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Seit den ersten Berichten über renale CYP-Enzyme, die den arteriellen Tonus beeinflussen können, steht die entscheidende Rolle der CYP-Epoxygenasen in der Modulation der vaskulären Homöostase außer Frage. Die Verbindung zwischen CYP-Expression und kardiovaskulären Erkrankungen ist jedoch noch mit Vorbehalt zu betrachten. Dennoch kann ihre Bedeutung in der Pathogenese der Hypertonie und Atherosklerose nicht länger ignoriert werden. Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war der Nachweis, inwieweit endogen-gebildete EET an der Regulation des Agonisteninduzierten Kalziumeinstroms in nicht-erregbaren Endothelzellen beteiligt sind. Da es in kultivierten Endothelzellen im Gegensatz zu nativen Endothelzellen zu einer rapiden Reduktion der CYP 2C-Expression kommt, wurde die Expression von CYP 2C zu einem durch die Verwendung eines adenoviral-vermittelten Überexpressionssystems und zum anderen durch Nifedipin induziert. Zunächst führte die Stimulation mit Bradykinin in kultivierten Endothelzellen, die infolge der Kultivierung das CYP 2C-Protein nicht mehr exprimieren, zu einem Kalziumeinstrom. Dieser Effekt wurde weder von Sulfaphenazol, einem spezifischen CYP 2C9-Hemmer, noch von ACU, einem Hemmer der sEH, beeinflusst. Dahingegen führte die Hemmung der sEH durch ACU in CYP 2C-exprimierenden Endothelzellen zu einem signifikanten Anstieg der Plateauphase des Bradykinininduzierten Kalziumeinstroms. Dieser Effekt konnte sowohl durch Sulfaphenazol als auch durch 14,15-EEZE, einen EET-Antagonisten, aufgehoben werden. Die Kontrollzellen wurden weder von den Substanzen alleine noch in Kombination mit ACU beeinflusst. Die Verwendung von DCU, einem weiteren spezifischen Hemmer der sEH, führte ebenfalls zu einem signifikanten Anstieg der Plateauphase des Bradykinin-induzierten Kalziumeinstroms in CYP 2C-exprimierenden Endothelzellen im Vergleich zu den Kontrollzellen. Die Hypothese der sEH-Hemmer als potente Modulatoren des EET-vermittelten Kalziumeinstroms wurde weiterhin durch den Befund belegt, dass die Inkubation mit dem mEH-Hemmer Elaidamid keinen Einfluss auf die Höhe des Bradykinin-induzierten Kalziumplateaus hatte. Durch die Untersuchungen in An- und Abwesenheit von extrazellulärem Kalzium konnte gezeigt werden, dass endogen-gebildete EET die [Ca2+]i durch Verstärkung des kapazitiven Kalziumeinstroms beeinflussen. Die Aufhebung der Effekte durch den PKA-Hemmer Rp-cAMPs lässt auf eine Rolle der PKA schließen, der Signaltransduktionsweg bleibt zu klären. Die Reproduzierbarkeit der Ergebnisse in isolierten endothelintakten Umbilikalvenen belegt die physiologische Relevanz. In der vorliegenden Studie konnte die Bedeutung der EET in der Regulation des kapazitiven Kalziumeinstroms und der sEH-Hemmer als potente Modulatoren der biologischen Aktivität von EET demonstriert werden. Die Eingliederung in den Kontext der vaskulären Homöostase und der Pathogenese von kardiovaskulären Erkrankungen bleibt hochinteressant und zukunftsweisend.
Delayed wound repair in sepsis is associated with reduced local pro-inflammatory cytokine expression
(2013)
Sepsis is one of the main causes for morbidity and mortality in hospitalized patients. Moreover, sepsis associated complications involving impaired wound healing are common. Septic patients often require surgical interventions that in-turn may lead to further complications caused by impaired wound healing. We established a mouse model to the study delayed wound healing during sepsis distant to the septic focus point. For this reason cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) was combined with the creation of a superficial wound on the mouse ear. Control animals received the same procedure without CPL. Epithelialization was measured every second day by direct microscopic visualization up to complete closure of the wound. As interplay of TNF-α, TGF-β, matrix metalloproteinases (MMP), and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMP) is important in wound healing in general, TNF-α, TGF-β, MMP7, and TIMP1 were assessed immunohistochemical in samples of wounded ears harvested on days 2, 6, 10 and 16 after wounding. After induction of sepsis, animals showed a significant delay in wound epithelialization from day 2 to 12 compared to control animals. Complete wound healing was attained after mean 12.2± standard deviation (SD) 3.0 days in septic animals compared to 8.7± SD 1.7 days in the control group. Septic animals showed a significant reduction in local pro-inflammatory cytokine level of TNF-α on day 2 and day 6 as well as a reduced expression of TGF-β on day 2 in wounds. A significant lower expression of MMP7 as well as TIMP1 was also observed on day 2 after wounding. The induction of sepsis impairs wound healing distant to the septic focus point. We could demonstrate that expression of important cytokines for wound repair is deregulated after induction of sepsis. Thus restoring normal cytokine response locally in wounds could be a good strategy to enhance wound repair in sepsis.
Glioblastoma is the most common malignant primary brain tumor. To date, clinically relevant biomarkers are restricted to isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) gene 1 or 2 mutations and O6-methylguanine DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) promoter methylation. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been shown to contribute to glioblastoma pathogenesis and could potentially serve as novel biomarkers. The clinical significance of HOXA Transcript Antisense RNA, Myeloid-Specific 1 (HOTAIRM1) was determined by analyzing HOTAIRM1 in multiple glioblastoma gene expression data sets for associations with prognosis, as well as, IDH mutation and MGMT promoter methylation status. Finally, the role of HOTAIRM1 in glioblastoma biology and radiotherapy resistance was characterized in vitro and in vivo. We identified HOTAIRM1 as a candidate lncRNA whose up-regulation is significantly associated with shorter survival of glioblastoma patients, independent from IDH mutation and MGMT promoter methylation. Glioblastoma cell line models uniformly showed reduced cell viability, decreased invasive growth and diminished colony formation capacity upon HOTAIRM1 down-regulation. Integrated proteogenomic analyses revealed impaired mitochondrial function and determination of reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels confirmed increased ROS levels upon HOTAIRM1 knock-down. HOTAIRM1 knock-down decreased expression of transglutaminase 2 (TGM2), a candidate protein implicated in mitochondrial function, and knock-down of TGM2 mimicked the phenotype of HOTAIRM1 down-regulation in glioblastoma cells. Moreover, HOTAIRM1 modulates radiosensitivity of glioblastoma cells both in vitro and in vivo. Our data support a role for HOTAIRM1 as a driver of biological aggressiveness, radioresistance and poor outcome in glioblastoma. Targeting HOTAIRM1 may be a promising new therapeutic approach.
Purpose: Despite the high number of patients with phalangeal fractures, evidence-based recommendations for the treatment of specific phalangeal fractures could not be concluded from the literature. The purpose of the present study was to assess current epidemiological data, classification of the fracture type, and mode of treatment.
Methods: This study presents a retrospective review of 261 patients with 283 phalangeal fractures ≥ 18 years of age who were treated in our level I trauma centre between 2017 and 2018. The data were obtained by the analysis of the institution’s database, and radiological examinations.
Results: The average age of the patients was 40.4 years (range 18–98). The ratio of male to female patients was 2.7:1. The two most typical injury mechanisms were crush injuries (33%) and falls (23%). Most phalangeal fractures occurred in the distal phalanx (P3 43%). The 4th ray (D4 29%) was most frequently affected. The P3 tuft fractures, and the middle phalanx (P2) base fractures each accounted for 25% of fracture types. A total of 74% of fractures were treated conservatively, and 26% required surgery, with Kirschner wire(s) (37%) as the preferred surgical treatment. The decision for surgical treatment correlated with the degree of angular and/or rotational deformity, intraarticular step, and sub-/luxation of specific phalangeal fractures, but not with age and gender.
Conclusions: Our findings demonstrated the popularity of conservative treatment of phalangeal fractures, while surgery was only required in properly selected cases. The correct definition of precise fracture pattern in addition to topography is essential to facilitate treatment decision-making.
Introduction: Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) are able to enhance angiogenesis and regulate inflammation that is especially important in wound healing under ischemic conditions. Thus, we evaluated the effect of local EET application on ischemic wounds in mice.
Methods: Ischemia was induced by cautherization of two of the three supplying vessels to the mouse ear. Wounding was performed on the ear three days later. Wounds were treated either with 11,12 or 14,15 EET and compared to untreated control and normal wounds. Epithelialization was measured every second day. VEGF, TNF-α, TGF-β, matrix metalloproteinases (MMP), tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMP), Ki67, and SDF-1α were evaluated immunohistochemically in wounds on day 3, 6, and 9.
Results: Ischemia delayed wound closure (12.8 days ± 1.9 standard deviation (SD) for ischemia and 8.0 days ± 0.94 SD for control). 11,12 and14,15 EET application ameliorated deteriorated wound healing on ischemic ears (7.6 ± 1.3 SD for 11,12 EET and 9.2 ± 1.4 SD for 14,15 EET). Ischemia did not change VEGF, TNF-α, TGF-β, SDF-1α, TIMP, MMP7 or MMP9 level significantly compared to control. Local application of 11,12 as well as 14,15 EET induced a significant elevation of VEGF, TGF-β, and SDF-1α expression as well as proliferation during the whole phase of wound healing compared to control and ischemia alone.
Conclusion: In summary, EET improve impaired wound healing caused by ischemia as they enhance neovascularization and alter inflammatory response in wounds. Thus elevating lipid mediator level as 11,12 and 14,15 EET in wounds might be a successful strategy for amelioration of deranged wound healing under ischemia.
Purpose: The primary treatment goals for advanced-stage thumb carpometacarpal (CMC) joint osteoarthritis are complete pain relief and restoration of thumb strength. The purpose of the present study was to introduce a variation of the abductor pollicis longus (APL) suspension arthroplasty using a single looping of a radial slip from the APL tendon around the flexor carpi radialis (FCR) tendon combined with RegJoint™ interposition and to determine its efficacy in the treatment of thumb CMC joint osteoarthritis.
Methods: Between 2015 and 2017, 21 patients were included. The average age was 60.8 years (range 48–79). The mean follow-up was 27.7 months (range 8–50). Evaluation included pain, radial and palmar abduction, tip pinch and grip strength, and Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (DASH) score.
Results: Pain averaged 0.3 (range 0–4) at rest and 1.4 (range 0–4) on exertion. The radial and palmar abduction were 97% and 99% compared to the contralateral side. The tip pinch and grip strength were 4.1 kg (range 3–6.5) and 22 kg (range 13.3–40), respectively. The DASH score accounted for 18.5 (range 0.8–41.7).
Conclusion: The modified APL suspension interposition arthroplasty was an efficient and simplified option for the treatment of thumb CMC joint osteoarthritis, with results comparable or better than other published procedures. The APL suspension technique was easy to perform avoiding difficult bone tunneling and incision of the FCR tendon. The RegJoint™ interposition as spacer prevented impingement of the first metacarpal base on the second metacarpal base or the trapezoid bone.
