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Perceptual-cognitive function and unplanned athletic movement task performance: a systematic review
(2020)
The performance of choice-reaction tasks during athletic movement has been demonstrated to evoke unfavorable biomechanics in the lower limb. However, the mechanism of this observation is unknown. We conducted a systematic review examining the association between (1) the biomechanical and functional safety of unplanned sports-related movements (e.g., jumps/runs with a spontaneously indicated landing leg/cutting direction) and (2) markers of perceptual–cognitive function (PCF). A literature search in three databases (PubMed, ScienceDirect and Google Scholar) identified five relevant articles. The study quality, rated by means of a modified Downs and Black checklist, was moderate to high (average: 13/16 points). Four of five papers, in at least one parameter, found either an association of PCF with task safety or significantly reduced task safety in low vs. high PCF performers. However, as (a) the outcomes, populations and statistical methods of the included trials were highly heterogeneous and (b) only two out of five studies had an adequate control condition (pre-planned movement task), the evidence was classified as conflicting. In summary, PCF may represent a factor affecting injury risk and performance during unplanned sports-related movements, but future research strengthening the evidence for this association is warranted.
Effects of foam rolling duration on tissue stiffness and perfusion: a randomized cross-over trial
(2021)
Despite its beneficial effects on flexibility and muscle soreness, there is still conflicting evidence regarding dose-response relationships and underlying mechanisms of foam rolling (FR). This study aimed to investigate the impact of different FR protocols on tissue perfusion and tissue stiffness. In a randomized crossover trial, two FR protocols (2x1 min, 2x3 min) were applied to the right anterior thigh of twenty healthy volunteers (11 females, 25 ± 4 years). Tissue perfusion (near infrared spectroscopy, NIRS) and stiffness (Tensiomyography, TMG and Myotonometry, MMT) were assessed before and after FR application. Variance analyses revealed a significant interaction of FR duration and tissue perfusion (F[1,19] = 7.098, p = 0.015). Local blood flow increased significantly from pre to post test (F[1,19] = 7.589, p = 0.013), being higher (Δ +9.7%) in the long-FR condition than in the short-FR condition (Δ +2.8%). Tissue stiffness (MMT) showed significant main effects for time (F[1,19] = 12.074, p = 0.003) and condition (F[1,19] = 7.165, p = 0.015) with decreases after short-FR (Δ -1.6%) and long-FR condition (Δ -1.9%). However, there was no time*dose-interaction (F[1,19] = 0.018, p = 0.895). No differences were found for TMG (p > 0.05). FR-induced changes failed to exceed the minimal detectable change threshold (MDC). Our data suggest that increased blood flow and altered tissue stiffness may mediate the effects of FR although statistical MDC thresholds were not achieved. Longer FR durations seem to be more beneficial for perfusion which is of interest for exercise professionals designing warm-up and cool-down regimes. Further research is needed to understand probable effects on parasympathetic outcomes representing systemic physiological responses to locally applied FR stimulations.
Objectiv:e To explore the association of physical activity (PA) with musculoskeletal pain (MSK pain).
Design: Cross-sectional study
Setting: 14 countries (Argentina, Australia, Austria, Brazil, Chile, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Singapore, South Africa, Spain, Switzerland and the USA).
Participants: Individuals aged 18 or older.
Primary and secondary outcome measures: PA volumes were assessed with an adapted version of the Nordic Physical Activity Questionnaire-short. Prevalence of MSK pain was captured by means of a 20-item checklist of body locations. Based on the WHO recommendation on PA, participants were classified as non-compliers (0–150 min/week), compliers (150–300 min/week), double compliers (300–450 min/week), triple compliers (450–600 min/week), quadruple compliers (600–750 min/week), quintuple compliers (750–900 min/week) and top compliers (more than 900 min/week). Multivariate logistic regression was used to obtain adjusted ORs of the association between PA and MSK pain for each body location, correcting for age, sex, employment status and depression risk.
Results: A total of 13 741 participants completed the survey. Compared with non-compliers, compliers had smaller odds of MSK pain in one location (thoracic pain, OR 0.77, 95% CI 0.64 to 0.93). Double compliance was associated with reduced pain occurrence in six locations (elbow, OR 0.70, 95% CI 0.50 to 0.98; forearm, OR 0.63, 95% CI 0.40 to 0.99; wrist, OR 0.74, 95% CI 0.57 to 0.98; hand, OR 0.57, 95% CI 0.40 to 0.79; fingers, OR 0.72, 95% CI 0.52 to 0.99; abdomen, OR 0.61, 95% CI 0.41 to 0.91). Triple to top compliance was also linked with lower odds of MSK pain (five locations in triple compliance, three in quadruple compliance, two in quintuple compliance, three in top compliance), but, at the same time, presented increased odds of MSK pain in some of the other locations.
Conclusion: A dose of 300–450 min WHO-equivalent PA/week was associated with lower odds of MSK pain in six body locations. On the other hand, excessive doses of PA were associated with higher odds of pain in certain body locations.
This study investigated the effects of a daily plyometric hopping intervention on running economy (RE) in amateur runners. In a randomized, controlled trial, thirty-four amateur runners (29 ± 7 years, 27 males) were allocated to a control or a hopping exercise group. During the six-week study, the exercise group performed 5 min of double-legged hopping exercise daily. To progressively increase loading, the number of hopping bouts (10 s each) was steadily increased while break duration between sets was decreased. Pre- and post-intervention, RE, peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak), and respiratory exchange ratio (RER) were measured during 4-min stages at three running speeds (10, 12, and 14 km/h). ANCOVAs with baseline values and potential cofounders as cofactors were performed to identify differences between groups. ANCOVA revealed an effect of hopping on RE at 12 km/h (df = 1; F = 4.35; p < 0.05; η2 = 0.072) and 14 km/h (df = 1; F = 6.72; p < 0.05; η2 = 0.098), but not at 10 km/h (p > 0.05). Exercise did not affect VO2peak (p > 0.05), but increased RER at 12 km/h (df = 1; F = 4.26; p < 0.05; η2 = 0.059) and 14 km/h (df = 1; F = 36.73; p < 0.001; η2 = 0.520). No difference in RER was observed at 10 km/h (p > 0.05). Daily hopping exercise is effective in improving RE at high running speeds in amateurs and thus can be considered a feasible complementary training program.
Clinical trial registration German Register of Clinical Trials (DRKS00017373).
Hintergrund: Traditionell werden Faszien, die bindegewebigen Hüllen der Skelettmuskulatur, als ein eher passives, abgrenzendes Gewebe beschrieben. Sie könnten für das Bewegungssystem jedoch eine größere Rolle spielen als bislang angenommen. Aktuellen Studien zufolge sind Faszien in der Lage, ihre Steifigkeit etwa mittels Zellkontraktion zu modifizieren. Konzepte myofaszialer Ketten postulieren zudem, dass das kollagene Bindegewebe die Muskeln des Körpers nicht voneinander trennt, sondern morphologisch verbindet. Veränderungen der mechanischen Eigenschaften von Faszien könnten sich daher auch auf benachbarte bzw. entfernte Körperstrukturen auswirken.
Fragestellung: Obwohl die Rationale zahlreicher Studien auf Konzepten myofaszialer Ketten begründet wird, ist deren Existenz bis dato nicht belegt. Die vorliegende, kumulative Dissertation verfolgt das Ziel, die morphologische Existenz myofaszialer Ketten zu überprüfen und ihre funktionelle Bedeutung für das Bewegungssystem zu beurteilen.
Publikation I – Validierung einer Skala zur methodologischen Bewertung von Kadaverstudien
Die im Rahmen dieses Papers entwickelte QUACS-Skala (QUality Appraisal for Cadaveric Studies) bildet die Grundvoraussetzung für das im Rahmen von Publikation II angefertigte systematische Review zur Existenz myofaszialer Ketten. Bislang lag im Bereich anatomischer Kadaverstudien am Leichenpräparat kein Instrument zur Beurteilung der Studienqualität vor. Ein solches ist gemäß den Leitlinien für evidenzbasierte Medizin jedoch zur Anfertigung eines systematischen Reviews notwendig. Die im Rahmen von Publikation I entwickelte, 13 dichotome Items umfassende QUACS-Skala besitzt eine hohe Interrater-Reliabilität (ICC: .87) sowie eine hohe Konstruktvalidität (Kendall’s Tau B-Koeffizient: .69) und ist daher geeignet, um die methodologische Qualität anatomischer Kadaverstudien zu erfassen.
Publikation II – Systematisches Review zur Existenz myofaszialer Ketten
Die mit diesem Paper vorgenommene systematische Literaturanalyse orientierte sich an den PRISMA-Guidelines (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses). Zwei unabhängige Untersucher identifizierten mittels standardisierter Suche in drei Datenbanken (Pubmed inkl. MeSH-Terms, ScienceDirect, GoogleScholar) anatomische Kadaverstudien, die eine strukturelle Kontinuität zwischen Komponenten der myofaszialen Ketten nach Myers (2014) berichten (z.B. zwischen Waden- und hinterer Oberschenkelmuskulatur). Ihre methodologische Qualität wurde mithilfe der QUACS-Skala ermittelt. Die Einstufung der Evidenz erfolgte anhand der Richtlinien der Cochrane-Gesellschaft. Die initiale Recherche ergab 6589 Artikel, von denen 62 den definierten Einschlusskriterien entsprachen. Es besteht starke Evidenz für die vollständige Existenz dreier myofaszialer Ketten (oberflächliche Rückenlinie, funktionelle Rückenlinie, funktionelle Frontallinie). Moderate bis starke Evidenz liegt für gut die Hälfte der Kontinuitäten der Spirallinie (5 von 9 bestätigte Übergänge) bzw. Laterallinie (2 von 5 bestätigte Übergänge). Keine Evidenz ist für die Existenz der oberflächlichen Frontallinie verfügbar.
Publikation III – Interventionsstudie zu den Ferneffekten von Dehnübungen der unteren Extremität
Die dreiarmige, randomisiert-kontrollierte Studie wurde entsprechend der CONSORT-Guidelines durchgeführt (Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials) und verfolgte das Ziel, die Auswirkung von Dehnübungen der unteren Extremität auf die Beweglichkeit der Halswirbelsäule zu ermitteln.
An eine vorherige Pilotstudie anknüpfend wurden 63 Probanden (36±13 Jahre, 32 männl.) zufallsbasiert drei Gruppen zugeteilt: statisches Dehnen der Waden- und hinteren Oberschenkelmuskulatur (Ferndehnen, FD), statisches Dehnen der Nackenstrecker (lokales Dehnen, LD), Wartekontrolle (KON). Als Outcome wurde vor (M1), unmittelbar nach (M2) sowie 5 Minuten nach der Intervention (M3) mittels ultraschalloptometrischer Messung die Beweglichkeit der Halswirbelsäule erfasst. Sowohl FD als auch LD steigerten nach der Intervention gegenüber KON mit einer Ausnahme (Rotation in LD bei M2) zu beiden Messzeitpunkten ihre Beweglichkeit in allen Ebenen (p<.05). Keine Unterschiede traten zwischen FD und LD auf (p>.05).
Diskussion: Die Muskeln des menschlichen Körpers sind strukturell nicht voneinander unabhängig, sondern – wie Publikation II zeigt - zumindest zu großen Teilen direkt miteinander verbunden. Das alleinige Vorliegen myofaszialer Ketten impliziert jedoch noch keine funktionelle Relevanz. Die im Rahmen von Publikation III durchgeführte Studie liefert Hinweise darauf, dass bewegungsbasierte Interventionen auf Basis myofaszialer Ketten zu relevanten Ferneffekten führen. Zu ermitteln bleiben die Ursachen für die richtungsunspezifischen Beweglichkeitssteigerungen im Bereich der Halswirbelsäule nach Ferndehnübungen sowie die einen möglichen mechanischen Krafttransfer beeinflussenden Faktoren.
In sports and clinical settings, roller massage (RM) interventions are used to acutely increase range of motion (ROM); however, the underlying mechanisms are unclear. Apart from changes in soft tissue properties (i.e., reduced passive stiffness), neurophysiological alterations such as decreased spinal excitability have been described. However, to date, no study has investigated both jointly. The purpose of this trial was to examine RM’s effects on neurophysiological markers and passive tissue properties of the plantar flexors in the treated (ROLL) and non-treated (NO- ROLL) leg. Fifteen healthy individuals (23 ± 3 years, eight females) performed three unilateral 60-s bouts of calf RM. This procedure was repeated four times on separate days to allow independent assessments of the following outcomes without reciprocal interactions: dorsiflexion ROM, passive torque during passive dorsiflexion, shear elastic modulus of the medial gastrocnemius muscle, and spinal excitability. Following RM, dorsiflexion ROM increased in both ROLL (+19.7%) and NO-ROLL (+13.9%). Similarly, also passive torque at dorsiflexion ROM increased in ROLL (+15.0%) and NO-ROLL (+15.2%). However, there were no significant changes in shear elastic modulus and spinal excitability (p > 0.05). Moreover, significant correlations were observed between the changes in DF ROM and passive torque at DF ROM in both ROLL and NO-ROLL. Changes in ROM after RM appear to be the result of sensory changes (e.g., passive torque at DF ROM), affecting both rolled and non-rolled body regions. Thus, therapists and exercise professionals may consider applying remote treatments if local loading is contraindicated.
Latent myofascial trigger points (MTrP) have been linked to several impairments of muscle function. The present study was conducted in order to examine whether a single bout of self-myofascial release using a foam roller is effective in reducing MTrP sensitivity. Fifty healthy, pain-free subjects (26.8±6 years, 21 men) with latent MTrP in the lateral gastrocnemius muscle were included in the randomized, controlled trial. One week after a familiarization session, they were randomly allocated to three groups: (1) static compression of the most sensitive MTrP using a foam roll, (2) slow dynamic foam rolling of the lateral calf and (3) placebo laser acupuncture of the most sensitive MTrP. Treatment duration in each group was 90 seconds. The pressure pain threshold (PPT) of the most sensitive MTrP was assessed using a handheld algometer prior to and after the intervention. A repeated measures analysis of variance (3x2) did not reveal significant between‑group interactions (p>.05) but showed a significant time effect (F=7.715, p<.05). While placebo and dynamic selfmyofascial release did not change MTrP sensitivity (p>.05), static compression of MTrP increased the PPT (2.6±0.8 to 3.0±1.1, d=.35; p<.05). Static self-myofascial release using a foam roller might represent an alternative to reduce pressure pain of latent MTrP. Additional research should aim to extend these findings to patients and athletes with myofascial pain syndromes.
The ecological validity of neuropsychological testing (NT) has been questioned in the sports environment. A frequent criticism is that NT, mostly consisting of pen and paper or digital assessments, lacks relevant bodily movement. This study aimed to identify the determinants of a newly developed testing battery integrating both cognitive and motor demands. Twenty active individuals (25 ± 3 years, 11 males) completed the new motor-cognitive testing battery (MC), traditional NT (Stroop test, Trail Making test, Digit Span test) and isolated assessments of motor function (MF; Y-balance test, 20m-sprint, counter-movement jump). Kendal’s tau and partial Spearman correlations were used to detect associations between MC and NT/MF. Except for two items (Reactive Agility A and counter-movement jump; Run-Decide and sprint time; r = 0.37, p < 0.05), MC was not related to MF. Similarly, MC and NT were mostly unrelated, even when controlling for the two significant motor covariates (p > 0.05). The only MC item with (weak to moderate) associations to NT was the Memory Span test (Digit Span backwards and composite; r = 0.43–0.54, p < 0.05). In sum, motor-cognitive function appears to be largely independent from its two assumed components NT and MF and may represent a new parameter in performance diagnostics.
Introduction Current: evidence suggests that the loss of mechanoreceptors after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tears might be compensated by increased cortical motor planning. This occupation of cerebral resources may limit the potential to quickly adapt movements to unforeseen external stimuli in the athletic environment. To date, studies investigating such neural alterations during movement focused on simple, anticipated tasks with low ecological validity. This trial, therefore, aims to investigate the cortical and biomechanical processes associated with more sport-related and injury-related movements in ACL-reconstructed individuals.
Methods and analysis: ACL-reconstructed participants and uninjured controls will perform repetitive countermovement jumps with single leg landings. Two different conditions are to be completed: anticipated (n=35) versus unanticipated (n=35) successful landings. Under the anticipated condition, participants receive the visual information depicting the requested landing leg prior to the jump. In the unanticipated condition, this information will be provided only about 400 msec prior to landing. Neural correlates of motor planning will be measured using electroencephalography. In detail, movement-related cortical potentials, frequency spectral power and functional connectivity will be assessed. Biomechanical landing quality will be captured via a capacitive force plate. Calculated parameters encompass time to stabilisation, vertical peak ground reaction force, and centre of pressure path length. Potential systematic differences between ACL-reconstructed individuals and controls will be identified in dependence of jumping condition (anticipated/ unanticipated, injured/uninjured leg and controls) by using interference statistics. Potential associations between the cortical and biomechanical measures will be calculated by means of correlation analysis. In case of statistical significance (α<0.05.) further confounders (cofactors) will be considered.
Ethics and dissemination: The independent Ethics Committee of the University of Frankfurt (Faculty of Psychology and Sports Sciences) approved the study. Publications in peer-reviewed journals are planned. The findings will be presented at scientific conferences.
Trial status: At the time of submission of this manuscript, recruitment is ongoing.
Trial registration number: NCT03336060; Pre-results.
Organized running events have gained substantial popularity. This study aimed to elucidate the prevalence of musculoskeletal pain, knowledge about injury prevention as well as the attitudes and motivations of individuals participating in the JP Morgan Corporate Challenge in Frankfurt (Germany). A total of 720 recreational runners completed a digital questionnaire immediately prior to the start. The majority of them displayed low to moderate physical activity levels and were rather unambitious regarding targeted finishing time. One quarter (25.3%) participated for the first time in an organized race. The most stated reasons to register were team building (76.4%) and experiencing the run’s atmosphere (50.6%). In contrast, improving health played a minor role (19.4%). More than one in five individuals (n = 159 runners) reported pain, with the most common locations being the knee and lower back. Both at rest (3.2/10 on a numerical rating scale) and during activity (4.7/10), average pain intensity was clinically relevant. Almost three thirds of the participants believed that stretching and wearing appropriate shoes would be effective for injury prevention while other methods such as resistance training, balance exercise or wearing of orthoses were rarely named. Musculoskeletal pain is a significant burden in runners participating in an urban mass event. In view of the poor knowledge about injury prevention, organizers and coaches may consider offering structured preparation programs as well as tailored running-related health education.
