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Background: Since 2009, IPF patients across Europe are recruited into the eurIPFreg, providing epidemiological data and biomaterials for translational research.
Methods: The registry data are based on patient and physician baseline and follow-up questionnaires, comprising 1700 parameters. The mid- to long-term objectives of the registry are to provide clues for a better understanding of IPF phenotype sub-clusters, triggering factors and aggravating conditions, regional and environmental characteristics, and of disease behavior and management.
Results: This paper describes baseline data of 525 IPF subjects recruited from 11/2009 until 10/2016. IPF patients had a mean age of 68.1 years, and seeked medical advice due to insidious dyspnea (90.1%), fatigue (69.2%), and dry coughing (53.2%). A surgical lung biopsy was performed in 32% in 2009, but in only 8% of the cases in 2016, possibly due to increased numbers of cryobiopsy. At the time of inclusion in the eurIPFreg, FVC was 68.4% ± 22.6% of predicted value, DLco ranged at 42.1% ± 17.8% of predicted value (mean value ± SD). Signs of pulmonary hypertension were found in 16.8%. Steroids, immunosuppressants and N-Acetylcysteine declined since 2009, and were replaced by antifibrotics, under which patients showed improved survival (p = 0.001).
Conclusions: Our data provide important insights into baseline characteristics, diagnostic and management changes as well as outcome data in European IPF patients over time.
Trial registration: The eurIPFreg and eurIPFbank are listed in ClinicalTrials.gov(NCT02951416).
Increased sympathetic noradrenergic signaling is crucially involved in fear and anxiety as defensive states. MicroRNAs regulate dynamic gene expression during synaptic plasticity and genetic variation of microRNAs modulating noradrenaline transporter gene (SLC6A2) expression may thus lead to altered central and peripheral processing of fear and anxiety. In silico prediction of microRNA regulation of SLC6A2 was confirmed by luciferase reporter assays and identified hsa-miR-579-3p as a regulating microRNA. The minor (T)-allele of rs2910931 (MAFcases = 0.431, MAFcontrols = 0.368) upstream of MIR579 was associated with panic disorder in patients (pallelic = 0.004, ncases = 506, ncontrols = 506) and with higher trait anxiety in healthy individuals (pASI = 0.029, pACQ = 0.047, n = 3112). Compared to the major (A)-allele, increased promoter activity was observed in luciferase reporter assays in vitro suggesting more effective MIR579 expression and SLC6A2 repression in vivo (p = 0.041). Healthy individuals carrying at least one (T)-allele showed a brain activation pattern suggesting increased defensive responding and sympathetic noradrenergic activation in midbrain and limbic areas during the extinction of conditioned fear. Panic disorder patients carrying two (T)-alleles showed elevated heart rates in an anxiety-provoking behavioral avoidance test (F(2, 270) = 5.47, p = 0.005). Fine-tuning of noradrenaline homeostasis by a MIR579 genetic variation modulated central and peripheral sympathetic noradrenergic activation during fear processing and anxiety. This study opens new perspectives on the role of microRNAs in the etiopathogenesis of anxiety disorders, particularly their cardiovascular symptoms and comorbidities.
In der vorliegenden Arbeit sollte der Einfluss von langjährigem Lastkraftwagenfahren auf die posturale Kontrolle untersucht werden. Hierzu wurden die Auswirkungen verschiedener Einflussfaktoren, die mit langjährigem Lastkraftwagenfahren assoziiert sind, im Hinblick auf die posturale Kontrolle analysiert. In diesem Rahmen wurden auf einer Autobahnraststätte in Deutschland 180 (179m/1w) Lastkraftwagenfahrer im Alter von 21 bis 65 Jahren mit einer Berufserfahrung von 1 bis 45 Jahren untersucht. Mit Hilfe eines Fragebogens wurden Informationen über die Arbeitszeit und den Gesundheitszustand der Lastkraftwagenfahrer, wie beispielsweise bestehende Rückenschmerzen oder Sportverhalten, erhoben. Für die Messung der Parameter der posturalen Kontrolle in habitueller Standposition wurde die Druckmessplatte GP Multisens der Firma GeBioM (Münster, Deutschland) verwendet. Es wurde die prozentuale Druckverteilung im Vorfuß-Rückfußbereich für den linken und rechten Fuß gemessen. Des Weiteren konnte die Körperschwankung in frontaler (anterior/posterior) und sagittaler (medial/lateral) Ebene aufgezeichnet werden. Dadurch lassen sich unter anderem Rückschlüsse auf eine Verlagerung des Körperschwerpunktes ziehen. Die statistische Auswertung erfolgte mit Hilfe des Statistikprogrammes BiAS Version 11.0 (2015). Die erhobenen Daten wurden unter Verwendung des Kolmogoroff-Smirnoff-Lillifors-Tests auf Normalverteilung getestet. Das Signifikanzniveau lag bei α=5%. Daneben wurde ein zweiseitiges 95%-Konfidenzintervall sowie der Toleranzbereich der Daten berechnet. Da keine Normalverteilung der Daten vorlag, wurde der Kruskal Wallis Test mit anschließender Bonferoni-Holm Korrektur zum Vergleich der Daten eingesetzt. Die Korrelationen wurden durch einfache, lineare Korrelation nach Pearson oder Rang-Korrelation nach Spearman & Kendall berechnet. Die Studienteilnehmer wurden zusätzlich gemäß ihres BMI, ihrer bereits als Lastkraftwagenfahrer geleisteten Arbeitsjahre, nach bestehenden Rückenschmerzen und nach sportlicher Betätigung jeweils verschiedenen Gruppen zugeordnet. Die Gruppen wurden anschließend hinsichtlich der gemessenen Parameter miteinander verglichen. In Bezug auf ein zunehmendes Alter konnte eine signifikant zunehmende sagittale Schwankung (p ≤ 0,01) sowie eine erhöhte Belastung des rechten Fußes (p ≤ 0,01) gemessen werden. Im Vergleich zwischen normalgewichtigen und übergewichtigen Lastkraftwagenfahrern zeigten sich signifikante Unterschiede hinsichtlich der gemessenen Parameter der posturalen Kontrolle. Es konnte beobachtet werden, dass es mit zunehmenden BMI zu einer erhöhten Schwankung in frontaler (p ≤ 0,04) und sagittaler (p ≤ 0,001) Ebene kommt. Hinsichtlich der Fußdruckbelastung kam es zu keinen signifikanten Veränderungen zwischen den BMI-Gruppen. Lastkraftwagenfahrer mit mehr Arbeitsjahren zeigten erhöhte frontale und sagittale Körperschwankungen. Es lag eine signifikante, positive Korrelation zwischen der frontalen Schwankung und einer Zunahme der Arbeitsjahre (p ≤ 0,04) vor. Auch bei der sagittalen Schwankung bestand eine signifikante Korrelation (p ≤ 0,01). Lediglich bei der Belastung des rechten Vorfußes konnte eine signifikante Korrelation nachgewiesen werden (p ≤ 0,01), während bei den anderen Parametern der Fußbelastung keine signifikante Korrelation belegt werden konnte. Im Gruppenvergleich nach Arbeitsjahren zeigte sich, dass mit ansteigenden Arbeitsjahren als Lastkraftwagenfahrer zu einem Anstieg des BMI kommt. Im Vergleich von Lastkraftwagenfahrern mit und ohne Rückenschmerzen waren keine signifikanten Unterschiede bei den gemessenen Parametern der posturalen Kontrolle nachweisbar. Auch bei der Analyse des Einflusses von sportlicher Aktivität auf die posturale Kontrolle konnte kein Unterschied zwischen der Gruppe mit sportlicher Aktivität und ohne sportliche Aktivität gemessen werden.
Mit dieser Studie konnten die gesundheitsgefährdenden Einflüsse des Lastkraftwagenfahrens auf die posturale Kontrolle nachgewiesen werden. Vor allem das langjährige Sitzen und der erhöhte BMI haben einen Einfluss auf die Körperstabilität und stören die Kompensationsmechanismen der Aufrechterhaltung der posturalen Kontrolle. Die genauen Steuerungsmechanismen der Körperstabilität sind sehr komplex und wurden in dieser Studie nicht im Einzelnen analysiert. Um welche konkreten Strukturen es sich handelt, die durch das langjährige Lastkraftwagenfahren gestört werden, kann mit den Ergebnissen dieser Studie nicht erfasst werden.
Objectives The following study analyses the influence of risk factors among the occupational group of truck drivers on postural control and body mass index (BMI).
Design Observational study.
Setting One motorway station close to several highways in Germany.
Participants 180 truck drivers (177 male/3 female), aged 21–65 years old, took part in this study.
Outcome measures Postural control was examined using a pressure plate. In order to examine the influence of body weight (BMI) and working years on postural control, subjects were divided into samples of five and three groups, respectively. Furthermore, it was evaluated whether the subjects suffered from back pain. For data analysis, the Kruskal-Wallis test was used as the data were not normally distributed. Once the p value of the Kruskal-Wallis test was p≤0.05, the Conover-Iman comparison and afterwards the Bonferroni-Holm correction were used. The significance level was set at α ≤0.05.
Results Regarding the number of working years, a significant increase of frontal (p≤0.04) and sagittal (p≤0.001) sway were observed. The correlation of the five BMI groups with the number of working years demonstrates that an increase of the working years leads to an increase of BMI (p≤0.03). Furthermore, the majority of truck drivers participating in this study suffered from back pain (61.7%).
Conclusions BMI and musculoskeletal impairment are indicators of health risk factors. In this study, it is shown that an increasing number of working years and an increasing BMI lead to a decrease in frontal and sagittal postural sway. In addition, the number of working years correlates with body weight and back pain.
Bipolar disorder (BD) is a highly heritable neuropsychiatric disease characterized by recurrent episodes of mania and depression. BD shows substantial clinical and genetic overlap with other psychiatric disorders, in particular schizophrenia (SCZ). The genes underlying this etiological overlap remain largely unknown. A recent SCZ genome wide association study (GWAS) by the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium identified 128 independent genome-wide significant single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). The present study investigated whether these SCZ-associated SNPs also contribute to BD development through the performance of association testing in a large BD GWAS dataset (9747 patients, 14278 controls). After re-imputation and correction for sample overlap, 22 of 107 investigated SCZ SNPs showed nominal association with BD. The number of shared SCZ-BD SNPs was significantly higher than expected (p = 1.46x10-8). This provides further evidence that SCZ-associated loci contribute to the development of BD. Two SNPs remained significant after Bonferroni correction. The most strongly associated SNP was located near TRANK1, which is a reported genome-wide significant risk gene for BD. Pathway analyses for all shared SCZ-BD SNPs revealed 25 nominally enriched gene-sets, which showed partial overlap in terms of the underlying genes. The enriched gene-sets included calcium- and glutamate signaling, neuropathic pain signaling in dorsal horn neurons, and calmodulin binding. The present data provide further insights into shared risk loci and disease-associated pathways for BD and SCZ. This may suggest new research directions for the treatment and prevention of these two major psychiatric disorders.
Mapping cortical brain asymmetry in 17,141 healthy individuals worldwide via the ENIGMA Consortium
(2017)
Epigenetic signatures such as methylation of the monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) gene have been found to be altered in panic disorder (PD). Hypothesizing temporal plasticity of epigenetic processes as a mechanism of successful fear extinction, the present psychotherapy-epigenetic study for we believe the first time investigated MAOA methylation changes during the course of exposure-based cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) in PD. MAOA methylation was compared between N=28 female Caucasian PD patients (discovery sample) and N=28 age- and sex-matched healthy controls via direct sequencing of sodium bisulfite-treated DNA extracted from blood cells. MAOA methylation was furthermore analyzed at baseline (T0) and after a 6-week CBT (T1) in the discovery sample parallelized by a waiting time in healthy controls, as well as in an independent sample of female PD patients (N=20). Patients exhibited lower MAOA methylation than healthy controls (P<0.001), and baseline PD severity correlated negatively with MAOA methylation (P=0.01). In the discovery sample, MAOA methylation increased up to the level of healthy controls along with CBT response (number of panic attacks; T0–T1: +3.37±2.17%), while non-responders further decreased in methylation (−2.00±1.28%; P=0.001). In the replication sample, increases in MAOA methylation correlated with agoraphobic symptom reduction after CBT (P=0.02–0.03). The present results support previous evidence for MAOA hypomethylation as a PD risk marker and suggest reversibility of MAOA hypomethylation as a potential epigenetic correlate of response to CBT. The emerging notion of epigenetic signatures as a mechanism of action of psychotherapeutic interventions may promote epigenetic patterns as biomarkers of lasting extinction effects.
Most research on human fear conditioning and its generalization has focused on adults whereas only little is known about these processes in children. Direct comparisons between child and adult populations are needed to determine developmental risk markers of fear and anxiety. We compared 267 children and 285 adults in a differential fear conditioning paradigm and generalization test. Skin conductance responses (SCR) and ratings of valence and arousal were obtained to indicate fear learning. Both groups displayed robust and similar differential conditioning on subjective and physiological levels. However, children showed heightened fear generalization compared to adults as indexed by higher arousal ratings and SCR to the generalization stimuli. Results indicate overgeneralization of conditioned fear as a developmental correlate of fear learning. The developmental change from a shallow to a steeper generalization gradient is likely related to the maturation of brain structures that modulate efficient discrimination between danger and (ambiguous) safety cues.
Aims: The primary safety and efficacy endpoints of the randomized FIRE AND ICE trial have recently demonstrated non-inferiority of cryoballoon vs. radiofrequency current (RFC) catheter ablation in patients with drug-refractory symptomatic paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (AF). The aim of the current study was to assess outcome parameters that are important for the daily clinical management of patients using key secondary analyses. Specifically, reinterventions, rehospitalizations, and quality-of-life were examined in this randomized trial of cryoballoon vs. RFC catheter ablation.
Methods and results: Patients (374 subjects in the cryoballoon group and 376 subjects in the RFC group) were evaluated in the modified intention-to-treat cohort. After the index ablation, log-rank testing over 1000 days of follow-up demonstrated that there were statistically significant differences in favour of cryoballoon ablation with respect to repeat ablations (11.8% cryoballoon vs. 17.6% RFC; P = 0.03), direct-current cardioversions (3.2% cryoballoon vs. 6.4% RFC; P = 0.04), all-cause rehospitalizations (32.6% cryoballoon vs. 41.5% RFC; P = 0.01), and cardiovascular rehospitalizations (23.8% cryoballoon vs. 35.9% RFC; P < 0.01). There were no statistical differences between groups in the quality-of-life surveys (both mental and physical) as measured by the Short Form-12 health survey and the EuroQol five-dimension questionnaire. There was an improvement in both mental and physical quality-of-life in all patients that began at 6 months after the index ablation and was maintained throughout the 30 months of follow-up.
Conclusion: Patients treated with cryoballoon as opposed to RFC ablation had significantly fewer repeat ablations, direct-current cardioversions, all-cause rehospitalizations, and cardiovascular rehospitalizations during follow-up. Both patient groups improved in quality-of-life scores after AF ablation.
Clinical trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01490814.
Bipolar disorder (BD) is a genetically complex mental illness characterized by severe oscillations of mood and behavior. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified several risk loci that together account for a small portion of the heritability. To identify additional risk loci, we performed a two-stage meta-analysis of >9 million genetic variants in 9,784 bipolar disorder patients and 30,471 controls, the largest GWAS of BD to date. In this study, to increase power we used ~2,000 lithium-treated cases with a long-term diagnosis of BD from the Consortium on Lithium Genetics, excess controls, and analytic methods optimized for markers on the Xchromosome. In addition to four known loci, results revealed genome-wide significant associations at two novel loci: an intergenic region on 9p21.3 (rs12553324, p = 5.87×10-9; odds ratio = 1.12) and markers within ERBB2 (rs2517959, p = 4.53×10-9; odds ratio = 1.13). No significant X-chromosome associations were detected and X-linked markers explained very little BD heritability. The results add to a growing list of common autosomal variants involved in BD and illustrate the power of comparing well-characterized cases to an excess of controls in GWAS.