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Potentiation of glycine-gated NR1/NR3A NMDA receptors relieves Ca2+-dependent outward rectification
(2010)
Glycine has diverse functions within the mammalian central nervous system. It inhibits postsynaptic neurons via strychnine-sensitive glycine receptors (GlyRs) and enhances neuronal excitation through co-activation of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors. Classical Ca2+-permeable NMDA receptors are composed of glycine-binding NR1 and glutamate-binding NR2 subunits, and hence require both glutamate and glycine for efficient activation. In contrast, recombinant receptors composed of NR1 and the glycine binding NR3A and/or NR3B subunits lack glutamate binding sites and can be activated by glycine alone. Therefore these receptors are also named “excitatory glycine receptors”. Co-application of antagonists of the NR1 glycine-binding site or of the divalent cation Zn2+ markedly enhances the glycine responses of these receptors. To gain further insight into the properties of these glycine-gated NMDA receptors, we investigated their current-voltage (I–V) dependence. Whole-cell current-voltage relations of glycine currents recorded from NR1/NR3B and NR1/NR3A/NR3B expressing oocytes were found to be linear under our recording conditions. In contrast, NR1/NR3A receptors displayed a strong outwardly rectifying I–V relation. Interestingly, the voltage-dependent inward current block was abolished in the presence of NR1 antagonists, Zn2+ or a combination of both. Further analysis revealed that Ca2+ (1.8 mM) present in our recording solutions was responsible for the voltage-dependent inhibition of ion flux through NR1/NR3A receptors. Since physiological concentrations of the divalent cation Mg2+ did not affect the I–V dependence, our data suggest that relief of the voltage-dependent Ca2+ block of NR1/NR3A receptors by Zn2+ may be important for the regulation of excitatory glycinergic transmission, according to the Mg2+-block of conventional NR1/NR2 NMDA receptors. Keywords: NMDA receptor, excitatory glycine receptor, voltage block, NR3 subunit, supralinear potentiation, Zn2+, NR1 antagonist, ligand-binding domain
Background: Current conventional vaccination approaches do not induce potent CD8 T-cell responses for fighting mostly variable viral diseases such as influenza, avian influenza viruses or HIV. Following our recent study on vaccine penetration by targeting of vaccine to human hair follicular ducts surrounded by Langerhans cells, we tested in the first randomized Phase-Ia trial based on hair follicle penetration (namely transcutaneous route) the induction of virus-specific CD8 T cell responses. Methods and Findings: We chose the inactivated influenza vaccine – a conventional licensed tetanus/influenza (TETAGRIP®) vaccine – to compare the safety and immunogenicity of transcutaneous (TC) versus IM immunization in two randomized controlled, multi-center Phase I trials including 24 healthy-volunteers and 12 HIV-infected patients. Vaccination was performed by application of inactivated influenza vaccine according to a standard protocol allowing the opening of the hair duct for the TC route or needle-injection for the IM route. We demonstrated that the safety of the two routes was similar. We showed the superiority of TC application, but not the IM route, to induce a significant increase in influenza-specific CD8 cytokine-producing cells in healthy-volunteers and in HIV-infected patients. However, these routes did not differ significantly for the induction of influenza-specific CD4 responses, and neutralizing antibodies were induced only by the IM route. The CD8 cell response is thus the major immune response observed after TC vaccination. Conclusions: This Phase Ia clinical trial (Manon05) testing an anti-influenza vaccine demonstrated that vaccines designed for antibody induction by the IM route, generate vaccine-specific CD8 T cells when administered transcutaneously. These results underline the necessity of adapting vaccination strategies to control complex infectious diseases when CD8 cellular responses are crucial. Our work opens up a key area for the development of preventive and therapeutic vaccines for diseases in which CD8 cells play a crucial role.
The continuous progress in the structural and functional characterization of aquaporins increasingly attracts attention to study their roles in certain mammalian diseases. Although several structures of aquaporins have already been solved by crystallization, the challenge of producing sufficient amounts of functional proteins still remains. CF (cell free) expression has emerged in recent times as a promising alternative option in order to synthesize large quantities of membrane proteins, and the focus of this report was to evaluate the potential of this technique for the production of eukaryotic aquaporins. We have selected the mouse aquaporin 4 as a representative of mammalian aquaporins. The protein was synthesized in an E. coli extract based cell-free system with two different expression modes, and the efficiencies of two modes were compared. In both, the P-CF (cell-free membrane protein expression as precipitate) mode generating initial aquaporin precipitates as well as in the D-CF (cell-free membrane protein expression in presence of detergent) mode, generating directly detergent solubilized samples, we were able to obtain mg amounts of protein per ml of cell-free reaction. Purified aquaporin samples solubilized in different detergents were reconstituted into liposomes, and analyzed for the water channel activity. The calculated Pf value of proteoliposome samples isolated from the D-CF mode was 133 µm/s at 10°C, which was 5 times higher as that of the control. A reversible inhibitory effect of mercury chloride was observed, which is consistent with previous observations of in vitro reconstituted aquaporin 4. In this study, a fast and convenient protocol was established for functional expression of aquaporins, which could serve as basis for further applications such as water filtration.
U prilogu se s kontrastivnog aspekta analiziraju frazemi hrvatskoga i češkoga jezika kojima je sastavnica zoonim. Životinja je još od pradavnih vremena najbliži čovjekov suputnik. U svim se narodima životinjama pripisuju simbolična značenja i ljudske osobine i to najčešće one negativne što ćemo i pokušati dokazati ovim prilogom. Naime, ljudi su kroz povijest pripisivali životinjama određene stereotipe. Tako se pozitivno određuju domaće životinje i to one od kojih čovjek ima više koristi, za razliku od divljih prema kojima je puno kritičniji i skloniji negativnome određenju. S obzirom na to da zoonimska frazeologija obuhvaća širok dijapazon različitih značenja u ovome ćemo se prilogu baviti onim frazemima koji svojim značenjem ulaze u koncept ljudskih osobina, stanja, izgleda, načina kretanja te odnosa prema jelu i piću. Pri tome se objašnjava i simbolika pojedine životinje jer se time razumije i pozadinska slika pojedina frazema. Također u prilogu se provodi i kontrastivna analiza izdvojenih hrvatskih i čeških frazema s obzirom na navedene koncepte te se utvrđuju podudarnosti i razlike.
Ključne riječi: frazem; zoonim; frazemska pozadinska slika; kontrastivna analiza; hrvatski jezik; češki jezik
WE STUDY WHETHER PRIVATE EQUITY (PE) FIRMS HAVE A POSITIVE IMPACT ON THE FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE OF THEIR GERMAN PORTFOLIO COMPANIES BEFORE AND AFTER THE IPO. OUR EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS IS BASED ON A UNIQUE AND LARGE DATASET OF ALL IPOS IN GERMANY BETWEEN 2000 AND 2007. WE FIND THAT PE FIRMS SELECT COMPANIES WITH BELOW AVERAGE PERFORMANCE AND THEN IMPROVE PERFORMANCE SUBSTANTIALLY UNTIL THE IPO DATE AND IN MANY CASES ALSO THEREAFTER. THIS IMPLIES THAT PE FIRMS FILL A VOID ALSO IN GERMAN FINANCIAL MARKETS AND THAT THEY WILL ALSO PLAY A FUTURE ROLE IN FINANCING GERMAN ENTERPRISES.
Fasst man das Konzept der Katharsis als die wohltuende Auflösung eines durch eine Erzählung ausgelösten, emotionalen Spannungszustandes auf, dann lässt sich wohl behaupten, dass diese nach wie vor das aristotelisch-klassische Ziel des modernen Mainstream Kinos ist. Das Besondere an dem Film The Reader ist nun, dass diese Katharsis nicht nur ein latent verfolgtes Ziel des Filmes, d.h. ein unbewusstes Nebenprodukt eines Happy Ends ist, sondern gleichzeitig auch expliziter Teil der Erzählung (und somit eine begriffliche Ausweitung erfährt): Ist eine Katharsis angesichts der Schrecken von Auschwitz überhaupt möglich? Die folgende Deutung glaubt, dass der Film diese Frage versucht zu bejahen, indem er auf die Möglichkeiten eines ‚poetischen Kinos’ verweist. Diese bestehen nicht zuletzt in der Symbolisierung des ‚Unaussprechlichen’, die zwar keine rationale, dafür aber eine emotionale Integration der NS-Vergangenheit zu leisten können beansprucht.
Anhand des Fallbeispiels studiumdigitale, der zentralen eLearning-Einrichtung der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, werden verschiedene Thesen zur Einrichtung und Entwicklung einer so genannten Third Space-Einrichtung dargelegt, die einerseits den Erfolg und das Überleben einer Einrichtung wie auch ihre Fortentwicklung betreffen. Der Schwerpunkt liegt dabei auf der Ausgestaltung der Austauschbeziehung der Einrichtung zu ihren ‚Kunden’, den Lehrenden, zu ihren Nachbareinrichtungen und sowie der Definition und Ausprägung der Aufgaben der Institution.
On August 13, 2010 Horst Schuller, university professor, former head of the German Studies Department of the University of Sibiu, Romanian-born German critic and literary historian reached the age of 70 years. The present article pays homage to the well-known scientist at reaching the venerable age.
Programmatik und Verfahren des Direct Cinema (mit besonderem Augenmerk auf Don Alan Pennebaker)
(2010)
Das amerikanische Direct Cinema, wie es 1960 unter der Leitung von Robert Drew mit PRIMARY, dem ersten Film der Gruppe um Richard Leacock und D.A. Pennebaker, entstanden war, gab rasch dem amerikanischen Dokumentarfilm und bald auch der internationalen Szene revolutionierende und revitalisierende Impulse. Es basiert auf der Erfindung Leacocks und anderer, mithilfe der Pilotton-Technik ein tragbares Tonaufzeichnungsgerät mit der 16mm-Kamera zu synchronisieren. Damit war der Dokumentarfilm sozusagen freigesetzt, man konnte den gefilmten Personen überallhin folgen und den authentischen Ton vor Ort aufzeichnen, während zuvor ein Tonstudio nötig war.
The title compound, C15H14N2O4, has a trans–gauche [O/C/C/C–O/C/C/C] (TG) conformation. The angle between the planes of aromatic rings is 76.4 (3)°. The crystal structure is stabilized by van der Waals interactions and C—H ... O hydrogen bonds. The crystal used was a non-merohedral twin with a fractional contribution of the minor component of 0.443 (5).
The title compound. C15H14N2O4, (I), has a gauche–gauche (O/C/C/C—O/C/C/C or GG) conformation and is a positional isomer of propane-1,3-diyl bis(pyridine-3-carboxylate), (II). The molecule of (I) lies on a twofold rotation axis, which passes through the central C atom of the aliphatic chain, giving one half-molecule per asymmetric unit. There is excellent agreement of the geometric parameters of (I) and (II). The most obvious differences between them are the O/C/C/C—O/C/C/C torsion angles [56.6 (2)° in (I) and 174.0 (3)/70.2 (3)° in (II) for GG and TG conformations, respectively] and the dihedral angle between the planes of the aromatic rings [80.3 (10)° in (I) and 76.5 (3)° in (II)]. The crystal structure is stabilized by weak C—H ... N and C—H ... O hydrogen bonding.
Proteins can be acetylated at the alpha-amino group of the N-terminal amino acid (methionine or the penultimate amino acid after methionine removal) or at the epsilon-amino group of internal lysines. In eukaryotes the majority of proteins are N-terminally acetylated, while this is extremely rare in bacteria. A variety of studies about N-terminal acetylation in archaea have been reported recently, and it was revealed that a considerable fraction of proteins is N-terminally acetylated in haloarchaea and Sulfolobus, while this does not seem to apply for methanogenic archaea. Many eukaryotic proteins are modified by differential internal acetylation, which is important for a variety of processes. Until very recently, only two bacterial proteins were known to be acetylation targets, but now 125 acetylation sites are known for E. coli. Knowledge about internal acetylation in archaea is extremely limited; only two target proteins are known, only one of which--Alba--was used to study differential acetylation. However, indications accumulate that the degree of internal acetylation of archaeal proteins might be underestimated, and differential acetylation has been shown to be essential for the viability of haloarchaea. Focused proteomic approaches are needed to get an overview of the extent of internal protein acetylation in archaea.
Activation of Notch1 signaling in neural progenitor cells (NPCs) induces self-renewal and inhibits neurogenesis. Upon neuronal differentiation, NPCs overcome this inhibition, express proneural genes to induce Notch ligands, and activate Notch1 in neighboring NPCs. The molecular mechanism that coordinates Notch1 inactivation with initiation of neurogenesis remains elusive. Here, we provide evidence that Prox1, a transcription repressor and downstream target of proneural genes, counteracts Notch1 signaling via direct suppression of Notch1 gene expression. By expression studies in the developing spinal cord of chick and mouse embryo, we showed that Prox1 is limited to neuronal precursors residing between the Notch1+ NPCs and post-mitotic neurons. Physiological levels of Prox1 in this tissue are sufficient to allow binding at Notch1 promoter and they are critical for proper Notch1 transcriptional regulation in vivo. Gain-of-function studies in the chick neural tube and mouse NPCs suggest that Prox1-mediated suppression of Notch1 relieves its inhibition on neurogenesis and allows NPCs to exit the cell cycle and differentiate. Moreover, loss-of-function in the chick neural tube shows that Prox1 is necessary for suppression of Notch1 outside the ventricular zone, inhibition of active Notch signaling, down-regulation of NPC markers, and completion of neuronal differentiation program. Together these data suggest that Prox1 inhibits Notch1 gene expression to control the balance between NPC self-renewal and neuronal differentiation.
Quantification of circulating endothelial progenitor cells using the modified ISHAGE protocol
(2010)
Aims: Circulating endothelial progenitor cells (EPC), involved in endothelial regeneration, neovascularisation, and determination of prognosis in cardiovascular disease can be characterised with functional assays or using immunofluorescence and flow cytometry. Combinations of markers, including CD34+KDR+ or CD133+KDR+, are used. This approach, however may not consider all characteristics of EPC. The lack of a standardised protocol with regards to reagents and gating strategies may account for the widespread inter-laboratory variations in quantification of EPC. We, therefore developed a novel protocol adapted from the standardised so-called ISHAGE protocol for enumeration of haematopoietic stem cells to enable comparison of clinical and laboratory data. Methods and Results: In 25 control subjects, 65 patients with coronary artery disease (CAD; 40 stable CAD, 25 acute coronary syndrome/acute myocardial infarction (ACS)), EPC were quantified using the following approach: Whole blood was incubated with CD45, KDR, and CD34. The ISHAGE sequential strategy was used, and finally, CD45dimCD34+ cells were quantified for KDR. A minimum of 100 CD34+ events were collected. For comparison, CD45+CD34+ and CD45-CD34+ were analysed simultaneously. The number of CD45dimCD34+KDR+ cells only were significantly higher in healthy controls compared to patients with CAD or ACS (p = 0.005 each, p<0.001 for trend). An inverse correlation of CD45dimCD34+KDR+ with disease activity (r = -0.475, p<0.001) was confirmed. Only CD45dimCD34+KDR+ correlated inversely with the number of diseased coronaries (r = -0.344; p<0.005). In a second study, a 4-week de-novo treatment of atorvastatin in stable CAD evoked an increase only of CD45dimCD34+KDR+ EPC (p<0.05). CD45+CD34+KDR+ and CD45-CD34+KDR+ were indifferent between the three groups. Conclusion: Our newly established protocol adopted from the standardised ISHAGE protocol achieved higher accuracy in EPC enumeration confirming previous findings with respect to the correlation of EPC with disease activity and the increase of EPC during statin therapy. The data of this study show the CD45dim fraction to harbour EPC.
O presente artigo oferece um breve panorama acerca do ensino da língua alemã no Brasil. Seguindo os conceitos e dimensões de bilinguismo e bilingualidade , identifica o ensino de língua alemã como segunda língua e trata do aspecto da interculturalidade restrito à análise da prática em duas escolas bilíngues do Rio de Janeiro, onde a língua/cultura alemã é a segunda língua.(L2) Propõese uma reflexão sobre a questão da interculturalidade no âmbito da comemoração de datas festivas em escolas bilíngues. Dentro dessa temática e no contexto escolar bilíngue, delimitamos o estudo a eventos comemorativos como a Páscoa, marcados pela distribuição de ovinhos de Páscoa/Ostereier. O estudo baseia-se em uma perspectiva sociocultural da linguagem e ressalta as relações entre língua, identidade e estrutura social.
Background: A delta and C fibers are the major pain-conducting nerve fibers, activate only partly the same brain areas, and are differently involved in pain syndromes. Whether a stimulus excites predominantly A delta or C fibers is a commonly asked question in basic pain research but a quick test was lacking so far. Methodology/Principal Findings: Of 77 verbal descriptors of pain sensations, "pricking", "dull" and "pressing" distinguished best (95% cases correctly) between A delta fiber mediated (punctate pressure produced by means of von Frey hairs) and C fiber mediated (blunt pressure) pain, applied to healthy volunteers in experiment 1. The sensation was assigned to A delta fibers when "pricking" but neither "dull" nor "pressing" were chosen, and to C fibers when the sum of the selections of "dull" or "pressing" was greater than that of the selection of "pricking". In experiment 2, with an independent cohort, the three-descriptor questionnaire achieved sensitivity and specificity above 0.95 for distinguishing fiber preferential non-mechanical induced pain (laser heat, exciting A delta fibers, and 5-Hz electric stimulation, exciting C fibers). Conclusion: A three-item verbal rating test using the words "pricking", "dull", and "pressing" may provide sufficient information to characterize a pain sensation evoked by a physical stimulus as transmitted via A delta or via C fibers. It meets the criteria of a screening test by being easy to administer, taking little time, being comfortable in handling, and inexpensive while providing high specificity for relevant information.
Background: R-flurbiprofen, one of the enantiomers of flurbiprofen racemate, is inactive with respect to cyclooxygenase inhibition, but shows analgesic properties without relevant toxicity. Its mode of action is still unclear. Methodology/Principal Findings: We show that R-flurbiprofen reduces glutamate release in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord evoked by sciatic nerve injury and thereby alleviates pain in sciatic nerve injury models of neuropathic pain in rats and mice. This is mediated by restoring the balance of endocannabinoids (eCB), which is disturbed following peripheral nerve injury in the DRGs, spinal cord and forebrain. The imbalance results from transcriptional adaptations of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) and NAPE-phospholipase D, i.e. the major enzymes involved in anandamide metabolism and synthesis, respectively. R-flurbiprofen inhibits FAAH activity and normalizes NAPE-PLD expression. As a consequence, R-Flurbiprofen improves endogenous cannabinoid mediated effects, indicated by the reduction of glutamate release, increased activity of the anti-inflammatory transcription factor PPAR gamma and attenuation of microglia activation. Antinociceptive effects are lost by combined inhibition of CB1 and CB2 receptors and partially abolished in CB1 receptor deficient mice. R-flurbiprofen does however not cause changes of core body temperature which is a typical indicator of central effects of cannabinoid-1 receptor agonists. Conclusion: Our results suggest that R-flurbiprofen improves the endogenous mechanisms to regain stability after axonal injury and to fend off chronic neuropathic pain by modulating the endocannabinoid system and thus constitutes an attractive, novel therapeutic agent in the treatment of chronic, intractable pain.
Background: Early inner ear development requires the strict regulation of cell proliferation, survival, migration and differentiation, coordinated by the concerted action of extrinsic and intrinsic factors. Deregulation of these processes is associated with embryonic malformations and deafness. We have shown that insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) plays a key role in embryonic and postnatal otic development by triggering the activation of intracellular lipid and protein kinases. RAF kinases are serine/threonine kinases that regulate the highly conserved RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK signaling cascade involved in transducing the signals from extracellular growth factors to the nucleus. However, the regulation of RAF kinase activity by growth factors during development is complex and still not fully understood.
Methodology/Principal Findings: By using a combination of qRT-PCR, Western blotting, immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization, we show that C-RAF and B-RAF are expressed during the early development of the chicken inner ear in specific spatiotemporal patterns. Moreover, later in development B-RAF expression is associated to hair cells in the sensory patches. Experiments in ex vivo cultures of otic vesicle explants demonstrate that the influence of IGF-I on proliferation but not survival depends on RAF kinase activating the MEK-ERK phosphorylation cascade. With the specific RAF inhibitor Sorafenib, we show that blocking RAF activity in organotypic cultures increases apoptosis and diminishes the rate of cell proliferation in the otic epithelia, as well as severely impairing neurogenesis of the acoustic-vestibular ganglion (AVG) and neuron maturation.
Conclusions/Significance: We conclude that RAF kinase activity is essential to establish the balance between cell proliferation and death in neuroepithelial otic precursors, and for otic neuron differentiation and axonal growth at the AVG.
Rani razvoj goranskih govora
(2010)
U radu se razmatra povijest hrvatskih govora u Gorskome kotaru, koji se obično smatraju kajkavskim govorima. Obrađuju se različite promjene u akcentuaciji, konsonantizmu i vokalizmu do približno 16. stoljeća. One se uspoređuju sa sličnim promjenama u susjednim kajkavskim, slovenskim, čakavskim i štokavskim dijalektima. Najstarije nam izoglose pokazuju da goranske govore ne možemo smatrati doseljenim izdaleka ili miješanim. Moramo ih smjestiti u Gorski kotar već prije otomanskih nadiranja u 15. i 16. stoljeću. Raspravlja se o tome da je Gorski kotar dijalektno područje kroz koje teče više izoglosa koje postaju razumljive kad smještamo ovo područje u perspektivu okolnih južnoslavenskih narječja.
Raoul Sage
(2010)
Raoul Sage
(2010)
Raoul Sage
(2010)
We report the first measurements of 1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane (HFC-227ea), a substitute for ozone depleting compounds, in remote regions of the atmosphere and present evidence for its rapid growth. Observed mixing ratios ranged from below 0.01 ppt in deep firn air to 0.59 ppt in the northern mid-latitudinal upper troposphere. Firn air samples collected in Greenland were used to reconstruct a history of atmospheric abundance. Year-on-year increases were deduced, with acceleration in the growth rate from 0.026 ppt per year in 2000 to 0.057 ppt per year in 2007. Upper tropospheric air samples provide evidence for a continuing growth until late 2009. Fur- thermore we calculated a stratospheric lifetime of 370 years from measurements of air samples collected on board high altitude aircraft and balloons. Emission estimates were determined from the reconstructed atmospheric trend and suggest that current "bottom-up" estimates of global emissions for 2005 are too high by more than a factor of three.
Based on newly collected samples and data from the literature, an updated list of the marine bivalves of the Cape Verde Islands is presented. From 2004 to 2006, collections were made at 22 sampling points in the islands of Santiago, São Vicente, Santa Luzia, São Nicolau, Boavista and Maio. Using qualitative and direct sampling methods, 39 species of bivalves, belonging to 20 families, were identified. Families most represented were Veneridae (6 species), Cardiidae (5 species), Arcidae (4 species) and Mytilidae (4 species). Islands with the largest diversity of species were São Vicente (30 species) and Santiago (23 species), probably due to the larger number of sample points (64% of total). Six species not previously reported from the archipelago were collected, i.e. Irus irus, Venus declivis, Timoclea ovata, Diplodonta rotundata, Plagiocardium papillosum and Tagelus adansoni. Corbicula fluminea, supposedly a man assisted introduction, was also collected.
Based on both stranding and sighting records, recent data on the status and distribution of whales and dolphins in the Cape Verde Islands are presented, including records of four taxa new to the archipelago, viz. Common minke whale Balaenoptera acutorostrata, Dwarf sperm whale Kogia sima, beaked whale Mesoplodon cf. europaeus and False killer whale Pseudorca crassidens. Distribution elsewhere in the tropical eastern Atlantic and some taxonomic issues are discussed.
Observations on the longevity and ecology of Isopogon prostratus McGill. (Proteaceae) based on 1985 and 2009 field measures on Newnes Plateau, near Lithgow, and a seed germination trial are provided. Its survival strategy appears to be that of a stress-tolerator with long-term persistence at (relatively few) suitable sites, and it remains a relatively rare plant. It is conjectured that it is likely to have been a species of greater abundance in the drier, colder and generally treeless conditions of the Newnes Plateau 15–20 000 years ago, but, as conditions became warmer and wetter it has become reduced to isolated populations as taller shrubs outcompeted it for light.
Ob eine Suche nach Rechtsbegriffen des Mittelalters förderlich sei, erscheine – so Harald Siems – zweifelhaft. Theoretische Reflexionen über Recht habe man im Frühen Mittelalter kaum angestellt. Jedenfalls nicht in der Intensität, dass sie sich zum Begriff verdichtet hätten. Die Frage nach dem Rechtsbegriff sei auch deshalb fehl am Platze, weil im Frühmittelalter so etwas zur Lösung von Rechtsfragen nichts hätte beitragen können. Warum sollte jemand auf die Idee kommen, "quasi auf Vorrat" Rechtsbegriffe zu entwickeln? Schon wenn es um konkrete Rechtsfragen wie beispielsweise die Behandlung von Diebstahl oder Raub geht, fehle es "noch lange an Begriff und System". Diese knappe Feststellung bringt Siems’ Ausführungen für einen kurzen Moment in die Nähe von Überlegungen, die Pilch anstellt und die auf dieser Tagung zu verfolgen sind. Aber wirklich nur für einen Augenblick blitzt das auf: Siems sagt, Rechtsbegriffe seien eine schwierige, abstrakte Kategorie, für die heute die Vertreter der Rechtstheorie und der Rechtsphilosophie zuständig seien. ...
Martin Pilchs rechtstheoretische Auseinandersetzung mit dem Begriff der Rechtsgewohnheit bzw. Rechtsgewohnheiten sowie dem Rechtsbegriff als solchem, wie sie seit geraumer Zeit innerhalb der Rechtsgeschichte des Mittelalters diskutiert werden, bietet Gelegenheit zu einer Stellungnahme aus der Perspektive der altorientalischen Rechtsgeschichte. Während in anderen Bereichen der antiken Rechtsgeschichte Rechtsgewohnheiten als Begriff und als Phänomen jedenfalls in jüngerer Zeit durchaus thematisiert werden, spielt dies im Zusammenhang mit Untersuchungen zu den Keilschriftrechten bislang eine allenfalls untergeordnete Rolle. ...
Diese Bemerkungen entspringen einem Diskussionsbeitrag in der lebendigen Januar-Runde. Naturgemäß fehlen etliche Kontexte. Ein Wort auch hier sei trotzdem gewagt, da im Ganzen sonst doch manches beiseite bliebe. Im Hinblick auf hier die gebotene Kürze bitte ich um Verständnis für einige Hinweise auf frühere Ausführungen. ...
IN THE PAST YEARS THE CUSTOMER FEEDBACK METRIC RECOMMENDATION INTENTION HAS GAINED IMPORTANCE, ESPECIALLY DUE TO THE WIDESPREAD CONCEPT NET PROMOTER SCORE (NPS). THE NPS CONCEPT IMPLIES A POSITIVE, NON-LINEAR RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN RECOMMENDATION INTENTION AND CUSTOMER VALUE. THIS ARTICLE INVESTIGATES THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN RECOMMENDATION INTENTION OF INDIVIDUAL CUSTOMERS AND THEIR VALUE FOR THE FIRM. THE RESULTS SHOW THAT RECOMMENDATION INTENTION SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASES CONTRIBUTION MARGIN BUT NEITHER RETENTION NOR CUSTOMER VALUE. THE METRIC SATISFACTION HAS A SIGNIFICANT, POSITIVE IMPACT ON CUSTOMER VALUE AND CAN THUS BE USED AS A LEADING INDICATOR. THEREFORE, THE RESULTS DO NOT CONFIRM THE SUPERIORITY OF THE NPS CONCEPT FOR CUSTOMER MANAGEMENT.
Reconhecimento e trabalho em Axel Honneth: os trabalhadores offshore na Bacia de Campos – Brasil
(2010)
Honneth traz ao debate o Hegel dos tempos de Jena e retoma o tema da luta por reconhecimento. Mais recentemente, relê Durkheim que, oitenta anos depois de Hegel, insiste numa nova forma de economia indissociada da eticidade. Propõe que o capitalismo, além da perseguição de metas de eficiência econômica, haverá de se remodelar a partir de critérios normativos que o assegurem como força de integração social. Honneth elege experiências de sofrimento no trabalho como evidências de que a indignação é capaz de ativar lutas por reconhecimento que podem ou não ser articuladas politicamente. A pesquisa elege os trabalhadores offshore no Brasil e demonstra o quanto um setor econômico de ponta também promove entre seus trabalhadores assimetrias de reconhecimento, sobretudo quando as metas produtivas antagonizam-se às demandas por dignidade.
Contrariamente à percepção cotidiana de que os atores estatais têm como objetivo de suas ações o respeito e o reconhecimento da comunidade por eles representada, prevalece na moderna teoria predominante das relações internacionais a noção de que os governos nacionais orientam seu agir essencialmente a fins e não com base em princípios morais. O texto destaca as razões que falam a favor de uma maior consideração da dimensão do reconhecimento na explicação das relações internacionais e explora as implicações normativas que surgem a partir de tal mudança de paradigma para a compreensão e o tratamento das relações internacionais. Narrativas justificadoras da ação política recebem aqui um papel destacado
In contrast to the previous structure determinations of the title structure, (NH4)2[MoS4], the present determination at 173 K localized the positions of the H atoms. The title structure belongs to the beta-K2SO4 family and all the ions are located on crystallographic mirror planes. The ions are held together by N—H ... S hydrogen bonds (some of which are bifurcated), forming a three-dimensional network. One of the N atoms has nine contacts to the S atoms shorter than 4 Å, and the other has ten.
Redewendung
(2010)
Redistribuição versus reconhecimento: apontamentos sobre o debate entre Nancy Fraser e Axel Honneth
(2010)
Resumo: O reconhecimento é uma categoria que tem se revelado muito utilizada para realizar o debate sobre a questão da identidade e da diferença, de modo que sua relevância torna-se incontestável em vários domínios. Sem tecer comentários críticos, o presente texto pretende apresentar o debate travado entre Nancy Fraser e Axel Honneth, referente à preocupação, presente nos dois autores, de se ajustar às pautas de reconhecimento e de distribuição material.
Redistribuição versus reconhecimento: apontamentos sobre o debate entre Nancy Fraser e Axel Honneth
(2010)
O reconhecimento é uma categoria muito utilizada para debater sobre a questão da identidade e da diferença, de modo que sua relevância torna-se incontestável em vários domínios. Sem tecer comentários críticos, o presente texto pretende apresentar o debate travado entre Nancy Fraser e Axel Honneth, referente à preocupação, manifestada pelos dois autores, de se ajustar às pautas de reconhecimento e de distribuição material.
Erich Fromm foi um psicanalista que participou da formação da Escola de Frankfurt com o projeto de unir o materialismo histórico de Marx à psicanálise de Freud. Dentre os conceitos abordados por ele, o da liberdade é um dos fundamentais, ao postular a diferença entre a “liberdade de” e a “liberdade para”, sendo a primeira a liberdade existente na sociedade capitalista, uma pseudo-liberdade, e a segunda seria a realização da liberdade no sentido positivo. Contudo, devido ao seu humanismo abstrato e não perceber o papel da luta de classes no sentido da superação do capitalismo, elabora uma crítica contundente dessa sociedade, que, no entanto, se torna limitada.
Reificação e reconhecimento: um estudo a partir da teoria crítica da sociedade de Axel Honneth
(2010)
O conceito de reificação, originalmente formulado por Karl Marx e desenvolvido por Georg Lukács, foi incorporado como uma das categorias centrais da teoria crítica em sua tarefa de diagnosticar patologias sociais. Contudo, para a compreensão atual da utilização do conceito, tornou-se necessário libertar seu referencial originário meramente econômico. É isso o que pretende Axel Honneth ao reatualizar o conceito de reificação e seu potencial crítico-normativo a partir da teoria do reconhecimento. Além de retomar os principais aspectos do conceito de reificação segundo a análise do “fetichismo da mercadoria”, o artigo se concentra em apresentar a interpretação de Honneth para os processos sociais reificantes – nas relações dos sujeitos com o mundo circundante, nas relações sociais entre os sujeitos e nos efeitos patológicos da autoreificação sobre a autorealização ética – e para a produção inovadora do diagnóstico das patologias sociais decorrentes da reificação como “esquecimento do reconhecimento”.
U radu se analiziraju eliptični oblici anglizama u ruskome i hrvatskome jeziku i dopunjuje pristup njihove dosadašnje kvalifikacije i klasifikacije. Preciznijim definicijama stupnja elipse u anglizmu predlaže se jednostavnije i jasnije određivanje njihovih granica i razlika. Na temelju rezultata analize anglizama uočene su nove mogućnosti u njihovu formiranju. U formiranju eliptičnoga oblika anglizma nije nužno samo ispuštanje određenih elemenata, već se eliptični oblik anglizma može formirati i s pomoću kombinacija drugih tvorbenih načina: kombinacijom elipse i supstitucije, elipse i kompozicije, elipse i adicije, elipse, supstitucije i adicije, elipse, supstitucije i kompozicije te kombinacijom elipse, adicije i kompozicije.
A hygroscopicity tandem differential mobility analyzer (HTDMA) was used to measure the water uptake (hygroscopicity) of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formed during the chemical and photochemical oxidation of several organic precursors in a smog chamber. Electron ionization mass spectra of the non-refractory submicron aerosol were simultaneously determined with an aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS), and correlations between the two different signals were investigated. SOA hygroscopicity was found to strongly correlate with the relative abundance of the ion signal m/z 44 expressed as a fraction of total organic signal (f44). m/z 44 is due mostly to the ion fragment CO2+ for all types of SOA systems studied, and has been previously shown to strongly correlate with organic O/C for ambient and chamber OA. The analysis was also performed on ambient OA from two field experiments at the remote site Jungfraujoch, and the megacity Mexico City, where similar results were found. A simple empirical linear relation between the hygroscopicity of OA at subsaturated RH, as given by the hygroscopic growth factor (GF) or "κorg" parameter, and f44 was determined and is given by κorg=2.2×f44−0.13. This approximation can be further verified and refined as the database for AMS and HTDMA measurements is constantly being expanded around the world. The use of this approximation could introduce an important simplification in the parameterization of hygroscopicity of OA in atmospheric models, since f44 is correlated with the photochemical age of an air mass.
EUROTRANS is a European research program for the transmutation of high level nuclear waste in an accelerator-driven system (ADS). As proposed, the driver linac needs to deliver a 2.5–4 mA, 600 MeV continuous-wave (CW) proton beam and later a 20 mA, 800 MeV one to the spallation target in the prototype-scale and industrial-scale demonstration phases, respectively. This paper is focusing on the conceptual studies performed with respect to the 17 MeV injector. First, the special beam dynamics strategies and methods, which have been developed and applied to design a current-variable injector up to 30 mA for allowing an easy upgrade without additional R&D costs, will be introduced. Then the error study made for evaluating the tolerance limits of the designed injector will be presented as well.
Welche Rolle spielt Religion – abseits von radikalem Extremismus – im politischen Geschehen der modernen westlichen Gesellschaften? Diese Frage motivierte unser Forschungsprojekt; wir untersuchen dabei einen ganz spezifischen Sachverhalt: Welchen Einfluss hat Religion darauf, ob Bürger staatliche Umverteilungspolitik unterstützen? ...
Auf Basis einer Literaturauswertung paläobotanischer Befunde werden Facetten zur Entstehung, Bedeutung und Erhaltung der Phytodiversität heimischer Offenland-Lebensräume im Waldland Bayern aufgezeigt: Bayern liegt in der temperaten Waldregion mit sommergrünen Laubwäldern, die zu 80 % von Buchenwald-Gesellschaften dominiert werden. Der heutigen Dominanz der Buche steht eine fehlende Kontinuität der Buche in der quartären Vegetationsgeschichte Mitteleuropas gegenüber. 70–80 % des Quartärs überwogen offene oder halboffene Landschaften. Die Buche erlangte ihre Vorherrschaft erst im Spätholozän vor ca. 5.000 Jahren. Die heimische Diversität entwickelte sich im Quartär zu 99,7 % außerhalb von Buchenwäldern. So war Bayern die letzten 1,8 Mio. Jahre vorrangig von periglazialen Steppentundra-Komplexen dominiert. Aus dieser Habitattradition entstammen zahlreiche Relikt - arten der Steppen und Tundren, die heute als Glazialrelikte in Sonder-Lebensräume eingebunden sind. Sie sind das historische Zeugnis des mehrfachen und tiefgreifenden Landschafts- und Florenwandels während des Quartärs, der in seiner Intensität weltweit einmalig ist. Wie Auswertungen der Floristischen Kartierung Bayerns zeigen, sind die nur auf wenigen Prozent der Landesfläche vorkommenden lichten Mager-, Trocken- und Nass-Standorte die entscheidenden Refugien für das Überleben der seltenen Gefäßpflanzen und die entscheidenden Inseln für den Erhalt der Phytodiversität, die die regional - typischen Vegetationsausprägungen ausmachen und den wesentlichen Genpool für zukünftige Entwicklungen bergen. Nur etwa 12 % der bayerischen Gefäßpflanzen sind an Wald als Lebensraum gebunden, in dem zudem die besonders seltenen Sippen mit 9 % stark unterrepräsentiert sind. Fast alle (Sub-) Endemiten wachsen auf lückigen Offenland-Wuchsorten, keiner wächst in mehr oder minder dichten Wäldern. Populationsbiologisch betrachtet stehen Sippen auf räumlich isolierten Sonderstandorten im Spannungsfeld zwischen der Gefahr des Aussterbens (z. B. Carex capitata, Chondrilla chondrilloides usw.) und dem Impuls zur Ausbildung neuer Sippen (z. B. Gattung Cochlearia). Zudem lief, besonders für agamosperme Pflanzengruppen, die Evolution wohl v.a. in (halb-)offenen Landschaften ab und ließ schnell optimal angepasste Spezialisten entstehen, die bis heute auf Sonderstandorten erhalten geblieben sind. Insbesondere an den kleinen Arealen der Reliktarten und Endemiten auf Sonderstandorten werden die ausbreitungsbiologischen Probleme von Pflanzensippen deutlich, was neue Gesichtspunkte für die Biotopvernetzung hervorhebt. Entscheidend ist die Förderung der Prozesse, die eine Ausbreitung von Diasporen verbessern und eine Kontrolle ubiquitärer, starkwüchsiger Sippen. Die Ausführungen münden in eine konkrete Strategie für den Schutz der bayerischen Phytodiversität: Das Management der (halb-)offenen Lebensräume mit Reliktarten und regionaltypischen Endemiten ist eine große Herausforderung für den Naturschutz. Geeignete Konzepte und Maßnahmen müssen mit zielgerichteten Artenhilfsprogrammen erarbeitet werden.
In der Gemeinde Glandorf (Landkreis Osnabrück) wurde ein von der Bever abgetrennter Altarm im Rahmen eines Projektes wieder angebunden und renaturiert. Das Projekt wurde mit einem Monitoring der Besiedlung des neu geschaffenen Biotops über drei Jahre begleitet und die Entwicklung dokumentiert. Untersuchungsinhalte bildeten u.a. die chemisch-physikalischen Parameter und die Besiedlung des Altarms mit Fischen. Die chemisch-physikalischen Kenngrößen lieferten bereits nach kurzer Zeit des Wasserdurchflusses aussagekräftige Eindrücke. Die Messungen ergaben über die Untersuchungsjahre eine leichte Verbesserung der Werte, wenn auch nicht alle Werte unter den empfohlenen Grenzwerten für Tieflandbäche liegen. Verschmutzungszeiger wie auch Hinweise auf Einleitungen an Mineraldünger offenbaren überörtliche Einflüsse, die außerhalb der Renaturierungsmöglichkeiten liegen. Die Erfassung der Fische spiegelt vor allem bei den Herbstfängen eine Fischfauna wider, deren Artenund Jahrgangszusammensetzung typisch für Tieflandbäche ist. Vor dem Hintergrund des hohen Jungfischanteils wird die Bedeutung einer vielgestaltigen Renaturierung für die Fischbrut und als Rückzugsraum deutlich. Mit der Renaturierung des Bever-Altarms ist ein Schritt zur ökologischen Bereicherung gelungen, der über die Gewässerbesiedlung hinaus auch das direkte, landwirtschaftlich geprägte Umfeld positiv beeinflusst.
Background: Decoding of frequency-modulated (FM) sounds is essential for phoneme identification. This study investigates selectivity to FM direction in the human auditory system. Methodology/Principal Findings: Magnetoencephalography was recorded in 10 adults during a two-tone adaptation paradigm with a 200-ms interstimulus-interval. Stimuli were pairs of either same or different frequency modulation direction. To control that FM repetition effects cannot be accounted for by their on- and offset properties, we additionally assessed responses to pairs of unmodulated tones with either same or different frequency composition. For the FM sweeps, N1m event-related magnetic field components were found at 103 and 130 ms after onset of the first (S1) and second stimulus (S2), respectively. This was followed by a sustained component starting at about 200 ms after S2. The sustained response was significantly stronger for stimulation with the same compared to different FM direction. This effect was not observed for the non-modulated control stimuli. Conclusions/Significance: Low-level processing of FM sounds was characterized by repetition enhancement to stimulus pairs with same versus different FM directions. This effect was FM-specific; it did not occur for unmodulated tones. The present findings may reflect specific interactions between frequency separation and temporal distance in the processing of consecutive FM sweeps.
Background: The human chromosomal region 9p21.3 has been shown to be strongly associated with Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) in several Genome-wide Association Studies (GWAS). Recently, this region has also been shown to be associated with Aggressive Periodontitis (AgP), strengthening the hypothesis that the established epidemiological association between periodontitis and CHD is caused by a shared genetic background, in addition to common environmental and behavioural risk factors. However, the size of the analyzed cohorts in this primary analysis was small compared to other association studies on complex diseases. Using our own AgP cohort, we attempted to confirm the described associations for the chromosomal region 9p21.3. Methods: We analyzed our cohort consisting of patients suffering from the most severe form of AgP, generalized AgP (gAgP) (n = 130) and appropriate periodontally healthy control individuals (n = 339) by genotyping four tagging SNPs (rs2891168, rs1333042, rs1333048 and rs496892), located in the chromosomal region 9p21.3, that have been associated with AgP. Results: The results confirmed significant associations between three of the four SNPs and gAgP. The combination of our results with those from the study which described this association for the first time in a meta-analysis of the four tagging SNPs produced clearly lower p-values compared with the results of each individual study. According to these results, the most plausible genetic model for the association of all four tested SNPs with gAgP seems to be the multiplicative one. Conclusion: We positively replicated the finding of an association between the chromosomal region 9p21.3 and gAgP. This result strengthens support for the hypothesis that shared susceptibility genes within this chromosomal locus might be involved in the pathogenesis of both CHD and gAgP.
Residual circulation trajectories and transit times into the extratropical lowermost stratosphere
(2010)
Transport into the extratropical lowermost stratosphere (LMS) can be divided into a slow part (time-scale of several months to years) associated with the global-scale stratospheric residual circulation and a fast part (time-scale of days to a few months) associated with (mostly quasi-horizontal) mixing (i.e. two-way irreversible transport, including stratosphere-troposphere exchange). The stratospheric residual circulation can be considered to consist of two branches: a deep branch more strongly associated with planetary waves breaking in the middle to upper stratosphere, and a shallow branch more strongly associated with synoptic-scale waves breaking in the subtropical lower stratosphere. In this study the contribution due to the stratospheric residual circulation alone to transport into the LMS is quantified using residual circulation trajectories, i.e. trajectories driven by the (time-dependent) residual mean meridional and vertical velocities. This contribution represents the advective part of the overall transport into the LMS and can be viewed as providing a background onto which the effect of mixing has to be added. Residual mean velocities are obtained from a comprehensive chemistry-climate model as well as from reanalysis data. Transit times of air traveling from the tropical tropopause to the LMS along the residual circulation streamfunction are evaluated and compared to recent mean age of air estimates. A clear time-scale separation with much smaller transit times into the mid-latitudinal LMS than into polar LMS is found that is indicative of a clear separation of the shallow from the deep branch of the residual circulation. This separation between the shallow and the deep circulation branch is further manifested in a clear distinction in the aspect ratio of the vertical to meridional extent of the trajectories as well as the integrated mass flux along the residual circulation trajectories. The residual transit time distribution reproduces qualitatively the observed seasonal cycle of youngest air in the extratropical LMS in fall and oldest air in spring.
Respiratory chain complexes in dynamic mitochondria display a patchy distribution in life cells
(2010)
Background: Mitochondria, the main suppliers of cellular energy, are dynamic organelles that fuse and divide frequently. Constraining these processes impairs mitochondrial is closely linked to certain neurodegenerative diseases. It is proposed that functional mitochondrial dynamics allows the exchange of compounds thereby providing a rescue mechanism. Methodology/Principal Findings: The question discussed in this paper is whether fusion and fission of mitochondria in different cell lines result in re-localization of respiratory chain (RC) complexes and of the ATP synthase. This was addressed by fusing cells containing mitochondria with respiratory complexes labelled with different fluorescent proteins and resolving their time dependent re-localization in living cells. We found a complete reshuffling of RC complexes throughout the entire chondriome in single HeLa cells within 2–3 h by organelle fusion and fission. Polykaryons of fused cells completely re-mixed their RC complexes in 10–24 h in a progressive way. In contrast to the recently described homogeneous mixing of matrix-targeted proteins or outer membrane proteins, the distribution of RC complexes and ATP synthase in fused hybrid mitochondria, however, was not homogeneous but patterned. Thus, complete equilibration of respiratory chain complexes as integral inner mitochondrial membrane complexes is a slow process compared with matrix proteins probably limited by complete fusion. In co-expressing cells, complex II is more homogenously distributed than complex I and V, resp. Indeed, this result argues for higher mobility and less integration in supercomplexes. Conclusion/Significance: Our results clearly demonstrate that mitochondrial fusion and fission dynamics favours the re-mixing of all RC complexes within the chondriome. This permanent mixing avoids a static situation with a fixed composition of RC complexes per mitochondrion.