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Schon seit längerer Zeit wird die Verwendung sogenannter Gabor-Plasmalinsen, in denen ein einkomponentiges also Nichtneutrales Plasma eingeschlossen wird, zur Fokussierung von Teilchenstrahlen untersucht. Um eine gute Fokussierqualität zu erreichen, wird ein hoher Füllgrad der Linse, sowie ein lineares elektrisches Feld benötigt. Während die Gabor-Plasmalinse innerhalb ihres Arbeitsbereiches, in dem das Plasma als thermalisiert angenommen wird, gute Abbildungseigenschaften aufweist, kommt es außerhalb der Arbeitsfunktion der Raumladungslinse zu einem starken Verlust der Strahlqualität. Die Gabor-Plasmalinse dient als Instrument, doch um ihre Anwendung zu optimieren, müssen die wesentlichen Prozesse in Nichtneutralen Plasmen verstanden werden. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden Diagnosemethoden zur Bestimmung der Plasmaparameter eines Nichtneutralen Plasmas untersucht, deren Anwendung sich im Bereich der elektrisch neutralen Plasmen bewährt haben. Es wurden desweiteren neue Methoden entwickelt, um die wichtigen Parameter wie Elektronendichte und Elektronentemperatur bestimmen zu können. Die Ergebnisse der Messungen werden numerischen Simulationen vergleichend gegenübergestellt.
We measured the Coulomb dissociation of 16O into 4He and 12C at the R3B setup in a first campaign within FAIR Phase 0 at GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt. The goal was to improve the accuracy of the experimental data for the 12C(α,γ)16O fusion reaction and to reach lower center-ofmass energies than measured so far.
The experiment required beam intensities of 109 16O ions per second at an energy of 500 MeV/nucleon. The rare case of Coulomb breakup into 12C and 4He posed another challenge: The magnetic rigidities of the particles are so close because of the same mass-to-charge-number ratio A/Z = 2 for 16O, 12C and 4He. Hence, radical changes of the R3B setup were necessary. All detectors had slits to allow the passage of the unreacted 16O ions, while 4He and 12C would hit the detectors' active areas depending on the scattering angle and their relative energies. We developed and built detectors based on organic scintillators to track and identify the reaction products with sufficient precision.
Chopper systems are used to pulse charged particle beams. In most cases, electric deflection systems are used to generate beam pulses of defined lengths and appropriate repetition rates. At high beam intensities, the field distribution of the chopper system needs to be adapted precisely to the beam dynamics in order to avoid aberrations. An additional challenge is a robust design which guarantees reliable operation. For the Frankfurt Neutron Source FRANZ, an E×B chopper system is being developed which combines static magnetic deflection with a pulsed electric field in a Wien filter configuration. It will generate proton pulses with a flat top of 50 ns at a repetition rate of 250 kHz for 120 keV, 200 mA beams. For the electric deflection, pre-experiments with static and pulsed fields were performed using a helium ion beam. In pulsed mode operation, ion beams of different energies were deflected with voltages of up to ±6 kV and the resulting response was measured using a beam current transformer. A comparison between experiments and theoretical calculations as well as numerical simulations are presented.
No association between Parkinson disease and autoantibodies against NMDA-type glutamate receptors
(2019)
Background: IgG-class autoantibodies to N-Methyl-D-Aspartate (NMDA)-type glutamate receptors define a novel entity of autoimmune encephalitis. Studies examining the prevalence of NMDA IgA/IgM antibodies in patients with Parkinson disease with/without dementia produced conflicting results. We measured NMDA antibodies in a large, well phenotyped sample of Parkinson patients without and with cognitive impairment (n = 296) and controls (n = 295) free of neuropsychiatric disease. Detailed phenotyping and large numbers allowed statistically meaningful correlation of antibody status with diagnostic subgroups as well as quantitative indicators of disease severity and cognitive impairment.
Methods: NMDA antibodies were analysed in the serum of patients and controls using well established validated assays. We used anti-NMDA antibody positivity as the main independent variable and correlated it with disease status and phenotypic characteristics.
Results: The frequency of NMDA IgA/IgM antibodies was lower in Parkinson patients (13%) than in controls (22%) and higher than in previous studies in both groups. NMDA IgA/IgM antibodies were neither significantly associated with diagnostic subclasses of Parkinson disease according to cognitive impairment, nor with quantitative indicators of disease severity and cognitive impairment. A positive NMDA antibody status was positively correlated with age in controls but not in Parkinson patients.
Conclusion: It is unlikely albeit not impossible that NMDA antibodies play a significant role in the pathogenesis or progression of Parkinson disease e.g. to Parkinson disease with dementia, while NMDA IgG antibodies define a separate disease of its own.
Space charge lenses use a confined electron cloud for the focusing of ion beams. The focusing strength is given by the electron density whereas the density distribution influences the mapping quality of the space charge lens and is related to the confinement. The plasma parameters, loss as well as production mechanisms have a strong impact on plasma beam interactions. A scaled up space charge lens was constructed to investigate the properties of a nonneutral plasmas in detail. New non-interceptive diagnostic has been developed to characterize the collective behaviour of the confined nonneutral plasma in terms of an optimized lens design and parameters. Experimental results will be presented in comparison with numerical simulations.
Space charge lenses using a stable electron cloud for focusing low energy heavy ion beams are an alternative concept to conventional ion optics. Due to external fields electrons are confined inside the lens’ volume. In case of a homogeneously distributed electron cloud the linear electric space charge field enables beam focusing free of aberration. Since the mapping quality of the lens is related to the confinement, non-destructive diagnostics has been developed to determine the plasma parameters and to characterize the collective behavior of the confined nonneutral plasma. Moreover, a scaled up space charge lens was constructed for a detailed investigation of the nonneutral plasma properties as well as beam interactions with a stable confined electron cloud. Experimental results will be presented in comparison with numerical simulations.
Studies on the focusing performance of a Gabor lens depending on nonneutral plasma properties
(2013)
The concept of the Gabor lens goes back to an idea by Dennis Gabor, who proposed a magnetron-type trap as an effective diverging lens for electron beams (collecting lens for positive ion beams).
Electrons confined inside the lens volume by orthogonal magnetic and electric fields, create an electric space charge field that causes a radial symmetric focusing force on an ion beam passing through the lens volume.
Since the beginning of the 1990s, a new design of this lens type as well as numerical models to describe the confined plasma cloud have been developed at the Institute for Applied Physics (IAP, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University Frankfurt).
Thanks to an improved understanding of the plasma confinement as a function of the external fields, two lenses have successfully been tested for low beam currents and remain in operation.
In the scope of this work, the performance of a prototype Gabor lens for the transport of intense, i.e. space charge dominated ion beams, was investigated at the High Current Test Injector (HOSTI) of GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH for the first time.
To ensure an optimal focusing performance of the Gabor lens a homogeneous and stable electron confinement is required. Therefore, new non-interceptive diagnostic methods were developed to investigate the parameters and state of the confined nonneutral plasma column as a function of the external fields.
An essential part of the studies was the time-resolved diagnostic of an occurring plasma instability and the determination of the electron temperature via optical spectroscopy. The latter necessitated the detailed investigation of atomic excitation as well as the measurement of optical-emission cross sections.
A comparison of the results from both experiments i.e. the beam transport measurements at GSI and the diagnostic experiments performed at IAP concerning the plasma state, gave first indications of possible interaction processes between the nonneutral plasma and the ion beam.
The genetic make-up of an individual contributes to the susceptibility and response to viral infection. Although environmental, clinical and social factors have a role in the chance of exposure to SARS-CoV-2 and the severity of COVID-191,2, host genetics may also be important. Identifying host-specific genetic factors may reveal biological mechanisms of therapeutic relevance and clarify causal relationships of modifiable environmental risk factors for SARS-CoV-2 infection and outcomes. We formed a global network of researchers to investigate the role of human genetics in SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 severity. Here we describe the results of three genome-wide association meta-analyses that consist of up to 49,562 patients with COVID-19 from 46 studies across 19 countries. We report 13 genome-wide significant loci that are associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection or severe manifestations of COVID-19. Several of these loci correspond to previously documented associations to lung or autoimmune and inflammatory diseases3,4,5,6,7. They also represent potentially actionable mechanisms in response to infection. Mendelian randomization analyses support a causal role for smoking and body-mass index for severe COVID-19 although not for type II diabetes. The identification of novel host genetic factors associated with COVID-19 was made possible by the community of human genetics researchers coming together to prioritize the sharing of data, results, resources and analytical frameworks. This working model of international collaboration underscores what is possible for future genetic discoveries in emerging pandemics, or indeed for any complex human disease.