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Das Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) ist Auslöser einer oftmals chronisch verlaufenden Leberentzündung mit einem erhöhten Risiko für die Entwicklung einer Leberzirrhose und deren Folgen. Die weltweite Prävalenz der Hepatitis C beträgt ca. 3%; allein in Deutschland treten jährlich mehr als 5000 Neuinfektionen auf. Das HCV lässt sich aufgrund phylogenetischer Untersuchungen in mindestens 6 Genotypen und jeweils mehrere Subtypen einteilen, wobei der HCV Subtyp 1b in Europa am häufigsten vorkommt. Die Hepatitis C Forschung wurde lange Zeit durch das Fehlen eines geeigneten Zellkulturmodells erschwert. Mit der Etablierung eines stabil replizierenden Zellkulturmodells in humanen Hepatomazellen 1999 durch Lohmann et al. wurden erstmals molekularbiologische Untersuchungen in grossem Umfang möglich. Die seither existierenden Zellkulturmodelle haben jedoch den Nachteil, dass nicht definiert ist, wie sich das Isolat, aus dem das Replikon geschaffen wurde, klinisch verhält. Unter einer Interferon-basierten Therapie sprechen manche Patienten mit einer dauerhaften Negativierung der HCV RNA Konzentration an (sustained responder, SR), während bei anderen sowohl während als auch nach Therapieende weiterhin HCV RNA im Blut nachweisbar ist (non-responder, NR), obwohl beide Patienten mit demselben Subtyp von HCV infiziert sind und dieselbe Therapie erhalten. Die Ursachen für dieses unterschiedliche Therapieansprechen sind basierend auf Mutationsstudien von HCV Isolaten von Patienten mit unterschiedlichem Therapieansprechen zumindest teilweise genomisch bedingt. Daher wurden in der vorliegenden Arbeit zwei Konsensusklone zur Einbringung in ein replikatives Zellkulturmodell aus HCV Subtyp 1b Isolaten geschaffen, deren klinisches Verhalten unter Therapie klar charakterisiert ist. Dazu wurde Serum von je einem Patienten herangezogen, der unter definierten Studienbedingungen als SR oder NR bekannt war. Aus den Sera wurde die Virus-RNA extrahiert und mit Hilfe eines eigens dafür entwickelten RT-PCR-Protokolls und anschließender Klonierung in E. coli vervielfältigt. Um zufällige Mutationen und seltene Quasispezies auszuschließen, wurde dann nach vollständiger Sequenzierung von jeweils vier Einzelklonen mittels gezielter Mutagenese und Umklonierung eine Konsensussequenz geschaffen, die einen Durchschnitt der am häufigsten vorkommenden Quasispezies darstellt. Diese Konsensusklone wurden in einen Vektor zur Herstellung von RNA Transkripten eingefügt, so dass die Transkripte direkt zur Einbringung als Replikons in Zellkulturen genutzt werden können. Mit diesen klinisch charakterisierten Isolaten kann nun erstmals nach Unterschieden geforscht werden, die ursächlich für Therapieerfolg oder –misserfolg sein könnten. So können eventuell neue Therapieformen gefunden oder bereits vor Beginn einer Therapie eine Aussage zur Prognose getroffen werden.
Der Staat Moskau stand im 17. Jahrhundert außerhalb des europäischen Stnatslebens. Es war eine seltene Ausnahme, daß russische Gesandte in Westeuropa erschienen. Sie machten mit ihrer asiatischen Tracht, bei ihrer völligen Unkenntnis der Sprachen und Sitten der vorgeschrittenen Völker denselben Eindruck, welchen heutzutage chinesische Diplomaten hervorzubringen pflegen. Kamen westeuropäische Gesandte nach Moskau, so hatten sie, nach Hause heimkehrend, von ähnlichen Erlebnissen und Reiseeindrücken zu berichten, wie etwa gegenwärtig eine Reise naoh Persien oder Japan dieselben darzubieten pflegt. Ein ständiger diplomatischer Verkehr zwischen Rufsland und Westeuropa war das Resultat der großen Wandlung, welche sich in dem moskowitischen Staate im Zeitalter Peters des Großen vollzog. Die folgende Darstellung der Reise eines russischen Gesandten nach Florenz und Venedig um die Mitte des 17. Jahrhunderts mag diese Verhältnisse veranschaulichen. Es hatte sich im Jahre 1655 ereignet, daß die Republik Venedig einen diplomatischen Agenten - es war ein Geistlicher, Alberto Vimina - nach Rußland gesandt hatte, um den Zaren Alexei zur Teilnahme an einer von den westeuropäischen Staaten gegen die Türkei zu unternehmenden militärischen Aktion zu veranlassen. Der Zar Alexei war indessen, gerade als der venetianisohe Diplomat nach Rußland kam, mit dem Kriege gegen Polen beschäftigt; auch konnte man einen Bruch zwischen Schweden und Rußland erwarten. So lagen denn die orientalische Frage und andere politischen Interessen der russischenen Regierung ferne. ...
Learning to solve graph tasks is one of the key prerequisites of acquiring domain-specific knowledge in most study domains. Analyses of graph understanding often use eye-tracking and focus on analyzing how much time students spend gazing at particular areas of a graph—Areas of Interest (AOIs). To gain a deeper insight into students’ task-solving process, we argue that the gaze shifts between students’ fixations on different AOIs (so-termed transitions) also need to be included in holistic analyses of graph understanding that consider the importance of transitions for the task-solving process. Thus, we introduced Epistemic Network Analysis (ENA) as a novel approach to analyze eye-tracking data of 23 university students who solved eight multiple-choice graph tasks in physics and economics. ENA is a method for quantifying, visualizing, and interpreting network data allowing a weighted analysis of the gaze patterns of both correct and incorrect graph task solvers considering the interrelations between fixations and transitions. After an analysis of the differences in the number of fixations and the number of single transitions between correct and incorrect solvers, we conducted an ENA for each task. We demonstrate that an isolated analysis of fixations and transitions provides only a limited insight into graph solving behavior. In contrast, ENA identifies differences between the gaze patterns of students who solved the graph tasks correctly and incorrectly across the multiple graph tasks. For instance, incorrect solvers shifted their gaze from the graph to the x-axis and from the question to the graph comparatively more often than correct solvers. The results indicate that incorrect solvers often have problems transferring textual information into graphical information and rely more on partly irrelevant parts of a graph. Finally, we discuss how the findings can be used to design experimental studies and for innovative instructional procedures in higher education
Most elements heavier than iron are synthesized in stars during neutron capture reactions in the r- and s-process. The s-process nucleosynthesis is composed of the main and weak component. While the s-process is considered to be well understood, further investigations using nucleosynthesis simulations rely on measured neutron capture cross sections as crucial input parameters. Neutron capture cross sections
relevant for the s-process can be measured using various experimental methods. A prominent example is the activation method relying on the 7Li(p,n)7Be reaction as a neutron source, which has the advantage of high neutron intensities and is able to create a quasi-stellar neutron spectrum at kBT = 25 keV. Other neutron sources able to provide quasi-stellar spectra at different energies suffer from lower neutron intensities. Simulations using the PINO tool suggest the neutron activation of samples with different neutron spectra, provided by the 7Li(p,n)7Be reaction, and a subsequent linear combination of the obtained spectrum-averaged cross sections
to determine the Maxwellian-averaged cross section (MACS) at various energies of astrophysical relevance. To investigate the accuracy of the PINO tool at proton energies between the neutron emission threshold at Ep = 1880.4 keV and 2800 keV,
measurements of the 7Li(p,n)7Be neutron fields are presented, which were carried out at the PTB Ion Accelerator Facility at the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt in Braunschweig. The neutron fields of ten different proton energies were measured.
The presented neutron fields show a good agreement at proton energies Ep = 1887, 1897, 1907, 1912 and 2100 keV. For the other proton energies, E p = 2000, 2200, 2300, 2500, and 2800 keV, differences between measurement and simulation were found and discussed. The obtained results can be used to benchmark and adapt the PINO tool and provide crucial information for further improvement of the neutron activation method for astrophysics.
An application for the 7Li(p,n)7Be neutron fields is presented as an activation experiment campaign of gallium, an element that is mostly produced during the weak s-process in massive stars. The available cross section data for the 69,71Ga(n,γ)
reactions, mostly determined by activation measurements, show differences up toa factor of three. To improve the data situation, activation measurements were carried out using the 7Li(p,n)7Be reaction. The neutron capture cross sections for
a quasi-stellar neutron spectrum at kBT = 25 keV were determined for 69Ga and 71Ga.
This paper intends to briefly analyze the features of the popular writers of the 19th century. This is a period, in which the literary manifestations may be regarded under extremes: the interest lies primarily on the syncretism of literary currents and movements, among which worth mentioning is the “other” Romanticism, i.e. a decorative form of Romanticism. A short presentation of some successful writers of the 19th century, who could be considered mass literature authors, allows one to sketch the portrait of the typical mass literature author and subsequently of the typical mass literature reader, which should be understood under the cultural and social circumstances of that specific period. The stylistic and thematic similarities among these authors may be extrapolated to such an extent that one may conclude the Romantic mood (here one should understand this “other” Romanticism) is indeed a characteristic of the mass literature authors of the 19th century.
To successfully learn using open Internet resources, students must be able to critically search, evaluate and select online information, and verify sources. Defined as critical online reasoning (COR), this construct is operationalized on two levels in our study: (1) the student level using the newly developed Critical Online Reasoning Assessment (CORA), and (2) the online information processing level using event log data, including gaze durations and fixations. The written responses of 32 students for one CORA task were scored by three independent raters. The resulting score was operationalized as “task performance,” whereas the gaze fixations and durations were defined as indicators of “process performance.” Following a person-oriented approach, we conducted a process mining (PM) analysis, as well as a latent class analysis (LCA) to test whether—following the dual-process theory—the undergraduates could be distinguished into two groups based on both their process and task performance. Using PM, the process performance of all 32 students was visualized and compared, indicating two distinct response process patterns. One group of students (11), defined as “strategic information processers,” processed online information more comprehensively, as well as more efficiently, which was also reflected in their higher task scores. In contrast, the distributions of the process performance variables for the other group (21), defined as “avoidance information processers,” indicated a poorer process performance, which was also reflected in their lower task scores. In the LCA, where two student groups were empirically distinguished by combining the process performance indicators and the task score as a joint discriminant criterion, we confirmed these two COR profiles, which were reflected in high vs. low process and task performances. The estimated parameters indicated that high-performing students were significantly more efficient at conducting strategic information processing, as reflected in their higher process performance. These findings are so far based on quantitative analyses using event log data. To enable a more differentiated analysis of students’ visual attention dynamics, more in-depth qualitative research of the identified student profiles in terms of COR will be required.
We apply seismic full waveform inversion to SH‐ and Love‐wave data for investigating the near‐surface lithology at an archaeological site. We evaluate the resolution of the applied full waveform inversion algorithm through ground truthing in the form of an excavation and sediment core studies. Thereby, we investigate the benefits of full waveform inversion in comparison with other established methods of near‐surface prospecting in terms of resolution capabilities and interpretation security. The study is performed in a presumed harbour area of the ancient Thracian city of Ainos. The exemplary target is the source of a linear magnetic anomaly oriented perpendicular to the coast, which was found in a previous magnetic gradiometry survey, suggesting a mole. The SH‐wave full waveform inversion recovered a subsurface SH‐wave velocity model with submeter resolution showing lateral and vertical velocity variation between 40 and 150 m/s. To tame the non‐linearity of the full waveform inversion, a sequential inversion of frequency bands has to be combined with time‐windowing in order to separate the Love wave from the reflected SH wavefield. We compare the full waveform inversion results with multichannel analysis of surface waves, standard seismic reflection imaging, electrical resistivity tomography and electromagnetic induction. It turns out that the respective depth sections are correlated to a certain degree with the full waveform inversion results. However, the structural resolution of the other geophysical methods is significantly lower than for the full waveform inversion. An exception is the reflection seismic imaging, which shows the same resolution as full waveform inversion but can only be interpreted together with the full waveform inversion–based velocity model. An archaeological excavation as well as coring data allows ground truthing and a direct understanding of the geophysical structures. The results show that the target was a sort of near‐surface trench of about 3–4 m width and 0.8 m to 1.0 m depth, filled with silty sediment, which differs from the layered surrounding in colour and composition. The ground truthing revealed that only SH‐wave full waveform inversion and seismic reflection imaging could image the trench and sediment structure with satisfying lateral and depth resolution. We emphasize that the velocity distribution from SH‐wave full waveform inversion agrees closely with the excavated subsurface structures, and that the discovered changes in seismic velocity correlate with changes in the sand content in the respective sediment facies sequences. The study demonstrated that SH‐wave full waveform inversion is capable to image structural and lithological changes in the near subsurface at scales as low as 0.5 m, thus providing the high resolution needed for archaeological and geoarchaeological prospection.
The ongoing digitalization of educational resources and the use of the internet lead to a steady increase of potentially available learning media. However, many of the media which are used for educational purposes have not been designed specifically for teaching and learning. Usually, linguistic criteria of readability and comprehensibility as well as content-related criteria are used independently to assess and compare the quality of educational media. This also holds true for educational media used in economics. This article aims to improve the analysis of textual learning media used in economic education by drawing on threshold concepts. Threshold concepts are key terms in knowledge acquisition within a domain. From a linguistic perspective, however, threshold concepts are instances of specialized vocabularies, exhibiting particular linguistic features. In three kinds of (German) resources, namely in textbooks, in newspapers, and on Wikipedia, we investigate the distributive profiles of 63 threshold concepts identified in economics education (which have been collected from threshold concept research). We looked at the threshold concepts' frequency distribution, their compound distribution, and their network structure within the three kinds of resources. The two main findings of our analysis show that firstly, the three kinds of resources can indeed be distinguished in terms of their threshold concepts' profiles. Secondly, Wikipedia definitely shows stronger associative connections between economic threshold concepts than the other sources. We discuss the findings in relation to adequate media use for teaching and learning—not only in economic education.