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Background: Common warts (verrucae vulgares) are human papilloma virus (HPV) infections with a high incidence and prevalence, most often affecting hands and feet, being able to impair quality of life. About 30 different therapeutic regimens described in literature reveal a lack of a single striking strategy. Recent publications showed positive results of photodynamic therapy (PDT) with 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) in the treatment of HPV-induced skin diseases, especially warts, using visible light (VIS) to stimulate an absorption band of endogenously formed protoporphyrin IX. Additional experiences adding waterfiltered infrared A (wIRA) during 5-ALA-PDT revealed positive effects. Aim of the study: First prospective randomised controlled blind study including PDT and wIRA in the treatment of recalcitrant common hand and foot warts. Comparison of "5-ALA cream (ALA) vs. placebo cream (PLC)" and "irradiation with visible light and wIRA (VIS+wIRA) vs. irradiation with visible light alone (VIS)". Methods: Pre-treatment with keratolysis (salicylic acid) and curettage. PDT treatment: topical application of 5-ALA (Medac) in "unguentum emulsificans aquosum" vs. placebo; irradiation: combination of VIS and a large amount of wIRA (Hydrosun® radiator type 501, 4 mm water cuvette, waterfiltered spectrum 590-1400 nm, contact-free, typically painless) vs. VIS alone. Post-treatment with retinoic acid ointment. One to three therapy cycles every 3 weeks. Main variable of interest: "Percent change of total wart area of each patient over the time" (18 weeks). Global judgement by patient and by physician and subjective rating of feeling/pain (visual analogue scales). 80 patients with therapy-resistant common hand and foot warts were assigned randomly into one of the four therapy groups with comparable numbers of warts at comparable sites in all groups. Results: The individual total wart area decreased during 18 weeks in group 1 (ALA+VIS+wIRA) and in group 2 (PLC+VIS+wIRA) significantly more than in both groups without wIRA (group 3 (ALA+VIS) and 4 (PLC+VIS)): medians and interquartile ranges: -94% (-100%/-84%) vs. -99% (-100%/-71%) vs. -47% (-75%/0%) vs. -73% (-92%/-27%). After 18 weeks the two groups with wIRA differed remarkably from the two groups without wIRA: 42% vs. 7% completely cured patients; 72% vs. 34% vanished warts. Global judgement by patient and by physician and subjective rating of feeling was much better in the two groups with wIRA than in the two groups without wIRA. Conclusions: The above described complete treatment scheme of hand and foot warts (keratolysis, curettage, PDT treatment, irradiation with VIS+wIRA, retinoic acid ointment; three therapy cycles every 3 weeks) proved to be effective. Within this treatment scheme wIRA as non-invasive and painless treatment modality revealed to be an important, effective factor, while photodynamic therapy with 5-ALA in the described form did not contribute recognisably - neither alone (without wIRA) nor in combination with wIRA - to a clinical improvement. For future treatment of warts an even improved scheme is proposed: one treatment cycle (keratolysis, curettage, wIRA, without PDT) once a week for six to nine weeks. © 2004 Fuchs et al; licensee German Medical Science. This is an Open Access article: verbatim copying and redistribution of this article are permitted in all media for any purpose, provided this notice is preserved along with the article's original URL : http://www.egms.de/en/gms/volume2.shtml
Health-related preferences of older patients with multimorbidity: the protocol for an evidence map
(2019)
Introduction: Interaction of conditions and treatments, complicated care needs and substantial treatment burden make patient–physician encounters involving multimorbid older patients highly complex. To optimally integrate patients’ preferences, define and prioritise realistic treatment goals and individualise care, a patient-centred approach is recommended. However, the preferences of older patients, who are especially vulnerable and frequently multimorbid, have not been systematically investigated with regard to their health status. The purpose of this evidence map is to explore current research addressing health-related preferences of older patients with multimorbidity, and to identify the knowledge clusters and research gaps.
Methods and analysis: To identify relevant research, we will conduct searches in the electronic databases MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, PSYNDEX, CINAHL, Social Science Citation Index, Social Science Citation Index Expanded and the Cochrane library from their inception. We will check reference lists of relevant articles and carry out cited reference research (forward citation tracking). Two independent reviewers will screen titles and abstracts, check full texts for eligibility and extract the data. Any disagreement will be resolved and consensus reached with the help of a third reviewer. We will include both qualitative and quantitative studies, and address preferences from the patients’ perspectives in a multimorbid population of 60 years or older. There will be no restrictions on the publication language. Data extraction tables will present study and patient characteristics, aim of study, methods used to identify preferences and outcomes (ie, type of preferences). We will summarise the data using tables and figures (ie, bubble plot) to present the research landscape and to describe clusters and gaps.
Ethics and dissemination: Due to the nature of the proposed evidence map, ethics approval will not be required. Results from our research will be disseminated by means of specifically prepared materials for patients, at relevant (inter)national conferences and via publication in peer-reviewed journals.
Unpredictable disease trajectories make early clarification of end-of-life (EoL) care preferences in older patients with multimorbidity advisable. This mixed methods systematic review synthesizes studies and assesses such preferences. Two independent reviewers screened title/abstracts/full texts in seven databases, extracted data and used the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool to assess risk of bias (RoB). We synthesized findings from 22 studies (3243 patients) narratively and, where possible, quantitatively. Nineteen studies assessed willingness to receive life-sustaining treatments (LSTs), six, the preferred place of care, and eight, preferences regarding shared decision-making processes. When unspecified, 21% of patients in four studies preferred any LST option. In three studies, fewer patients chose LST when faced with death and deteriorating health, and more when treatment promised life extension. In 13 studies, 67% and 48% of patients respectively were willing to receive cardiopulmonary resuscitation and mechanical ventilation, but willingness decreased with deteriorating health. Further, 52% of patients from three studies wished to die at home. Seven studies showed that unless incapacitated, most patients prefer to decide on their EoL care themselves. High non-response rates meant RoB was high in most studies. Knowledge of EoL care preferences of older patients with multimorbidity increases the chance such care will be provided.
Introduction End-of-life care is an essential task performed by most healthcare providers and often involves decision-making about how and where patients want to receive care. To provide decision support to healthcare professionals and patients in this difficult situation, we will systematically review a knowledge cluster of the end-of-life care preferences of older patients with multimorbidity that we previously identified using an evidence map.
Methods and analysis We will systematically search for studies reporting end-of-life care preferences of older patients (mean age ≥60) with multimorbidity (≥2 chronic conditions) in MEDLINE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Social Sciences Citation Index, Social Sciences Citation Index Expanded, PSYNDEX and The Cochrane Library from inception to September 2019. We will include all primary studies that use quantitative, qualitative and mixed methodologies, irrespective of publication date and language.
Two independent reviewers will assess eligibility, extract data and describe evidence in terms of study/population characteristics, preference assessment method and end-of-life care elements that matter to patients (eg, life-sustaining treatments). Risk of bias/applicability of results will be independently assessed by two reviewers using the Mixed-Methods Appraisal Tool. Using a convergent integrated approach on qualitative/quantitative studies, we will synthesise information narratively and, wherever possible, quantitatively.
Ethics and dissemination Due to the nature of the proposed systematic review, ethics approval is not required. Results from our research will be disseminated at relevant (inter-)national conferences and via publication in peer-reviewed journals. Synthesising evidence on end-of-life care preferences of older patients with multimorbidity will improve shared decision-making and satisfaction in this final period of life.
Stickstoffmonoxid (NO) ist ein kurzlebiges Gas, welches in biologischen Systemen verschiedene Funktionen übernehmen kann. Abhängig von der Konzentration ist NO ein zweischneidiges Schwert bezüglich seiner biologischen Effekte, da es in hohen Dosen proapoptotisch und in physiologischen Dosen anti-apoptotisch wirkt. Das von der eNOS in Endothelzellen gebildete NO ist ein wichtiger Faktor für die Gefäßrelaxation, ein antiinflammatorisches Molekül, ein zentraler Faktor für die Angiogenese und es inhibiert die Apoptose. Die reversible Modifikationen der Funktion von Zielproteinen durch S-Nitrosylierung ist ein Mechanismus, wie NO seine Effekte mediert. In den letzten Jahren sind eine Vielzahl von Zielproteinen entdeckt worden, deren Funktion durch S-Nitrosylierung modifiziert werden, die deutlich machen, dass S-Nitrosylierung die Funktion eines Signaltransduktionsmechanismus übernimmt. Da in humanen T-Zellen zum erstenmal auch eine Denitrosylierung beobachtet werden konnte, sollten in dieser Arbeit Mechanismen, die der Balance zwischen S-Nitrosylierung und Denitrosylierung zu Grunde liegen, untersucht werden. Dafür wurden zunächst Methoden zum Nachweis der S-Nitrosylierung etabliert. Zum einen zur Quantifizierung der S-Nitrosylierung in Endothelzellen der modifizierte Saville- Griess Assay und der DAN-Assay und zum anderen zur qualitativen Analyse der S-Nitrosylierung die biotin switch method. In dieser Arbeit konnte gezeigt werden, dass durch Stimulation der NO-Freisetzung mittels Applikation von laminarer Schubspannung der Gehalt an S-Nitrosylierung in HUVEC erhöht wird und auch die katalytische Untereinheit der Caspase-3 p17, ein bekanntes Zielprotein, verstärkt S-nitrosyliert wird. In einem in vitro Modell des Alterns konnte gezeigt werden, dass einhergehend mit der Reduktion der Proteinexpression der eNOS auch der Gehalt an S-Nitrosylierung, und damit die Bioverfügbarkeit von NO, reduziert ist. Nach Inkubation mit dem pro-apoptotischen TNFa und dem pro-atherogenen oxLDL konnte eine drastische Zunahme der Apoptosesensitivität von alternden HUVEC gegenüber diesen Stimuli beobachtet werden. Diese Ergebnisse unterstreichen die zentrale Rolle der Bioverfügbarkeit von NO für das Überleben der Endothelzelle. Zusätzlich konnte eine Denitrosylierung nach Inkubation von Endothelzellen mit TNFa oder oxLDL nach 18 h nachgewiesen werden. Durch Analyse mittels der biotin switch method wurde deutlich, dass dabei nicht nur der Gesamtgehalt an S-nitrosylierten Molekülen reduziert wird, sondern auch spezifische Zielproteine in unterschiedlicher Stärke denitrosyliert werden. Diese Daten machen deutlich, dass es sich bei der S-Nitrosylierung um einen differentiell regulierten Signaltransduktionsmechanismus handelt. Basierend auf diesen Ergebnissen wurde eine Strategie zur Identifizierung einer potentiellen Nitrosylase entwickelt, bei dem ein synthetisches, in vitro S-nitrosyliertes Peptid als Substrat verwendet wird. Weiterhin sollten neue Zielproteine für die S-Nitrosylierung identifiziert werden. Tatsächlich konnte ein neues Zielprotein für die S-Nitrosylierung, die Oxidoreduktase Thioredoxin identifiziert werden. Thioredoxin wird ubiquitär in Säugetierzellen exprimiert und ist ein essentieller Faktor für die Aufrechterhaltung des intrazellulären Redox-Status. Mit den Cysteinen an Position 32 und 35 besitzt Thioredoxin eine redox-regulatorische Domäne, die essentiell für seine Funktion als Oxidoreduktase ist. Neben seiner Funktion als Redox- Regulator, kann Thioredoxin Transkriptionsfaktoren wie z.B. NfK-B aktivieren und über die redox-regulatorische Domäne die pro-apoptotische Kinase ASK-1 binden und inhibieren. In dieser Arbeit konnte gezeigt werden, dass Thioredoxin an Cystein 69 S-nitrosyliert wird und dass der Gehalt an S-nitrosylierten Molekülen von der Proteinexpression des Thioredoxin abhängt. Desweiteren ist die S-Nitrosylierung von Thioredoxin in Endothelzellen wichtig für die Entfaltung seiner vollständigen Reduktaseaktivität. Für die zum erstenmal in Endothelzellen gezeigte anti-apoptotische Funktion von Thioredoxin wird sowohl die S-Nitrosylierung an Cystein 69 als auch die redox-regulatorische Domäne benötigt. Durch diese Experimente konnte eine neue wichtige Funktion von Thioredoxin für NOproduzierende Zellen beschrieben werden. Zusammenfassend zeigen die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit, dass die S-Nitrosylierung in Endothelzellen ein Signaltransduktionsmechanismus ist, der sowohl durch protektive, als auch durch pathophysiologische Stimuli spezifisch reguliert wird. Die weitere Charakterisierung dieser Vorgänge könnte einen tieferen Einblick in die Biologie und Funktion der Endothelzelle geben. Zusätzlich konnte durch das neue Zielprotein Thioredoxin die direkte Verknüpfung von NO mit dem Redox-Status der Zelle und die zentrale Rolle von Thioredoxin für den Gehalt an S-Nitrosylierung in Endothelzellen gezeigt werden. Identifizierung weiterer Regulationsmechanismen für die S-Nitrosylierung könnte ein genaueres Verständnis dieses Wirkmechanismus von NO und somit eine bessere Protektion des Endothelzellmonolayers in den Gefäßen ermöglichen.
In the upcoming years, the internet of things (IoT)will enrich daily life. The combination of artificial intelligence(AI) and highly interoperable systems will bring context-sensitive multi-domain services to reality. This paper describesa concept for an AI-based smart living platform with open-HAB, a smart home middleware, and Web of Things (WoT) askey components of our approach. The platform concept con-siders different stakeholders, i.e. the housing industry, serviceproviders, and tenants. These activities are part of the Fore-Sight project, an AI-driven, context-sensitive smart living plat-form.
Human endothelial circulating progenitor cells (CPCs) can differentiate to cardiomyogenic cells during co-culture with neonatal rat cardiomyocytes. Wnt proteins induce myogenic specification and cardiac myogenesis. Here, we elucidated the effect of Wnts on differentiation of CPCs to cardiomyogenic cells. CPCs from peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated from healthy volunteers and co-cultured with neonatal rat cardiomyocytes. 6–10 days after co-culture, cardiac differentiation was determined by α-sarcomeric actinin staining of human lymphocyte antigen-positive cells (fluorescence-activated cell-sorting analysis) and mRNA expression of human myosin heavy chain and atrial natriuretic peptide. Supplementation of co-cultures with Wnt11-conditioned medium significantly enhanced the differentiation of CPCs to cardiomyocytes (1.7 ± 0.3-fold), whereas Wnt3A-conditioned medium showed no effect. Cell fusion was not affected by Wnt11-conditioned medium. Because Wnts inhibit glycogen synthase kinase-3β, we further determined whether the glycogen synthase kinase-3β inhibitor LiCl also enhanced cardiac differentiation of CPCs. However, LiCl (10 mm) did not affect CPC differentiation. In contrast, Wnt11-conditioned medium time-dependently activated protein kinase C (PKC). Moreover, the PKC inhibitors bisindolylmaleimide I and III significantly blocked differentiation of CPCs to cardiomyocytes. PKC activation by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate significantly increased CPC differentiation to a similar extent as compared with Wnt11-conditioned medium. Our data demonstrate that Wnt11, but not Wnt3A, augments cardiomyogenic differentiation of human CPCs. Wnt11 promotes cardiac differentiation via the non-canonical PKC-dependent signaling pathway.
Nitric oxide (NO) plays an important role in the regulation of the functional integrity of the endothelium. The intracellular reaction of NO with reactive cysteine groups leads to the formation of S-nitrosothiols. To investigate the regulation of S-nitrosothiols in endothelial cells, we first analyzed the composition of the S-nitrosylated molecules in endothelial cells. Gel filtration revealed that more than 95% of the detected S-nitrosothiols had a molecular mass of more than 5000 Da. Moreover, inhibition of de novosynthesis of glutathione using N-butyl-sulfoximine did not diminish the overall cellular S-NO content suggesting that S-nitrosylated glutathione quantitatively plays only a minor role in endothelial cells. Having demonstrated that most of the S-nitrosothiols are proteins, we determined the regulation of the S-nitrosylation by pro-inflammatory and pro-atherogenic factors, such as TNFα and mildly oxidized low density lipoprotein (oxLDL). TNFα and oxLDL induced denitrosylation of various proteins as assessed by Saville-Griess assay, by immunostaining with an anti-S-nitrosocysteine antibody, and by a Western blot approach. Furthermore, the caspase-3 p17 subunit, which has previously been shown to be S-nitrosylated and thereby inhibited, was denitrosylated by TNFα treatment suggesting thatS-nitrosylation and denitrosylation are important regulatory mechanisms in endothelial cells contributing to the integrity of the endothelial cell monolayer.
Empiric antibiotics are often used in combination with mechanical debridement to treat patients suffering from periodontitis and to eliminate disease-associated pathogens. Until now, only a few next generation sequencing 16S rDNA amplicon based publications with rather small sample sizes studied the effect of those interventions on the subgingival microbiome. Therefore, we studied subgingival samples of 89 patients with chronic periodontitis (solely non-smokers) before and two months after therapy. Forty-seven patients received mechanical periodontal therapy only, whereas 42 patients additionally received oral administered amoxicillin plus metronidazole (500 and 400 mg, respectively; 3x/day for 7 days). Samples were sequenced with Illumina MiSeq 300 base pairs paired end technology (V3 and V4 hypervariable regions of the 16S rDNA). Inter-group differences before and after therapy of clinical variables (percentage of sites with pocket depth ≥ 5mm, percentage of sites with bleeding on probing) and microbiome variables (diversity, richness, evenness, and dissimilarity) were calculated, a principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) was conducted, and differential abundance of agglomerated ribosomal sequence variants (aRSVs) classified on genus level was calculated using a negative binomial regression model. We found statistically noticeable decreased richness, and increased dissimilarity in the antibiotic, but not in the placebo group after therapy. The PCoA revealed a clear compositional separation of microbiomes after therapy in the antibiotic group, which could not be seen in the group receiving mechanical therapy only. This difference was even more pronounced on aRSV level. Here, adjunctive antibiotics were able to induce a microbiome shift by statistically noticeably reducing aRSVs belonging to genera containing disease-associated species, e.g., Porphyromonas, Tannerella, Treponema, and Aggregatibacter, and by noticeably increasing genera containing health-associated species. Mechanical therapy alone did not statistically noticeably affect any disease-associated taxa. Despite the difference in microbiome modulation both therapies improved the tested clinical parameters after two months. These results cast doubt on the relevance of the elimination and/or reduction of disease-associated taxa as a main goal of periodontal therapy.
Aim: We investigated the long-term impact of adjunctive systemic antibiotics on periodontal disease progression. Periodontal therapy is frequently supplemented by systemic antibiotics, although its impact on the course of disease is still unclear.
Material & Methods: This prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled multi-centre trial comprising patients suffering from moderate to severe periodontitis evaluated the impact of rational adjunctive use of systemic amoxicillin 500 mg plus metronidazole 400 mg (3x/day, 7 days) on attachment loss. The primary outcome was the percentage of sites showing further attachment loss (PSAL) ≥1.3 mm after the 27.5 months observation period. Standardized therapy comprised mechanical debridement in conjunction with antibiotics or placebo administration, and maintenance therapy at 3 months intervals.
Results: From 506 participating patients, 406 were included in the intention to treat analysis. Median PSAL observed in placebo group was 7.8% compared to 5.3% in antibiotics group (Q25 4.7%/Q75 14.1%; Q25 3.1%/Q75 9.9%; p < 0.001 respectively).
Conclusions: Both treatments were effective in preventing disease progression. Compared to placebo, the prescription of empiric adjunctive systemic antibiotics showed a small absolute, although statistically significant, additional reduction in further attachment loss. Therapists should consider the patient's overall risk for periodontal disease when deciding for or against adjunctive antibiotics prescription.