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Im Verlauf dieser Arbeit zeigte sich, daß es möglich ist, Spuren von Teilchen, die zwei Detektoren durchquerten, einander zuzuordnen; dies mit um so größerer Sicherheit, je kleiner die Spurdichte war. Anhand eines systematischen Vergleichs von Spurparametern zugeordneter Spuren gelang es, die Position eines Spurdetektors (TPC) relativ zum zweiten Detektor und dem Target genau zu bestimmen. Die Bedeutung dieser Position ist allerdings nicht eindeutig, da eine fehlerhafte, ortsabhängige Verzerrungskorrektur der TPC Meßdaten ebenfalls zu systematischen Verschiebungen und Verdrehungen der TPC führen kann. Letztlich ist es sogar möglich, daß die Position der TPC besser vermessen wurde als die der Streamerkammer, da auch die Messmarken - die fiducials - die den Bezug zwischen der Streamerkammer und den Magnetkoordinaten herstellen - , der schlechten Rekonstruktionsgenauigkeit der z-Komponente in der Streamerkammer unterliegen. Die Kenntnis der exakten Position der TPC ist deshalb notwendig, da die TPC alleine keine Impulsinformation liefert, sondern der Teilchenimpuls erst mit Hilfe der genau bekannten Vertexposition und dem gemessenen Magnetfeld möglich ist. Es zeigte sich, daß diese ermittelten Positionen unerläßlich für eine konsistente Impulsbestimmung beider Detektoren sind. Wie zu erwarten, ist das Transversalimpulsspektrum empfindlich auf die Position des TPC-Detektors. Durch Variation möglicher Positionen um die gefundene wurde eine Abschätzung des systematischen Fehlers in pT erreicht. Dieser kann 20% erreichen. Im folgenden Experiment - NA49 - werden sich zwei Vertex-TPC's hintereinander in einem inhomogenen Magnetfeld befinden. Dahinter und außerhalb des Magnetfeldes stehen nebeneinander zwei Haupt-TPC's. Da zur Messung des Magnetfeldes die Vertex-TPC's vollständig aus den Magneten entfernt werden, ist die Findung des Bezugs zwischen den Magnetkoordinaten und denen der Vertex-TPC's ein Problem zukünftiger Datenanalysen. Außerdem wird die relative Position der Haupt-TPC's zu den Magneten benötigt, um den funktionalen Zusammenhang zwischen der Ablenkung durch die Magneten und dem Impuls der Spur zu bestimmen, da in den Haupt-TPC's kein Magnetfeld die Spuren krümmt. Anderenfalls wäre auch hier keine konsistente Impulsbestimmung möglich.
The extension of the Periodic System into hitherto unexplored domains - anti- matter and hypermatter - is discussed. Starting from an analysis of hyperon and single hypernuclear properties we investigate the structure of multi-hyperon objects (MEMOs) using an extended relativistic meson field theory. These are contrasted with multi-strange quark states (strangelets). Their production mechanism is stud- ied for relativistic collisions of heavy ions from present day experiments at AGS and SPS to future opportunities at RHIC and LHC. It is pointed out that abso- lutely stable hypermatter is unlikely to be produced in heavy ion collisions. New attention should be focused on short lived metastable hyperclusters ( / 10 10s) and on intensity interferometry of multi-strange-baryon correlations.
We study the thermodynamic properties of infinite nuclear matter with the Ultrarelativistic Quantum Molecular Dynamics (URQMD), a semiclassical transport model, running in a box with periodic boundary conditions. It appears that the energy density rises faster than T4 at high temperatures of T approx. 200 - 300 MeV. This indicates an increase in the number of degrees of freedom. Moreover, We have calculated direct photon production in Pb+Pb collisions at 160 GeV/u within this model. The direct photon slope from the microscopic calculation equals that from a hydrodynamical calculation without a phase transition in the equation of state of the photon source.
Microscopic calculations of central collisions between heavy nuclei are used to study fragment production and the creation of collective flow. It is shown that the final phase space distributions are compatible with the expectations from a thermally equilibrated source, which in addition exhibits a collective transverse expansion. However, the microscopic analyses of the transient states in the reaction stages of highest density and during the expansion show that the system does not reach global equilibrium. Even if a considerable amount of equilibration is assumed, the connection of the measurable final state to the macroscopic parameters, e.g. the temperature, of the transient "equilibrium" state remains ambiguous.
To describe ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collisions we construct a three-fluid hydrodynamical model. In contrast to one-fluid hydrodynamics, it accounts for the finite stopping power of nuclear matter, i.e. for nonequilibrium e ects in the early stage of the reaction. Within this model, we study baryon dynamics in the BNL-AGS energy range. For the system Au+Au we find that kinetic equilibrium between projectile and target nucleons is established only after a time teq CM H 5 fm/c C 2RAu/³CM. Observables which are sensitive to the early stage of the collision (like e.g. nucleon flow) therefore di er considerably from those calculated in the one-fluid model.
We discuss the early evolution of ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collisions within a multi- fluid dynamical model. In particular, we show that due to the finite mean-free path of the particles compression shock waves are smeared out considerably as compared to the one-fluid limit. Also, the maximal energy density of the baryons is much lower. We discuss the time scale of kinetic equilibration of the baryons in the central region and its relevance for directed flow. Finally, thermal emission of direct photons from the fluid of produced particles is calculated within the three-fluid model and two other simple expansion models. It is shown that the transverse momentum and rapidity spectra of photons give clue to the cooling law and the early rapidity distribution of the photon source.
Abstract: We study transverse expansion and directed flow in Au(11AGeV)Au reactions within a multi-fluid dynamical model. Although we do not employ an equation of state (EoS) with a first order phase transition, we find a slow increase of the transverse velocities of the nucleons with time. A similar behaviour can be observed for the directed nucleon flow. This is due to non-equilibrium e ects which also lead to less and slower conversion of longitudinal into transverse momentum. We also show that the proton rapidity distribution at CERN energies, as calculated within this model, agrees well with the preliminary NA44-data.
We study the time scale for pressure equilibration in heavy ion collisions at AGS energies within the three-fluid hydrodynamical model and a microscopic cascade model (UrQMD). We find that kinetic equilibrium is reached in both models after a time of 5 fm/c (center-of-mass time). Thus, observables which are sensitive to the early stage of the reaction differ considerably from the expectations within the instant thermalization scenario (one-fluid hydrodynamical model).
Entropy production in the compression stage of heavy ion collisions is discussed within three distinct macroscopic models (i.e. generalized RHTA, geometrical overlap model and three-fluid hydrodynamics). We find that within these models \sim 80% or more of the experimentally observed final-state entropy is created in the early stage. It is thus likely followed by a nearly isentropic expansion. We employ an equation of state with a first-order phase transition. For low net baryon density, the entropy density exhibits a jump at the phase boundary. However, the excitation function of the specific entropy per net baryon, S/A, does not reflect this jump. This is due to the fact that for final states (of the compression) in the mixed phase, the baryon density \rho_B increases with \sqrt{s}, but not the temperature T. Calculations within the three-fluid model show that a large fraction of the entropy is produced by nuclear shockwaves in the projectile and target. With increasing beam energy, this fraction of S/A decreases. At \sqrt{s}=20 AGeV it is on the order of the entropy of the newly produced particles around midrapidity. Hadron ratios are calculated for the entropy values produced initially at beam energies from 2 to 200 AGeV.