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In der Stratosphäre finden eine Reihe von dynamischen und chemischen Prozessen statt, die u.a. den Abbau von Ozon beeinflussen. Um die langfristigen Veränderungen in der Stratosphäre untersuchen zu können müssen die Abhängigkeit dieser Prozesse von Raum und Zeit bekannt sein. In dieser Arbeit wird eine Untersuchung zur Variabilität der Stratosphäre auf der Grundlage der Varianz von Tracern, die in Form der „Equivalent Displacement Height“, kurz: EDH, dargestellt wird, vorgestellt. Die EDH ist tue mit Hilfe des lokalen vertikalen Gradienten normierte lokale Standardabweichung des Mischungsverhältnisses eines Tracers und besitzt die Dimension einer Länge. Durch die Normierung kann die Varianz verschiedener Tracer miteinander verglichen werden. Mit dem Konzept ist allerdings nur die Diagnose der Variabilität möglich und keine Quantifizierung der dafür verantwortlichen Prozesse. Für die Fragestellung werden drei Datensätze ausgewertet. Ein Datensatz ist mit Hilfe eines kryogenen Luftprobensammlers entstanden. Die Berechnungen iii dieser Arbeit zeigen, dass die zeitliche und räumliche Abdeckung dieses Datensatzes zu niedrig ist, um mit ihm eine repräsentative Aussage über die Varianz von Spurengasen in der Stratosphäre treffen zu können. Eine bessere zeitliche und räumliche Abdeckung besitzt der Datensatz des Satellitenexperimentes HA-LOE. Dieser wird dazu verwendet die monatlichen Verteilungen der mittleren EDH von CH4 und O3 in einem Höhenbereich zwischen 19 und 50 km für einen Zeitraum von 1993 bis 2000 zu berechnen. Die mittlere EDH von OH4 besitzt über den Hemisphären jeweils einen unterschiedlichen Jahresgang. Die Diskussion zeigt, dass dieser hemisphärische Unterschied auf die verschiedenen dynamischen Bedingung in der Stratosphäre über den Hemisphären zurückgeführt werden kann, vor allem auf die Existenz eines stabileren und langlebigeren Polarwirbels in der Südhemisphäre. Im Gegensatz dazu zeigt die mittlere EDH von O3 über beiden Hemisphären einen vergleichbaren Jahresgang, mit minimalen Werten der Varianz während der Sommermonate, wenn die Ausbreitung planetarer Wellen in die Stratosphäre durch die vorherrschende Ostwindzirkulation behindert wird. Dieser Jahresgang steht in Verbindung mit den chemischen und dynamischen Prozessen bzw. der Kombination, welche die Verteilung und Varianz von O3 in der Stratosphäre kontrollieren. Eine eindeutige Trennung der einzelnen Effekte ist dabei allerdings nicht möglich. Der Datensatz des Simulationsmodell KASIMA enthält die Verteilung von CH4 und O3 mit der höchsten zeitlichen und räumliche Abdeckung aller drei Datensätze. Ein Vergleich zwischen den daraus berechneten Verteilungen der mittleren EDH beider Spurengase mit den HALOE-Daten soll helfen, die Varianz welche durch das Modell simuliert wird, mit der gemessenen zu vergleichen. Für das O3 wird eine gute Übereinstimmung zwischen der modellierten und gemessenen Varianz gefunden. Diese guten Übereinstimmungen ergeben sich für CH4 nicht. Aufgrund der unterschiedlichen chemischen Eigenschaften der beiden Tracer wird aus den Ergebnissen geschlossen, dass das Modell die chemischen Prozesse besser simuliert als den atmosphärischen Transport. Mit Hilfe von drei Fallstudien werden weitere Möglichkeiten aufgezeigt. die mit dem Konzept und den Datensätze von HALOE und KASIMA noch bestehen. In der ersten Fallstudie werden anhand der Verteilungen der EDH von CH4 aus dem März 1996 und 1997 die Auswirkungen vorm zwei unterschiedlichen meteorologischen Situation diskutiert, wobei ein eindeutiger Zusammenhang festgestellt wird. In einer zweiten Fallstudie wird der Frage nachgegangen, ob die Normierung auf den vertikalen Gradienten bei der Berechnung der EDH sinnvoll ist, da horizontale Transportprozesse in der Stratosphäre dominieren. Es wird daher zum Vergleich die „Equivalent Displacement Length (EDL)“ von CH4 berechnet, bei der eine Normierung der Varianz auf den horizontalen Gradienten erfolgt. In der dritten Fallstudie wird die Verteilung der mittleren EDH von N20, welche ebenfalls mit dem Datensatz von KASIMA berechnet worden ist, mit der von CH4 verglichen.
On the observation of mesospheric air inside the arctic stratospheric polar vortex in early 2003
(2005)
During several balloon flights inside the Arctic polar vortex in early 2003, unusual trace gas distributions were observed, which indicate a strong influence of mesospheric air in the stratosphere. The tuneable diode laser (TDL) instrument SPIRALE (Spectroscopie InFrarouge par Absorption de Lasers Embarqués) measured unusually high CO values (up to 600 ppb) on 27 January at about 30 km altitude. The cryosampler BONBON sampled air masses with very high molecular Hydrogen, extremely low SF6 and enhanced CO values on 6 March at about 25 km altitude. Finally, the MIPAS (Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding) Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) spectrometer showed NOy values which are significantly higher than NOy* (the NOy derived from a correlation between N2O and NOy under undisturbed conditions), on 21 and 22 March in a layer centred at 22 km altitude. Thus, the mesospheric air seems to have been present in a layer descending from about 30 km in late January to 25 km altitude in early March and about 22 km altitude on 20 March. We present corroborating evidence from a model study using the KASIMA (KArlsruhe Simulation model of the Middle Atmosphere) model that also shows a layer of mesospheric air, which descended into the stratosphere in November and early December 2002, before the minor warming which occurred in late December 2002 lead to a descent of upper stratospheric air, cutting of a layer in which mesospheric air is present. This layer then descended inside the vortex over the course of the winter. The same feature is found in trajectory calculations, based on a large number of trajectories started in the vicinity of the observations on 6 March. Based on the difference between the mean age derived from SF6 (which has an irreversible mesospheric loss) and from CO2 (whose mesospheric loss is much smaller and reversible) we estimate that the fraction of mesospheric air in the layer observed on 6 March, must have been somewhere between 35% and 100%.
MIPAS-Envisat is a satellite-borne sensor which measured vertical profiles of a wide range of trace gases from 2002 to 2012 using IR emission spectroscopy. We present geophysical validation of the MIPAS-Envisat operational retrieval (version 6.0) of N2O, CH4, CFC-12, and CFC-11 by the European Space Agency (ESA). The geophysical validation data are derived from measurements of samples collected by a cryogenic whole air sampler flown to altitudes of up to 34 km by means of large scientific balloons. In order to increase the number of coincidences between the satellite and the balloon observations, we applied a trajectory matching technique. The results are presented for different time periods due to a change in the spectroscopic resolution of MIPAS in early 2005. Retrieval results for N2O, CH4, and CFC-12 show partly good agreement for some altitude regions, which differs for the periods with different spectroscopic resolution. The more recent low spectroscopic resolution data above 20 km altitude show agreement with the combined uncertainties, while there is a tendency of the earlier high spectral resolution data set to underestimate these species above 25 km. The earlier high spectral resolution data show a significant overestimation of the mixing ratios for N2O, CH4, and CFC-12 below 20 km. These differences need to be considered when using these data. The CFC-11 results from the operation retrieval version 6.0 cannot be recommended for scientific studies due to a systematic overestimation of the CFC-11 mixing ratios at all altitudes.
MIPAS-Envisat is a satellite-borne sensor which measured vertical profiles of a wide range of trace gases from 2002 to 2012 using IR emission spectroscopy. We present geophysical validation of the MIPAS-Envisat operational retrieval (version 6.0) of N2O, CH4, CFC-12, and CFC-11 by the European Space Agency (ESA). The geophysical validation data are derived from measurements of samples collected by a cryogenic whole air sampler flown to altitudes of up to 34 km by means of large scientific balloons. In order to increase the number of coincidences between the satellite and the balloon observations, we applied a trajectory matching technique. The results are presented for different time periods due to a change in the spectroscopic resolution of MIPAS in early 2005. Retrieval results for N2O, CH4, and CFC-12 show partly good agreement for some altitude regions, which differs for the periods with different spectroscopic resolution. The more recent low spectroscopic resolution data above 20 km altitude show agreement with the combined uncertainties, while there is a tendency of the earlier high spectral resolution data set to underestimate these species above 25 km. The earlier high spectral resolution data show a significant overestimation of the mixing ratios for N2O, CH4, and CFC-12 below 20 km. These differences need to be considered when using these data. The CFC-11 results from the operation retrieval version 6.0 cannot be recommended for scientific studies due to a systematic overestimation of the CFC-11 mixing ratios at all altitudes.
During several balloon flights inside the Arctic polar vortex in early 2003, unusual trace gas distributions were observed, which indicate a strong influence of mesospheric air in the stratosphere. The tuneable diode laser (TDL) instrument SPIRALE (Spectroscopie InFrarouge par Absorption de Lasers Embarqués) measured unusually high CO values (up to 600 ppb) on 27 January at about 30 km altitude. The cryosampler BONBON sampled air masses with very high molecular Hydrogen, extremely low SF6 and enhanced CO values on 6 March at about 25 km altitude. Finally, the MIPAS (Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding) Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) spectrometer showed NOy values which are significantly higher than NOy* (the NOy derived from a correlation between N2O and NOy under undisturbed conditions), on 21 and 22 March in a layer centred at 22 km altitude. Thus, the mesospheric air seems to have been present in a layer descending from about 30 km in late January to 25 km altitude in early March and about 22 km altitude on 20 March. We present corroborating evidence from a model study using the KASIMA (KArlsruhe Simulation model of the Middle Atmosphere) model that also shows a layer of mesospheric air, which descended into the stratosphere in November and early December 2002, before the minor warming which occurred in late December 2002 lead to a descent of upper stratospheric air, cutting of a layer in which mesospheric air is present. This layer then descended inside the vortex over the course of the winter. The same feature is found in trajectory calculations, based on a large number of trajectories started in the vicinity of the observations on 6 March. Based on the difference between the mean age derived from SF6 (which has an irreversible mesospheric loss) and from CO2 (whose mesospheric loss is much smaller and reversible) we estimate that the fraction of mesospheric air in the layer observed on 6 March, must have been somewhere between 35% and 100%.
Introduction: The German PID-NET registry was founded in 2009, serving as the first national registry of patients with primary immunodeficiencies (PID) in Germany. It is part of the European Society for Immunodeficiencies (ESID) registry. The primary purpose of the registry is to gather data on the epidemiology, diagnostic delay, diagnosis, and treatment of PIDs.
Methods: Clinical and laboratory data was collected from 2,453 patients from 36 German PID centres in an online registry. Data was analysed with the software Stata® and Excel.
Results: The minimum prevalence of PID in Germany is 2.72 per 100,000 inhabitants. Among patients aged 1–25, there was a clear predominance of males. The median age of living patients ranged between 7 and 40 years, depending on the respective PID. Predominantly antibody disorders were the most prevalent group with 57% of all 2,453 PID patients (including 728 CVID patients). A gene defect was identified in 36% of patients. Familial cases were observed in 21% of patients. The age of onset for presenting symptoms ranged from birth to late adulthood (range 0–88 years). Presenting symptoms comprised infections (74%) and immune dysregulation (22%). Ninety-three patients were diagnosed without prior clinical symptoms. Regarding the general and clinical diagnostic delay, no PID had undergone a slight decrease within the last decade. However, both, SCID and hyper IgE- syndrome showed a substantial improvement in shortening the time between onset of symptoms and genetic diagnosis. Regarding treatment, 49% of all patients received immunoglobulin G (IgG) substitution (70%—subcutaneous; 29%—intravenous; 1%—unknown). Three-hundred patients underwent at least one hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Five patients had gene therapy.
Conclusion: The German PID-NET registry is a precious tool for physicians, researchers, the pharmaceutical industry, politicians, and ultimately the patients, for whom the outcomes will eventually lead to a more timely diagnosis and better treatment.