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Auf der methodologischen Grundlage objektiv-hermeneutischer Sequenzanalysen von vier Reden, die der Bundesverteidigungsminister Gerhard Stoltenberg (CDU) und der Bundesminister für Auswärtige Angelegenheiten Hans-Dietrich Genscher (FDP) im Januar 1991 sowie der Bundeskanzler Gerhard Schröder (SPD) und der Bundesminister für Auswärtige Angelegenheiten Joschka Fischer (Bündnis 90/Die Grünen) im November 2001 vor dem Deutschen Bundestag gehalten haben, zeigte sich, dass die militärische Abstinenz der Bundesrepublik im Golfkrieg und der Einsatz der Bundeswehr im Rahmen der Operation »Enduring Freedom«, dem „Krieg gegen den Terror“, auf den geteilten Umgang konservativer und progressiver Bundesregierungen mit dem Tabu des Militärischen zurückzuführen ist, das sich in Deutschland in Reaktion auf den Zweiten Weltkrieg gebildet hatte. Vor dem Hintergrund eines gesinnungsethisch dominierten politischen Diskurses in der Bundesrepublik schreckte die aus Union und Liberalen geführte Regierung von Bundeskanzler Helmut Kohl (CDU) wenige Wochen nach dem Vollzug der Deutschen Einheit und der Wiedererlangung der vollen Souveränität teilweise wider besseres Wissen vor einem Bruch dieses Tabus in Form einer Durchsetzung der Staatsräson zurück, weil sie fürchtete, im Falle einer aktiven Beteiligung deutscher Streitkräfte an den Kriegshandlungen zur Restitution des Völkerrechts, das durch die irakische Invasion Kuwaits gebrochen worden war, von der öffentlichen Meinung eines Rückfalls in die Ära des deutschen Militarismus bezichtigt zu werden. Da sich dieses Problem für Mitte-Links-Regierungen so nicht stellt, sondern ganz im Gegenteil die Aussicht auf eine positive Anrechnung der Verletzung von Tabus als Ausweis ihrer Lernfähigkeit besteht, war es der Koalition aus SPD und Bündnis 90/Die Grünen möglich, die Bundeswehr nach dem Präzedenzfall der NATO-Luftangriffe auf Jugoslawien auch an der militärischen Beantwortung der Terrorattacken vom 11. September 2001 zu beteiligen. Darüber hinaus verweist das Novum einer aktiven militärischen Beteiligung der Bundesrepublik an internationalen Kriegseinsätzen unter der Ägide der ersten rot-grünen Bundesregierung wohl auch auf einen allmählich von den Regierenden auf die Regierten übergehenden langfristigen Wandel auf der Ebene der Mentalitäten, der dadurch begünstigt worden ist, dass sich 1998 ein doppelter Machtwechsel im Bund vollzog, der erstmals seit 16 Jahren wieder eine der Tendenz nach linke Mehrheit etablierte und gleichzeitig einer neuen Generation die Regierungsverantwortung übertrug. Diese neue Generation hat es offenbar nicht nur verstanden, ihre Anhänger in langjährig erprobter ideologischer Abgrenzung von der konservativ-liberalen Regierung Kohl so fest an sich zu binden, dass diese ihr auch »in den Krieg« folgten, sondern sie drückte der deutschen Politik zugleich einen neuen Stil auf, der sehr bald selbst zum Programm werden könnte.
No association between Parkinson disease and autoantibodies against NMDA-type glutamate receptors
(2019)
Background: IgG-class autoantibodies to N-Methyl-D-Aspartate (NMDA)-type glutamate receptors define a novel entity of autoimmune encephalitis. Studies examining the prevalence of NMDA IgA/IgM antibodies in patients with Parkinson disease with/without dementia produced conflicting results. We measured NMDA antibodies in a large, well phenotyped sample of Parkinson patients without and with cognitive impairment (n = 296) and controls (n = 295) free of neuropsychiatric disease. Detailed phenotyping and large numbers allowed statistically meaningful correlation of antibody status with diagnostic subgroups as well as quantitative indicators of disease severity and cognitive impairment.
Methods: NMDA antibodies were analysed in the serum of patients and controls using well established validated assays. We used anti-NMDA antibody positivity as the main independent variable and correlated it with disease status and phenotypic characteristics.
Results: The frequency of NMDA IgA/IgM antibodies was lower in Parkinson patients (13%) than in controls (22%) and higher than in previous studies in both groups. NMDA IgA/IgM antibodies were neither significantly associated with diagnostic subclasses of Parkinson disease according to cognitive impairment, nor with quantitative indicators of disease severity and cognitive impairment. A positive NMDA antibody status was positively correlated with age in controls but not in Parkinson patients.
Conclusion: It is unlikely albeit not impossible that NMDA antibodies play a significant role in the pathogenesis or progression of Parkinson disease e.g. to Parkinson disease with dementia, while NMDA IgG antibodies define a separate disease of its own.
During SPURT (Spurenstofftransport in der Tropopausenregion, trace gas transport in the tropopause region) we performed measurements of a wide range of trace gases with different lifetimes and sink/source characteristics in the northern hemispheric upper troposphere (UT) and lowermost stratosphere (LMS). A large number of in-situ instruments were deployed on board a Learjet 35A, flying at altitudes up to 13.7 km, at times reaching to nearly 380 K potential temperature. Eight measurement campaigns (consisting of a total of 36 flights), distributed over all seasons and typically covering latitudes between 35° N and 75° N in the European longitude sector (10° W–20° E), were performed. Here we present an overview of the project, describing the instrumentation, the encountered meteorological situations during the campaigns and the data set available from SPURT. Measurements were obtained for N2O, CH4, CO, CO2, CFC12, H2, SF6, NO, NOy, O3 and H2O. We illustrate the strength of this new data set by showing mean distributions of the mixing ratios of selected trace gases, using a potential temperature – equivalent latitude coordinate system. The observations reveal that the LMS is most stratospheric in character during spring, with the highest mixing ratios of O3 and NOy and the lowest mixing ratios of N2O and SF6. The lowest mixing ratios of NOy and O3 are observed during autumn, together with the highest mixing ratios of N2O and SF6 indicating a strong tropospheric influence. For H2O, however, the maximum concentrations in the LMS are found during summer, suggesting unique (temperature- and convection-controlled) conditions for this molecule during transport across the tropopause. The SPURT data set is presently the most accurate and complete data set for many trace species in the LMS, and its main value is the simultaneous measurement of a suite of trace gases having different lifetimes and physical-chemical histories. It is thus very well suited for studies of atmospheric transport, for model validation, and for investigations of seasonal changes in the UT/LMS, as demonstrated in accompanying and elsewhere published studies.
During SPURT (Spurenstofftransport in der Tropopausenregion, trace gas transport in the tropopause region) we performed measurements of a wide range of trace gases with different lifetimes and sink/source characteristics in the northern hemispheric upper troposphere (UT) and lowermost stratosphere (LMS). A large number of in-situ instruments were deployed on board a Learjet 35A, flying at altitudes up to 13.7 km, at times reaching to nearly 380 K potential temperature. Eight measurement campaigns (consisting of a total of 36 flights), distributed over all seasons and typically covering latitudes between 35° N and 75° N in the European longitude sector (10° W–20° E), were performed. Here we present an overview of the project, describing the instrumentation, the encountered meteorological situations during the campaigns and the data set available from SPURT. Measurements were obtained for N2O, CH4, CO, CO2, CFC12, H2, SF6, NO, NOy, O3 and H2O. We illustrate the strength of this new data set by showing mean distributions of the mixing ratios of selected trace gases, using a potential temperature – equivalent latitude coordinate system. The observations reveal that the LMS is most stratospheric in character during spring, with the highest mixing ratios of O3 and NOy and the lowest mixing ratios of N2O and SF6. The lowest mixing ratios of NOy and O3 are observed during autumn, together with the highest mixing ratios of N2O and SF6 indicating a strong tropospheric influence. For H2O, however, the maximum concentrations in the LMS are found during summer, suggesting unique (temperature- and convection-controlled) conditions for this molecule during transport across the tropopause. The SPURT data set is presently the most accurate and complete data set for many trace species in the LMS, and its main value is the simultaneous measurement of a suite of trace gases having different lifetimes and physical-chemical histories. It is thus very well suited for studies of atmospheric transport, for model validation, and for investigations of seasonal changes in the UT/LMS, as demonstrated in accompanying and elsewhere published studies.
Genetic generalised epilepsy (GGE) is the most common form of genetic epilepsy, accounting for 20% of all epilepsies. Genomic copy number variations (CNVs) constitute important genetic risk factors of common GGE syndromes. In our present genome-wide burden analysis, large (≥ 400 kb) and rare (< 1%) autosomal microdeletions with high calling confidence (≥ 200 markers) were assessed by the Affymetrix SNP 6.0 array in European case-control cohorts of 1,366 GGE patients and 5,234 ancestry-matched controls. We aimed to: 1) assess the microdeletion burden in common GGE syndromes, 2) estimate the relative contribution of recurrent microdeletions at genomic rearrangement hotspots and non-recurrent microdeletions, and 3) identify potential candidate genes for GGE. We found a significant excess of microdeletions in 7.3% of GGE patients compared to 4.0% in controls (P = 1.8 x 10-7; OR = 1.9). Recurrent microdeletions at seven known genomic hotspots accounted for 36.9% of all microdeletions identified in the GGE cohort and showed a 7.5-fold increased burden (P = 2.6 x 10-17) relative to controls. Microdeletions affecting either a gene previously implicated in neurodevelopmental disorders (P = 8.0 x 10-18, OR = 4.6) or an evolutionarily conserved brain-expressed gene related to autism spectrum disorder (P = 1.3 x 10-12, OR = 4.1) were significantly enriched in the GGE patients. Microdeletions found only in GGE patients harboured a high proportion of genes previously associated with epilepsy and neuropsychiatric disorders (NRXN1, RBFOX1, PCDH7, KCNA2, EPM2A, RORB, PLCB1). Our results demonstrate that the significantly increased burden of large and rare microdeletions in GGE patients is largely confined to recurrent hotspot microdeletions and microdeletions affecting neurodevelopmental genes, suggesting a strong impact of fundamental neurodevelopmental processes in the pathogenesis of common GGE syndromes.
