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Elliptic flow from nuclear collisions is a hadronic observable sensitive to the early stages of system evolution. We report first results on elliptic flow of charged particles at midrapidity in Au+Au collisions at sqrt(s_NN)=130 GeV using the STAR TPC at RHIC. The elliptic flow signal, v_2, averaged over transverse momentum, reaches values of about 6% for relatively peripheral collisions and decreases for the more central collisions. This can be interpreted as the observation of a higher degree of thermalization than at lower collision energies. Pseudorapidity and transverse momentum dependence of elliptic flow are also presented.
Elliptic flow from nuclear collisions is a hadronic observable sensitive to the early stages of system evolution. We report first results on elliptic flow of charged particles at midrapidity in Au+Au collisions at sqrt[sNN] = 130 GeV using the STAR Time Projection Chamber at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider. The elliptic flow signal, v2, averaged over transverse momentum, reaches values of about 6% for relatively peripheral collisions and decreases for the more central collisions. This can be interpreted as the observation of a higher degree of thermalization than at lower collision energies. Pseudorapidity and transverse momentum dependence of elliptic flow are also presented.
Background: Bipolar disorder is associated with circadian disruption and a high risk of suicidal behavior. In a previous exploratory study of patients with bipolar I disorder, we found that a history of suicide attempts was associated with differences between winter and summer levels of solar insolation. The purpose of this study was to confirm this finding using international data from 42% more collection sites and 25% more countries. Methods: Data analyzed were from 71 prior and new collection sites in 40 countries at a wide range of latitudes. The analysis included 4876 patients with bipolar I disorder, 45% more data than previously analyzed. Of the patients, 1496 (30.7%) had a history of suicide attempt. Solar insolation data, the amount of the sun’s electromagnetic energy striking the surface of the earth, was obtained for each onset location (479 locations in 64 countries). Results: This analysis confirmed the results of the exploratory study with the same best model and slightly better statistical significance. There was a significant inverse association between a history of suicide attempts and the ratio of mean winter insolation to mean summer insolation (mean winter insolation/mean summer insolation). This ratio is largest near the equator which has little change in solar insolation over the year, and smallest near the poles where the winter insolation is very small compared to the summer insolation. Other variables in the model associated with an increased risk of suicide attempts were a history of alcohol or substance abuse, female gender, and younger birth cohort. The winter/summer insolation ratio was also replaced with the ratio of minimum mean monthly insolation to the maximum mean monthly insolation to accommodate insolation patterns in the tropics, and nearly identical results were found. All estimated coefficients were significant at p < 0.01. Conclusion: A large change in solar insolation, both between winter and summer and between the minimum and maximum monthly values, may increase the risk of suicide attempts in bipolar I disorder. With frequent circadian rhythm dysfunction and suicidal behavior in bipolar disorder, greater understanding of the optimal roles of daylight and electric lighting in circadian entrainment is needed.
New Neotropical species of Desmopachria (Desmopachria s. str.) Babington (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae)
(1990)
New species of Desmopachria (s. str.) are described and male external genitalia figured to aid in identification. The new taxa are: D. majusculus (Guatemala); D. zelota (Brasil); D. nitidoides (Paraguay); D. balfour-brownei (Brasil); D. striga (Bolivia, Brasil); D. subfasciata (Bolivia); D. geijskesi (Surinam); and D. margarita from Pearl Islands, Panama (nomen nova) for D. glabricula Sharp, 1887, nec D. glabricula Sharp, 1882 from Mexico. Related species which may be confused with the newly described taxa are diagnosed and genitalia figured.
The subgenus Portmannia Young (1980) of the Neotropical genus Desmopachriais characterized by its ovate, sometimes almost globose body form, smooth shining integument between relatively fine punctures, and sexually dimorphic prostemal process. In the females the prosternal process comes to a point as in other members of Desmopachria, but in males the process is bifid or forked. The species are found from Texas and Arizona to Brazil in South America. They are particularly abundant in Mexico. A key is given for twelve species which are described and figured. The following species are described as new: decorosus (Mexico), goias (Brazil), pittieri (Costa Rica), sobrina (Mexico) and zethus (Mexico). The color is variable. Some species are relatively darkly colored without distinct darker markings, and usually with some coarser punctation on part of the dorsum. These seem to be characteristic of the tropical forests (D. laevis Sharp and D. specula Sharp. D. goias is also dark with vague spots on the elytra). Most of the Mexican and Central American species are characterized by at least parts of the elytra being lighter in color than the head and pronotum, sometimes strikingly contrasting. The latter group may or may not have a distinct dark color patterns of the elytra or on head and pronotum. In both groups some species are intensely dark brown or black beneath, but this character maybe influenced by degree of hardening of the cuticle. Nearly all the species have darker markings along the suture of the elytra and base of the pronotum. Some species are distinctly patterned on the elytra which probably represents disruptive coloration helping to conceal them in the clear, sand-bottomed habitats in which most occur.