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We investigate the excitation function of quark-gluon plasma formation and of directed in-plane flow of nucleons in the energy range of the BNLAGS and for the Ekin Lab = 40A GeV Pb+Pb collisions performed recently at the CERN-SPS. We employ the three-fluid model with dynamical unification of kinetically equilibrated fluid elements. Within our model with first-order phase transition at high density, droplets of QGP coexisting with hadronic matter are produced already at BNL-AGS energies, Ekin Lab C 10A GeV. A substantial decrease of the isentropic velocity of sound, however, requires higher energies, Ekin Lab C 40A GeV. We show the e ect on the flow of nucleons in the reaction plane. According to our model calculations, kinematic requirements and EoS effects work hand-in-hand at Ekin Lab = 40A GeV to allow the observation of the dropping velocity of sound via an increase of the directed flow around midrapidity as compared to top BNL-AGS energy.
We discuss the early evolution of ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collisions within a multi- fluid dynamical model. In particular, we show that due to the finite mean-free path of the particles compression shock waves are smeared out considerably as compared to the one-fluid limit. Also, the maximal energy density of the baryons is much lower. We discuss the time scale of kinetic equilibration of the baryons in the central region and its relevance for directed flow. Finally, thermal emission of direct photons from the fluid of produced particles is calculated within the three-fluid model and two other simple expansion models. It is shown that the transverse momentum and rapidity spectra of photons give clue to the cooling law and the early rapidity distribution of the photon source.
Nonequilibrium models (three-fluid hydrodynamics, UrQMD, and quark molecular dynamics) are used to discuss the uniqueness of often proposed experimental signatures for quark matter formation in relativistic heavy ion collisions from the SPS via RHIC to LHC. It is demonstrated that these models - although they do treat the most interesting early phase of the collisions quite differently (thermalizing QGP vs. coherent color fields with virtual particles) -- all yield a reasonable agreement with a large variety of the available heavy ion data. Hadron/hyperon yields, including J/Psi meson production/suppression, strange matter formation, dileptons, and directed flow (bounce-off and squeeze-out) are investigated. Observations of interesting phenomena in dense matter are reported. However, we emphasize the need for systematic future measurements to search for simultaneous irregularities in the excitation functions of several observables in order to come close to pinning the properties of hot, dense QCD matter from data. The role of future experiments with the STAR and ALICE detectors is pointed out.
Compactness is introduced as a new method to search for the onset of the quark matter transition in relativistic heavy ion collisions. That transition supposedly leads to stronger compression and higher compactness of the source in coordinate space. That effect could be observed via pion interferometry. We propose to measure the compactness of the source in the appropriate principal axis frame of the compactness tensor in coordinate space.
To describe ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collisions we construct a three-fluid hydrodynamical model. In contrast to one-fluid hydrodynamics, it accounts for the finite stopping power of nuclear matter, i.e. for nonequilibrium e ects in the early stage of the reaction. Within this model, we study baryon dynamics in the BNL-AGS energy range. For the system Au+Au we find that kinetic equilibrium between projectile and target nucleons is established only after a time teq CM H 5 fm/c C 2RAu/³CM. Observables which are sensitive to the early stage of the collision (like e.g. nucleon flow) therefore di er considerably from those calculated in the one-fluid model.
Microscopic calculations of central collisions between heavy nuclei are used to study fragment production and the creation of collective flow. It is shown that the final phase space distributions are compatible with the expectations from a thermally equilibrated source, which in addition exhibits a collective transverse expansion. However, the microscopic analyses of the transient states in the reaction stages of highest density and during the expansion show that the system does not reach global equilibrium. Even if a considerable amount of equilibration is assumed, the connection of the measurable final state to the macroscopic parameters, e.g. the temperature, of the transient "equilibrium" state remains ambiguous.
Im Verlauf dieser Arbeit zeigte sich, daß es möglich ist, Spuren von Teilchen, die zwei Detektoren durchquerten, einander zuzuordnen; dies mit um so größerer Sicherheit, je kleiner die Spurdichte war. Anhand eines systematischen Vergleichs von Spurparametern zugeordneter Spuren gelang es, die Position eines Spurdetektors (TPC) relativ zum zweiten Detektor und dem Target genau zu bestimmen. Die Bedeutung dieser Position ist allerdings nicht eindeutig, da eine fehlerhafte, ortsabhängige Verzerrungskorrektur der TPC Meßdaten ebenfalls zu systematischen Verschiebungen und Verdrehungen der TPC führen kann. Letztlich ist es sogar möglich, daß die Position der TPC besser vermessen wurde als die der Streamerkammer, da auch die Messmarken - die fiducials - die den Bezug zwischen der Streamerkammer und den Magnetkoordinaten herstellen - , der schlechten Rekonstruktionsgenauigkeit der z-Komponente in der Streamerkammer unterliegen. Die Kenntnis der exakten Position der TPC ist deshalb notwendig, da die TPC alleine keine Impulsinformation liefert, sondern der Teilchenimpuls erst mit Hilfe der genau bekannten Vertexposition und dem gemessenen Magnetfeld möglich ist. Es zeigte sich, daß diese ermittelten Positionen unerläßlich für eine konsistente Impulsbestimmung beider Detektoren sind. Wie zu erwarten, ist das Transversalimpulsspektrum empfindlich auf die Position des TPC-Detektors. Durch Variation möglicher Positionen um die gefundene wurde eine Abschätzung des systematischen Fehlers in pT erreicht. Dieser kann 20% erreichen. Im folgenden Experiment - NA49 - werden sich zwei Vertex-TPC's hintereinander in einem inhomogenen Magnetfeld befinden. Dahinter und außerhalb des Magnetfeldes stehen nebeneinander zwei Haupt-TPC's. Da zur Messung des Magnetfeldes die Vertex-TPC's vollständig aus den Magneten entfernt werden, ist die Findung des Bezugs zwischen den Magnetkoordinaten und denen der Vertex-TPC's ein Problem zukünftiger Datenanalysen. Außerdem wird die relative Position der Haupt-TPC's zu den Magneten benötigt, um den funktionalen Zusammenhang zwischen der Ablenkung durch die Magneten und dem Impuls der Spur zu bestimmen, da in den Haupt-TPC's kein Magnetfeld die Spuren krümmt. Anderenfalls wäre auch hier keine konsistente Impulsbestimmung möglich.
Impact parameter dependencies in Pb(160 AGeV)+Pb reactions : hydrodynamical vs. cascade calculations
(1999)
We investigate the impact parameter dependence of the specific entropy S/A in relativistic heavy ion collisions. Especially the anti-Lambda/anti-proton ratio is found to be a useful tool to distinguish between chemical equilibrium assumptions assumed in hydrodynamics (here: the 3-fluid model) and the chemical non-equilibrium scenario like in microscopic models as the UrQMD model.
The extension of the Periodic System into hitherto unexplored domains - anti- matter and hypermatter - is discussed. Starting from an analysis of hyperon and single hypernuclear properties we investigate the structure of multi-hyperon objects (MEMOs) using an extended relativistic meson field theory. These are contrasted with multi-strange quark states (strangelets). Their production mechanism is stud- ied for relativistic collisions of heavy ions from present day experiments at AGS and SPS to future opportunities at RHIC and LHC. It is pointed out that abso- lutely stable hypermatter is unlikely to be produced in heavy ion collisions. New attention should be focused on short lived metastable hyperclusters ( / 10 10s) and on intensity interferometry of multi-strange-baryon correlations.
A generic property of a first-order phase transition in equilibrium, and in the limit of large entropy per unit of conserved charge, is the smallness of the isentropic speed of sound in the mixed phase . A specific prediction is that this should lead to a non-isotropic momentum distribution of nucleons in the reaction plane (for energies < 40A GeV in our model calculation). On the other hand, we show that from present effective theories for low-energy QCD one does not expect the thermal transition rate between various states of the effective potential to be much larger than the expansion rate, questioning the applicability of the idealized Maxwell/Gibbs construction. Experimental data could soon provide essential information on the dynamics of the phase transition.