikörpern in den verwendten Plasmen auf. Durch den Einsatz entsprechender Software konnten AS-Konsensusmotive der Peptidsequenzen möglichen, konformationellen, funktionellen Inhibitorepitopen in der A2- sowie C2-Domäne von FVIII zugeordnet werden. Die von in silico-Analysen vorgegebene Domänenspezifität der anti-FVIII Antikörper wurde in Bindungsstudien mit rekombinant exprimierten FVIII-Domänen verfiziert. Die korrespondierenden, synthetischen Peptidliganden blockierten die IgG-Bindung an FVIII und regenerierten partiell dessen Aktivität im Plasma. Die Peptide stellten funktionelle Mimotope der möglichen Inhibitorepitope in der A2- und C2-Domäne dar. Da FVIII neutralisierende Antikörper zumeist Epitope in beiden Domänen erkennen, wurden die Mimotope kombiniert, was in einer noch effektiveren Blockierung von FVIII-Inhibitoren resultierte. Weiterhin wiesen Mimotopkombinationen Kreuzreaktivität mit anti-FVIII IgG in heterologen Patientenplasmen auf. Durch Fusion der Peptide an die Multimerisierungsdomäne der alpha-Kette des humanen C4-Bindeproteins konnten in Zellkultur heptamere Proteine generiert werden. Gegenüber den synthetischen Peptiden wiesen die Multimere aufgrund ihrer Multivalenz sowie der strukturellen Integrität eine deutlich verbesserte Blockierung von anti-FVIII IgG auf. Das Multimerisierungskonzept erlaubte ferner die Kombination unterschiedlicher Peptidliganden in einem Heteromultimer, was anhand der selektierten, funktionellen Mimotope für mögliche A2- und C2-Epitope getestet wurde. Weiterhin zeichneten sich die Inhibitor-spezifischen Multimere gegenüber den synthetischen Peptiden durch deutlich verlängerte Halbwerstzeiten aus. In Präparationen peripherer mononuklearer Zellen (PBMCs) von Patienten färbten synthetische Peptide sowie Fluoreszenz-markierter FVIII B-Zellsubpopulationen mit einem Gedächntis-B-Zell Phänotyp (CD19+IgG+). Gedächtnis-B-Zellen in PBMCs wurden polyklonal stimuliert. Im ELISPOT-Verfahren konnten Tetanusspezifische, jedoch keine FVIII-spezifischen Zellen, detektiert werden. Im Gegensatz zu den verwandten Kontrollen bewirkte eine Präinkubation der Zellen mit dem Peptid 12C6, welches an das toxische D-AS-Peptid (KLAKLAK)2 gekoppelt war, allerdings eine Reduktion von anti-FVIII IgG in den Überständen stimulierter Zellen.
Sulphuric acid, ammonia, amines, and oxidised organics play a crucial role in nanoparticle formation in the atmosphere. In this study, we investigate the composition of nucleated nanoparticles formed from these compounds in the CLOUD (Cosmics Leaving Outdoor Droplets) chamber experiments at CERN (Centre européen pour la recherche nucléaire). The investigation was carried out via analysis of the particle hygroscopicity, ethanol affinity, oxidation state, and ion composition. Hygroscopicity was studied by a hygroscopic tandem differential mobility analyser and a cloud condensation nuclei counter, ethanol affinity by an organic differential mobility analyser and particle oxidation level by a high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer. The ion composition was studied by an atmospheric pressure interface time-of-flight mass spectrometer. The volume fraction of the organics in the particles during their growth from sizes of a few nanometers to tens of nanometers was derived from measured hygroscopicity assuming the Zdanovskii–Stokes–Robinson relationship, and compared to values gained from the spectrometers. The ZSR-relationship was also applied to obtain the measured ethanol affinities during the particle growth, which were used to derive the volume fractions of sulphuric acid and the other inorganics (e.g. ammonium salts). In the presence of sulphuric acid and ammonia, particles with a mobility diameter of 150 nm were chemically neutralised to ammonium sulphate. In the presence of oxidation products of pinanediol, the organic volume fraction of freshly nucleated particles increased from 0.4 to ~0.9, with an increase in diameter from 2 to 63 nm. Conversely, the sulphuric acid volume fraction decreased from 0.6 to 0.1 when the particle diameter increased from 2 to 50 nm. The results provide information on the composition of nucleated aerosol particles during their growth in the presence of various combinations of sulphuric acid, ammonia, dimethylamine and organic oxidation products.
Sulphuric acid, ammonia, amines, and oxidised organics play a crucial role in nanoparticle formation in the atmosphere. In this study, we investigate the composition of nucleated nanoparticles formed from these compounds in the CLOUD chamber experiments at CERN. The investigation is carried out via analysis of the particle hygroscopicity, ethanol affinity, oxidation state, and ion composition. Hygroscopicity was studied by a hygroscopic tandem differential mobility analyser and a cloud condensation nuclei counter, ethanol affinity by an organic differential mobility analyser and particle oxidation level by a high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer. The ion composition was studied by an atmospheric pressure interface time-of-flight mass spectrometer. The volume fraction of the organics in the particles during their growth from sizes of a few nanometers to tens of nanometers was derived from measured hygroscopicity assuming the Zdanovski-Stokes-Robinson relationship, and compared to values gained from the spectrometers. The ZSR-relationship was also applied to obtain the measured ethanol affinities during the particle growth, which were used to derive the volume fractions of sulphuric acid and the other inorganics (e.g. ammonium salts). In the presence of sulphuric acid and ammonia, particles with a mobility diameter of 150 nm were chemically neutralised to ammonium sulphate. In the presence of oxidation products of pinanediol, the organic volume fraction of freshly nucleated particles increased from 0.4 to ∼0.9, with an increase in diameter from 2 to 63 nm. Conversely, the sulphuric acid volume fraction decreased from 0.6 to 0.1 when the particle diameter increased from 2 to 50 nm. The results provide information on the composition of nucleated aerosol particles during their growth in the presence of various combinations of sulphuric acid, ammonia, dimethylamine and organic oxidation products.
Diese Abschlussarbeit zur dialektalen Gliederung des Zazaki besteht aus 2 Hauptteilen. Teil 1 beschreibt nach kurzer Darlegung und Auswertung der bisherigen Forschung die dialektale Struktur der Sprache und die Einteilung in Hauptdialekte. Teil 2 besteht aus Übersetzungen eines Beispieltextes in verschiedene Dialekte und Mundarten sowie aus Sprachkarten mit Isoglossen.
Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction (HPV) redistributes pulmonary blood flow from areas of low oxygen partial pressure to areas of normal or relativity high oxygen availability, thus optimising the matching of perfusion to ventilation and preventing arterial hypoxemia. Generalised alveolar hypoxia results in a sustained increase in pulmonary artery pressure which in turn leads to structural changes in the walls of the pulmonary vasculature (pulmonary vascular remodelling). Recent findings have indicated a role for cytochrome P450 (CYP) epoxygenase-derived epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) in hypoxia-induced pulmonary vasoconstriction. Given that the intracellular concentration of EETs is determined by the soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH), which metabolises EETs to their less active dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acids (DHETs), we assessed the influence of the sEH and EETs on pulmonary artery pressure, acute and chronic HPV, and pulmonary vascular remodelling in the mouse lung. In isolated lungs from wild-type mice, acute HPV was significantly increased by sEH inhibition, an effect abolished by pre-treatment with CYP epoxygenase inhibitors and the EET antagonist 14,15-EEZE. The acute hypoxia-induced vasoconstriction and EET production were greater in lungs from sEH-/- mice than from wild-type mice and sEH inhibition had no further effect on HPV in lungs from the former animals, while MSPPOH (CYP epoxygenase inhibitor) and 14,15-EEZE decreased the response. Exogenous application of 11,12-EET increased pulmonary artery pressure in a concentration-dependent manner and enhanced acute HPV in wild-type lungs, while 14,15-EET and 11,12-DHET were without significant effect on pulmonary artery pressure. 5-HT2A receptor antagonism or Rho kinase inhibition shifted the EET concentration-response curve to the right and abrogated the EET- and sEH inhibition-induced potentiation of acute hypoxic vasoconstriction. In lungs from wild-type and sEH-/- mice, hypoxic preconditioning (hypoxic ventilation for 10 minutes) enhanced the 5-HT response. 1-Adamantyl-3-cyclohexylurea (ACU), a sEH inhibitor, further amplified the hypoxia-induced 5-HT-hypersensitivity in wild-type mice. However, after hypoxic preconditioning, the sEH-/- lungs displayed a striking leftward shift in the 5-HT response. 11,12-EET can activate TRPC6 channels in endothelial cells by eliciting its translocation to the plasma membrane, more specifically to membrane domains enriched with the caveolae marker caveolin-1. This effect was also observed in rat pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells overexpressing the channel. Exposure of the latter cells to acute hypoxia also stimulated the intracellular translocation of TRPC6 to caveolae, an effect that was sensitive to the EET antagonist. The EET-induced translocation of TRPC6 channels was prevented by a 5-HT2A receptor antagonist but not by a Rho kinase inhibitor. Moreover, while acute hypoxia and 11,12-EET increased pulmonary pressure in lungs from TRPC6+/- mice, lungs from TRPC6-/- mice did not respond to either stimuli. These results indicate that the sEH and CYP-derived EETs are involved in acute HPV and that EET-induced pulmonary contraction under normoxic and hypoxic conditions involves a TRPC6 channel, a 5-HT2A receptor-dependent pathway and Rho kinase activation. In the second part of the study the role of the sEH in the development of pulmonary hypertension and vascular remodelling induced in mice by exposure to hypoxia (10% O2) for 21 days was analysed. In wild-type mice, chronic hypoxia decreased the pulmonary expression/activity of the sEH, induced right heart hypertrophy and erythropoiesis, and increased the number of partially and fully muscularised pulmonary resistance arteries (by 3-fold). Moreover, in HEK 293 cells, hypoxia (1% O2 up to 24 h) decreased sEH promoter activity by 50%. In isolated lungs, pre-exposure to chronic hypoxia significantly increased baseline perfusion pressures and potentiated the acute HPV. While an sEH inhibitor, ACU, potentiated acute HPV in lungs from mice maintained in normoxic conditions, it had no effect on HPV in lungs from mice exposed to hypoxia. The EET antagonist, 14,15-EEZE, abolished the sEH inhibitor-dependent increase in acute HPV in normoxic lungs and decreased HPV in chronic hypoxic lungs. Hypoxia-induced right heart hypertrophy and erythropoiesis were more pronounced in sEH-/- than in wild-type mice. Under normoxic and hypoxic conditions the muscularisation of resistance pulmonary arteries was greater in lungs from sEH-/- mice than in lungs from wild-type mice. sEH-/- mice also displayed an enhanced acute HPV, compared to that observed in wild-type mice and chronic exposure to hypoxia did not further potentiate acute HPV. However, in the presence of 14,15-EEZE responses returned to levels observed in normoxic lungs from wild-type animals. Furthermore, immunohistochemistry demonstrated an extensive expression of the sEH in the medial wall of pulmonary arteries from human donor lungs. Whereas sEH expression was not detectable in samples from pulmonary hypertension patients, indicating that the sEH is involved in hypoxia-induced pulmonary vascular remodelling and hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction. Taken together, the results presented in this thesis indicate that the expression/activity of the sEH is an important determinant of the magnitude of acute and chronic hypoxia-induced pulmonary vasoconstriction and pulmonary vascular remodelling by inactivating vasoconstrictor CYP-derived EETs. As sEH inhibitors are currently being developed for the treatment of human systemic hypertension, it should be noted that these compounds may even promote the development of pulmonary hypertension.
We present results for calculating fusion cross-sections using a new microscopic approach based on a time-dependent density-constrained DFT calculations. The theory is implemented by using densities and other information obtained from TDDFT time-evolution of the nuclear system as a constraint on the density for DFT calculations.
İsviçreli gazeteci, foto muhabiri, yazar, fotoğrafçı Annemarie Schwarzenbach, gazetecilik göreviyle Ekim 1933'te, Irak'ta sonlanacak doğu yolculuğuna çıkmıştır. Seyahatinin iki ayını Türkiye'de geçirmiştir. Gördüklerini, edindiği izlenimler çerçevesinde kaleme alarak, 1935 yılında "Winter in Vorderasien - Tagebuch einer Reise" başlığıyla yayınlatmıştır. Seyahat, Türkiye'de reform çalışmalarına ve Cumhuriyet'in onuncu yılına denk gelmektedir. Ancak aktarımlarına bakıldığında, eleştirel bakış açısı dikkat çekmektedir. Yürütülecek bu çalışma ile Schwarzenbach'ın Alman edebiyatına sunduğu Türkiye imgesinin anlaşılmasına katkı sağlanması amaçlanmıştır. Bu nedenle, seyahatname Türkiye'ye dair tasvirleri çerçevesinde ele alınacaktır.
Fırtına ve Coşku edebi akımı yazarlarından Heinrich Leopold Wagner'in "Kindermörderin" adlı eseri, akımın en önemli eserleri arasında gösterilmektedir. Wagner, eseri yayınlandığında, yazım stili ve konuları açıklıkla ele almış olması nedeniyle oldukça ağır eleştirilere maruz kalmıştır. Burjuva trajedisi türündeki eserinde, 18. yüzyıl toplum yaşamının en önemli konularından olan çocuk cinayeti motifini işlemiştir. Ancak, motifin karakteristik özelliği olan soylu bir erkekle saf burjuva kızı ilişkisini kurgularken, motifin ayrıntılarında değişikliğe gittiği görülmektedir. Bu bağlamda, kısaca Fırtına ve Coşku akımına ve 18. yüzyıl Alman toplumunda çocuk cinayeti olgusuna değinilecektir. Eser, dönem ve olguların arka planına dair verilen bu bilgilerden sonra, Fırtına ve Coşku akımının çocuk cinayeti motifini işleyişi ele alınacaktır. Ardından, Wagner'in, eserinde çocuk cinayeti motifini işlerken gittiği değişiklikler ve bu yolla ortaya koyduğu olgular saptanacaktır. Böylece, yürütülecek bu çalışmayla, çocuk cinayeti motifi konusunda yapılmış genel geçer tanımların dışına çıktığı ortaya konularak, Wagner'in eserine ve çocuk cinayeti motifi üzerine yapılacak araştırmalara katkı sağlanması amaçlanmıştır.
Epoxides and diols of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are bioactive and can influence processes such as tumor cell proliferation and angiogenesis. Studies with inhibitors of the soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) in animals overexpressing cytochrome P450 enzymes or following the systemic administration of specific epoxides revealed a markedly increased incidence of tumor metastases. To determine whether PUFA epoxides increased metastases in a model of spontaneous breast cancer, sEH-/- mice were crossed onto the polyoma middle T oncogene (PyMT) background. We found that the deletion of the sEH accelerated the growth of primary tumors and increased both the tumor macrophage count and angiogenesis. There were small differences in the epoxide/diol content of tumors, particularly in epoxyoctadecamonoenic acid versus dihydroxyoctadecenoic acid, and marked changes in the expression of proteins linked with cell proliferation and metabolism. However, there was no consequence of sEH inhibition on the formation of metastases in the lymph node or lung. Taken together, our results confirm previous reports of increased tumor growth in animals lacking sEH but fail to substantiate reports of enhanced lymph node or pulmonary metastases.
Der Name Engelbert Humperdinck wird von den meisten Musikinteressierten unwillkürlich mit seinem berühmtesten Werk "Hänsel und Gretel" oder allgemein mit dem Begriff "Märchenoper" assoziiert. Auch herausragende Musikwissenschaftler - wie z.B. Carl Dahlhaus im "Neuen Handbuch der Musikwissenschaft" - beschränken sich beim Stichwort "Humperdinck" in der Regel auf Erläuterungen zu "Hänsel und Gretel". Humperdinck hat in der Tat eine ganze Reihe von Märchenstoffen vertont: Er begann mit Liedern zu Märchenspielen, die seine Schwester Adelheid Wette für ihre Kinder geschrieben hatte ("Schneewittchen" 1888, "Hänsel und Gretel" 1890 und "Die sieben Geislein" 1895). Nach dem Erfolg der durchkomponierten Oper "Hänsel und Gretel" 1893 versuchte er sich an der Gattung Melodram ("Königskinder" 1895/97 nach einem Text von Elsa Bernstein), einer Mischform aus Singspiel und Melodram ("Dornröschen" 1902 nach einem Text von Elisabeth Filhés-Ebeling) und schließlich wieder an der durchkomponierten Märchenoper ("Königskinder" 1910). Außerdem schrieb er ein Vorspiel und zwei Musiknummern zu Maurice Maeterlincks "Der blaue Vogel" (1910-12).
Jedoch war dies nur ein Bereich der Musik für die Bühne, in dem er sich betätigte. Eine bedeutende Phase war für Humperdinck die Zusammenarbeit mit Max Reinhardt am Deutschen Theater und Alfred Halm am "Deutschen Schauspielhaus" in Berlin (von 1905 bis 1907), in der u.a. Bühnenmusik zu vier Shakespeareschen Werken entstand ("Der Kaufmann von Venedig", "Der Sturm", "Das Wintermärchen" und "Was ihr wollt"). In seiner letzten Schaffensperiode konnte Humperdinck sich verstärkt der Gattung widmen, die ihm schon vor Hänsel und Gretel als Ausweg aus der Wagner-Nachfolge-Lethargie erschienen war, der komischen Oper ("Heirat wider Willen" 1905, "Die Marketenderin" 1914, "Gaudeamus" 1919).
In diesem Beitrag soll "Dornröschen" genauer betrachtet werden - ein Märchenspiel, das im Unterschied zu den beiden Märchenopern Humperdincks wenig Erfolg hatte und in der Literatur bisher so gut wie gar nicht behandelt wurde. Wie ist das Werk entstanden, was ist das Besondere an ihm, und welche Gründe gibt es für sein Scheitern auf der Bühne? Zunächst soll je doch ein kurzer Überblick über Inhalt, Besetzung und Form in das Werk ein führen...
„Zu viel Musik“ lautet der Titel eines Aufsatzes des Pianisten, Komponisten, Dirigenten und Musikschriftstellers Ferdinand Hiller (1811-1885) über die Musikbelästigung eines musikalischen Bürgers durch unterschiedlichste Quellen in seinem Umfeld im Laufe eines Tages, sicherlich auf eigenen Erfahrungen fußend.1 Er wird als Titel für diesen Beitrag im übertragenen Sinne zitiert, weil der Nachlass Hiller in der Universitätsbibliothek Frankfurt am Main beim ersten Sichten bisher sehr unübersichtlich erschien. Der Nachlass umfasst 74 Bände Musikhandschriften, davon 21 Sammelhandschriften, dazu 9 Mappen mit Stimmen, 59 Bände Musikdrucke eigener Werke, davon 29 Sammelbände, dazu eine dicke Mappe mit Stimmen. Weitere Handschriften wurden nachträglich erworben. In verschiedenen Sammlungen sind darüber hinaus Briefe und Bildnisse Hillers überliefert.
Dieser Beitrag hat das Ziel, eine strukturierte Übersicht über die enthaltenen Werke zu geben: Der Inhalt der im Druck überlieferten Sammelbände wird anhand einer Tabelle dargestellt. Den Hauptteil dieses Beitrages bildet eine nach musikalischen Gattungen gegliederte Liste der in Frankfurt überlieferten Musikautographe, die als Register zu dem mittler weile digital verfügbaren Nachlassverzeichnis von Christine Ihl genutzt werden kann.