Open Access

In addition to infectious viral particles, hepatitis B virus-replicating cells secrete high amounts of SVPs, which are ssembled by HBsAg in the shape of spheres and filaments but lack any capsid and genome. Filaments are characterized by a much higher amount of the surface protein LHBs as compared to spheres. Spheres are released via the constitutive secretory pathway, while viral particles are ESCRT-dependently released via MVBs. The interaction of virions with the ESCRT machinery is mediated by α-taxilin that connects the PreS1 domain of LHBs with the ESCRT-component tsg101. Since viral particles and filaments contain a significant amount of LHBs, it is unclear whether filaments are secreted as spheres or released like viral particles. To study the release pathways of HBV filaments in the absence of viral particles, A core-deficient HBV mutant (1.2×HBVΔCore) was generated by site-directed mutagenesis based on wt1.2x HBV. The start codon of core protein was mutated into stop codon, which was confirmed by DNA sequencing. Data from HBsAg ELISA, Western blot, immunofluorescence microscopy and immunoelectron microscopy showed that the lack of core protein did neither affect the production nor the secretion of HBV SVPs. The intracellular distribution of LHBs and SHBs showed no difference between wtHBV and the core-deficient mutant expressing cells. Therefore, this system is suitable to investigate the release pathway of HBV filaments in the absence of viral particles. Confocal microscopy analysis of cells cotransfected core-deficient mutants with peYFPRab7 as marker for the endosomal/MVB pathway or with pGalT-eGFP as marker for the trans Golgi apparatus showed that YFP-Rab7, but not GalT-GFP, partially colocalized with LHBs. Furthermore, LHBs could be found in dilated MVBs by immune electron microscopy of ultrathin sections. This was confirmed by isolation of MVBs by cell fractionation using discontinuous sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation and percoll-based linear gradient ultracentrifugation, indicating that filaments enter MVBs in the absence of virion formation. Moreover, inhibition of MVB biogenesis by the small molecular inhibitor U18666A significantly abolished the release of filaments in a dose-dependent manner, but no inhibition could be observed in the production. In contrast, no inhibition on the secretion and production of spheres could be detected. Inhibition of ESCRT-functionality by coexpression of transdominant negative mutants (Vps4A, Vps4B, CHMP3) abolished the release of filaments while secretion of spheres was not affected. These data indicate that in contrast Abstract 73 to spheres while are secreted via the secretory pathway, filaments are released via ESCRT/MVB pathway like infectious viral particles.