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U radu se analiziraju eliptični oblici anglizama u ruskome i hrvatskome jeziku i dopunjuje pristup njihove dosadašnje kvalifikacije i klasifikacije. Preciznijim definicijama stupnja elipse u anglizmu predlaže se jednostavnije i jasnije određivanje njihovih granica i razlika. Na temelju rezultata analize anglizama uočene su nove mogućnosti u njihovu formiranju. U formiranju eliptičnoga oblika anglizma nije nužno samo ispuštanje određenih elemenata, već se eliptični oblik anglizma može formirati i s pomoću kombinacija drugih tvorbenih načina: kombinacijom elipse i supstitucije, elipse i kompozicije, elipse i adicije, elipse, supstitucije i adicije, elipse, supstitucije i kompozicije te kombinacijom elipse, adicije i kompozicije.
A hygroscopicity tandem differential mobility analyzer (HTDMA) was used to measure the water uptake (hygroscopicity) of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formed during the chemical and photochemical oxidation of several organic precursors in a smog chamber. Electron ionization mass spectra of the non-refractory submicron aerosol were simultaneously determined with an aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS), and correlations between the two different signals were investigated. SOA hygroscopicity was found to strongly correlate with the relative abundance of the ion signal m/z 44 expressed as a fraction of total organic signal (f44). m/z 44 is due mostly to the ion fragment CO2+ for all types of SOA systems studied, and has been previously shown to strongly correlate with organic O/C for ambient and chamber OA. The analysis was also performed on ambient OA from two field experiments at the remote site Jungfraujoch, and the megacity Mexico City, where similar results were found. A simple empirical linear relation between the hygroscopicity of OA at subsaturated RH, as given by the hygroscopic growth factor (GF) or "κorg" parameter, and f44 was determined and is given by κorg=2.2×f44−0.13. This approximation can be further verified and refined as the database for AMS and HTDMA measurements is constantly being expanded around the world. The use of this approximation could introduce an important simplification in the parameterization of hygroscopicity of OA in atmospheric models, since f44 is correlated with the photochemical age of an air mass.
EUROTRANS is a European research program for the transmutation of high level nuclear waste in an accelerator-driven system (ADS). As proposed, the driver linac needs to deliver a 2.5–4 mA, 600 MeV continuous-wave (CW) proton beam and later a 20 mA, 800 MeV one to the spallation target in the prototype-scale and industrial-scale demonstration phases, respectively. This paper is focusing on the conceptual studies performed with respect to the 17 MeV injector. First, the special beam dynamics strategies and methods, which have been developed and applied to design a current-variable injector up to 30 mA for allowing an easy upgrade without additional R&D costs, will be introduced. Then the error study made for evaluating the tolerance limits of the designed injector will be presented as well.
Welche Rolle spielt Religion – abseits von radikalem Extremismus – im politischen Geschehen der modernen westlichen Gesellschaften? Diese Frage motivierte unser Forschungsprojekt; wir untersuchen dabei einen ganz spezifischen Sachverhalt: Welchen Einfluss hat Religion darauf, ob Bürger staatliche Umverteilungspolitik unterstützen? ...
Auf Basis einer Literaturauswertung paläobotanischer Befunde werden Facetten zur Entstehung, Bedeutung und Erhaltung der Phytodiversität heimischer Offenland-Lebensräume im Waldland Bayern aufgezeigt: Bayern liegt in der temperaten Waldregion mit sommergrünen Laubwäldern, die zu 80 % von Buchenwald-Gesellschaften dominiert werden. Der heutigen Dominanz der Buche steht eine fehlende Kontinuität der Buche in der quartären Vegetationsgeschichte Mitteleuropas gegenüber. 70–80 % des Quartärs überwogen offene oder halboffene Landschaften. Die Buche erlangte ihre Vorherrschaft erst im Spätholozän vor ca. 5.000 Jahren. Die heimische Diversität entwickelte sich im Quartär zu 99,7 % außerhalb von Buchenwäldern. So war Bayern die letzten 1,8 Mio. Jahre vorrangig von periglazialen Steppentundra-Komplexen dominiert. Aus dieser Habitattradition entstammen zahlreiche Relikt - arten der Steppen und Tundren, die heute als Glazialrelikte in Sonder-Lebensräume eingebunden sind. Sie sind das historische Zeugnis des mehrfachen und tiefgreifenden Landschafts- und Florenwandels während des Quartärs, der in seiner Intensität weltweit einmalig ist. Wie Auswertungen der Floristischen Kartierung Bayerns zeigen, sind die nur auf wenigen Prozent der Landesfläche vorkommenden lichten Mager-, Trocken- und Nass-Standorte die entscheidenden Refugien für das Überleben der seltenen Gefäßpflanzen und die entscheidenden Inseln für den Erhalt der Phytodiversität, die die regional - typischen Vegetationsausprägungen ausmachen und den wesentlichen Genpool für zukünftige Entwicklungen bergen. Nur etwa 12 % der bayerischen Gefäßpflanzen sind an Wald als Lebensraum gebunden, in dem zudem die besonders seltenen Sippen mit 9 % stark unterrepräsentiert sind. Fast alle (Sub-) Endemiten wachsen auf lückigen Offenland-Wuchsorten, keiner wächst in mehr oder minder dichten Wäldern. Populationsbiologisch betrachtet stehen Sippen auf räumlich isolierten Sonderstandorten im Spannungsfeld zwischen der Gefahr des Aussterbens (z. B. Carex capitata, Chondrilla chondrilloides usw.) und dem Impuls zur Ausbildung neuer Sippen (z. B. Gattung Cochlearia). Zudem lief, besonders für agamosperme Pflanzengruppen, die Evolution wohl v.a. in (halb-)offenen Landschaften ab und ließ schnell optimal angepasste Spezialisten entstehen, die bis heute auf Sonderstandorten erhalten geblieben sind. Insbesondere an den kleinen Arealen der Reliktarten und Endemiten auf Sonderstandorten werden die ausbreitungsbiologischen Probleme von Pflanzensippen deutlich, was neue Gesichtspunkte für die Biotopvernetzung hervorhebt. Entscheidend ist die Förderung der Prozesse, die eine Ausbreitung von Diasporen verbessern und eine Kontrolle ubiquitärer, starkwüchsiger Sippen. Die Ausführungen münden in eine konkrete Strategie für den Schutz der bayerischen Phytodiversität: Das Management der (halb-)offenen Lebensräume mit Reliktarten und regionaltypischen Endemiten ist eine große Herausforderung für den Naturschutz. Geeignete Konzepte und Maßnahmen müssen mit zielgerichteten Artenhilfsprogrammen erarbeitet werden.
In der Gemeinde Glandorf (Landkreis Osnabrück) wurde ein von der Bever abgetrennter Altarm im Rahmen eines Projektes wieder angebunden und renaturiert. Das Projekt wurde mit einem Monitoring der Besiedlung des neu geschaffenen Biotops über drei Jahre begleitet und die Entwicklung dokumentiert. Untersuchungsinhalte bildeten u.a. die chemisch-physikalischen Parameter und die Besiedlung des Altarms mit Fischen. Die chemisch-physikalischen Kenngrößen lieferten bereits nach kurzer Zeit des Wasserdurchflusses aussagekräftige Eindrücke. Die Messungen ergaben über die Untersuchungsjahre eine leichte Verbesserung der Werte, wenn auch nicht alle Werte unter den empfohlenen Grenzwerten für Tieflandbäche liegen. Verschmutzungszeiger wie auch Hinweise auf Einleitungen an Mineraldünger offenbaren überörtliche Einflüsse, die außerhalb der Renaturierungsmöglichkeiten liegen. Die Erfassung der Fische spiegelt vor allem bei den Herbstfängen eine Fischfauna wider, deren Artenund Jahrgangszusammensetzung typisch für Tieflandbäche ist. Vor dem Hintergrund des hohen Jungfischanteils wird die Bedeutung einer vielgestaltigen Renaturierung für die Fischbrut und als Rückzugsraum deutlich. Mit der Renaturierung des Bever-Altarms ist ein Schritt zur ökologischen Bereicherung gelungen, der über die Gewässerbesiedlung hinaus auch das direkte, landwirtschaftlich geprägte Umfeld positiv beeinflusst.
Background: Decoding of frequency-modulated (FM) sounds is essential for phoneme identification. This study investigates selectivity to FM direction in the human auditory system. Methodology/Principal Findings: Magnetoencephalography was recorded in 10 adults during a two-tone adaptation paradigm with a 200-ms interstimulus-interval. Stimuli were pairs of either same or different frequency modulation direction. To control that FM repetition effects cannot be accounted for by their on- and offset properties, we additionally assessed responses to pairs of unmodulated tones with either same or different frequency composition. For the FM sweeps, N1m event-related magnetic field components were found at 103 and 130 ms after onset of the first (S1) and second stimulus (S2), respectively. This was followed by a sustained component starting at about 200 ms after S2. The sustained response was significantly stronger for stimulation with the same compared to different FM direction. This effect was not observed for the non-modulated control stimuli. Conclusions/Significance: Low-level processing of FM sounds was characterized by repetition enhancement to stimulus pairs with same versus different FM directions. This effect was FM-specific; it did not occur for unmodulated tones. The present findings may reflect specific interactions between frequency separation and temporal distance in the processing of consecutive FM sweeps.
Background: The human chromosomal region 9p21.3 has been shown to be strongly associated with Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) in several Genome-wide Association Studies (GWAS). Recently, this region has also been shown to be associated with Aggressive Periodontitis (AgP), strengthening the hypothesis that the established epidemiological association between periodontitis and CHD is caused by a shared genetic background, in addition to common environmental and behavioural risk factors. However, the size of the analyzed cohorts in this primary analysis was small compared to other association studies on complex diseases. Using our own AgP cohort, we attempted to confirm the described associations for the chromosomal region 9p21.3. Methods: We analyzed our cohort consisting of patients suffering from the most severe form of AgP, generalized AgP (gAgP) (n = 130) and appropriate periodontally healthy control individuals (n = 339) by genotyping four tagging SNPs (rs2891168, rs1333042, rs1333048 and rs496892), located in the chromosomal region 9p21.3, that have been associated with AgP. Results: The results confirmed significant associations between three of the four SNPs and gAgP. The combination of our results with those from the study which described this association for the first time in a meta-analysis of the four tagging SNPs produced clearly lower p-values compared with the results of each individual study. According to these results, the most plausible genetic model for the association of all four tested SNPs with gAgP seems to be the multiplicative one. Conclusion: We positively replicated the finding of an association between the chromosomal region 9p21.3 and gAgP. This result strengthens support for the hypothesis that shared susceptibility genes within this chromosomal locus might be involved in the pathogenesis of both CHD and gAgP.
Residual circulation trajectories and transit times into the extratropical lowermost stratosphere
(2010)
Transport into the extratropical lowermost stratosphere (LMS) can be divided into a slow part (time-scale of several months to years) associated with the global-scale stratospheric residual circulation and a fast part (time-scale of days to a few months) associated with (mostly quasi-horizontal) mixing (i.e. two-way irreversible transport, including stratosphere-troposphere exchange). The stratospheric residual circulation can be considered to consist of two branches: a deep branch more strongly associated with planetary waves breaking in the middle to upper stratosphere, and a shallow branch more strongly associated with synoptic-scale waves breaking in the subtropical lower stratosphere. In this study the contribution due to the stratospheric residual circulation alone to transport into the LMS is quantified using residual circulation trajectories, i.e. trajectories driven by the (time-dependent) residual mean meridional and vertical velocities. This contribution represents the advective part of the overall transport into the LMS and can be viewed as providing a background onto which the effect of mixing has to be added. Residual mean velocities are obtained from a comprehensive chemistry-climate model as well as from reanalysis data. Transit times of air traveling from the tropical tropopause to the LMS along the residual circulation streamfunction are evaluated and compared to recent mean age of air estimates. A clear time-scale separation with much smaller transit times into the mid-latitudinal LMS than into polar LMS is found that is indicative of a clear separation of the shallow from the deep branch of the residual circulation. This separation between the shallow and the deep circulation branch is further manifested in a clear distinction in the aspect ratio of the vertical to meridional extent of the trajectories as well as the integrated mass flux along the residual circulation trajectories. The residual transit time distribution reproduces qualitatively the observed seasonal cycle of youngest air in the extratropical LMS in fall and oldest air in spring.
Respiratory chain complexes in dynamic mitochondria display a patchy distribution in life cells
(2010)
Background: Mitochondria, the main suppliers of cellular energy, are dynamic organelles that fuse and divide frequently. Constraining these processes impairs mitochondrial is closely linked to certain neurodegenerative diseases. It is proposed that functional mitochondrial dynamics allows the exchange of compounds thereby providing a rescue mechanism. Methodology/Principal Findings: The question discussed in this paper is whether fusion and fission of mitochondria in different cell lines result in re-localization of respiratory chain (RC) complexes and of the ATP synthase. This was addressed by fusing cells containing mitochondria with respiratory complexes labelled with different fluorescent proteins and resolving their time dependent re-localization in living cells. We found a complete reshuffling of RC complexes throughout the entire chondriome in single HeLa cells within 2–3 h by organelle fusion and fission. Polykaryons of fused cells completely re-mixed their RC complexes in 10–24 h in a progressive way. In contrast to the recently described homogeneous mixing of matrix-targeted proteins or outer membrane proteins, the distribution of RC complexes and ATP synthase in fused hybrid mitochondria, however, was not homogeneous but patterned. Thus, complete equilibration of respiratory chain complexes as integral inner mitochondrial membrane complexes is a slow process compared with matrix proteins probably limited by complete fusion. In co-expressing cells, complex II is more homogenously distributed than complex I and V, resp. Indeed, this result argues for higher mobility and less integration in supercomplexes. Conclusion/Significance: Our results clearly demonstrate that mitochondrial fusion and fission dynamics favours the re-mixing of all RC complexes within the chondriome. This permanent mixing avoids a static situation with a fixed composition of RC complexes per mitochondrion.