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Infections are an important cause for morbidity and mortality in pediatric acute myeloid leukemia (AML). We therefore characterized infectious complications in children treated according to the trial AML-BFM 2004. Patients with Down syndrome were excluded from the analysis. Data were gathered from the medical records in the hospital where the patients were treated. A total of 405 patients (203 girls; median age 8.4 years) experienced 1326 infections. Fever without identifiable source occurred in 56.1% of the patients and clinically and microbiologically documented infections in 17.5% and 32.4% of the patients, respectively. In all, 240 Gram-positive (112 viridans group streptococci) and 90 Gram-negative isolates were recovered from the bloodstream. Invasive fungal infection was diagnosed in 3% of the patients. Three children each died of Gram-negative bacteremia and invasive aspergillosis, respectively. As compared with the results of AML-BFM 93 with lower dose intensity, infection-related morbidity was slightly higher in AML-BFM 2004 (3.3. versus 2.8 infections per patient), whereas infection-related mortality significantly decreased (1.5% versus 5.4%; P=0.003). Specific anti-infective recommendations included in the treatment protocol, regular training courses for pediatric hematologists and increasing experience may be the reason for reduced infection-related mortality in children with AML. Further studies are needed to decrease infection-related morbidity.
The incidence of invasive mold disease (IMD) has significantly increased over the last decades, and IMD of the central nervous system (CNS) is a particularly severe form of this infection. Solid data on the incidence of CNS IMD in the pediatric setting are lacking, in which Aspergillus spp. is the most prevalent pathogen, followed by mucorales. CNS IMD is difficult to diagnose, and although imaging tools such as magnetic resonance imaging have considerably improved, these techniques are still unspecific. As microscopy and culture have a low sensitivity, non-culture-based assays such as the detection of fungal antigens (e.g., galactomannan or beta-D-glucan) or the detection of fungal nucleic acids by molecular assays need to be validated in children with suspected CNS IMD. New and potent antifungal compounds helped to improve outcome of CNS IMD, but not all agents are approved for children and a pediatric dosage has not been established. Therefore, studies have to rapidly evaluate dosage, safety and efficacy of antifungal compounds in the pediatric setting. This review will summarize the current knowledge on diagnostic tools and on the management of CNS IMD with a focus on pediatric patients.
Clinical data on antifungal combination therapy are limited, in particular in the pediatric setting. We analyzed real-life data collected in two major pediatric cancer centers over a period of 4 years. Patients were identified in an observational study on children with acute leukemia and lymphoma or undergoing hematopoietic cell transplantation. Out of 438 patients, 19 patients received 21 episodes of antifungal combination therapy. Therapy was mostly started for sepsis (n = 5) or clinical deterioration with pulmonary infiltrates (n = 10), and less often for periorbital swelling with suspected mold infection (n = 2), clinical deterioration and new skin lesions, secondary antifungal prophylaxis, a persistently elevated galactomannan index, or as pre-emptive treatment (n = 1 each). Diagnostics revealed proven, probable, and possible invasive fungal disease in two, seven and four episodes, respectively. Most regimens included caspofungin (n = 19), and treatment was initiated as first line therapy in 10 episodes. The median duration was 13 days (4–46 days). Nine of the 13 patients with proven, probable, or possible invasive fungal disease survived, which was comparable to patients receiving antifungal monotherapy. Our analysis demonstrates that combination therapy has mainly been prescribed in selected immunocompromised patients with clinical deterioration due to suspected invasive fungal disease or those with sepsis, and is well tolerated. Future studies need to better characterize clinical settings in which patients may benefit from antifungal combination therapy.
Die autologe Transplantation von hämatopoetischen Stammzellen im Rahmen einer Hochdosis-Chemotherapie hat sich inzwischen bei der Behandlung von Tumoren im Kindesalter etabliert. Dabei blieb der optimale Zeitpunkt der Apherese von der CD34+ hämatopoetischen Stammzellen im peripheren Blut der Kinder, bezogen auf die Stunden am Tag der geplanten Stammzellsammlung, bisher unbeleuchtet. Insbesondere für pädiatrische Patienten liegen keine Untersuchungen zur dieser Problematik vor, deren Lösung jedoch den Erfolg einer Stammzellapherese verbessern könnte. Zielsetzung dieser Arbeit war es, die Mobilisierung der CD34+ Stammzellen im peripheren Blut unter dem Einfluß von G-CSF(Granulocyte-Colony Stimulating Factor) in Form eines klinischen Monitoring darzustellen. Dies erfolgte mit Hilfe der durchflusszytometrischen Messung CD45+/CD34+ Zellen aus dem peripheren Blut der Patienten nach G-CSF-Stimulation mit regelmäßigen Blutentnahmen über einen Zeitraum von 12 Stunden. Untersucht wurden 14 Patienten der Klinik III der Universitäts-Kinderklinik Frankfurt mit unterschiedlichen malignen Erkrankungen (8x Neuroblastom, 2x Osteosarkom, NHL, PNET, Ewing-Sarkom, RMS). Dabei wurden im Abstand von 0,2,4,5,6,7,8,10 und 12 Stunden nach einer subcutanen G-CSF-Gabe (Dosis 4,8 bis 10,2 mikrog/kg/d) EDTA-Blutproben über einen zentralen Venenkatheder entnommen, und daraus ein automatisches Blutbild sowie eine durchflusszytometrische Bestimmung der Konzentration an CD34/45 positiven Zellen durchgeführt. Mit Hilfe dieser Bestimmung konnte nachgewiesen werden, dass die CD34/45 positiven Zellen über die 12 Stunden des Beobachtungszeitraumes individuell unterschiedliche Verläufen bieten. Zudem konnten alle Patienten zwei unterschiedlichen Initialkinetiken - den Mobilisierungstypen I und II - zugeordnet werden, welche sich durch einen initialen Anstieg bzw. einen initialen Abfall der CD34+ Zellkonzentration unterscheiden. Der optimale Zeitpunkt der Apherese – repräsentiert durch ein CD34+ Zellkonzentrationsmaximum im peripheren Blut - konnte für das untersuchte Patientenkollektiv mit ca. 8 Stunden nach G-CSF Bolus beschrieben werden. Dabei konnte weder der Verlauf der Gesamtleukozyten noch andere hämatologische Parameter aufgrund eines signifikant ähnlichen Verlaufes als Indikator für den Verlauf der CD34+ Zellmobilisierung genutzt werden. Signifikanten Hinweise auf Zusammenhänge zwischen dem Verlauf der C34+ Zellmobilisierung und den Grunderkrankungen, dem Alter, dem Geschlecht oder der Mobilisierungsart gab es nicht. Es stelle sich jedoch Eine Tendenz zur Mobilisierung vom Typ I bei Kindern unter 3 Jahren dar. Eine Optimierung der Stammzellapherese kann durch zusätzliche CD34+ Zellkonzentrationsbestimmungen erwartet werden, die Aufschluss über den Mobilisierungstyp geben uns somit helfen, den optimalen Sammelzeitpunkt zu bestimmen. Messungen zum Zeitpunkt 0,2 und 8 Stunden nach G-CSF-Bolus erscheinen als besonders aufschlussreich. Durch Beachtung der Maximal- und Minimalkonzentrationen der individuellen Verläufe können Apheresen zu optimalen Zeitpunkten durchgeführt werden, was zu einer Verbesserung der Aphereseausbeute und damit zu einer Senkung der Belastungen und Risiken für den Patienten führen. Die hier untersuchte, sehr inhomogene und zahlenmäßig kleine Patientengruppe hat jedoch auch gezeigt, dass größere Studien mit mehr Patienten notwendig sind, um statistisch signifikante Aussagen treffen zu können.
Diagnostic approaches for invasive aspergillosis—specific considerations in the pediatric population
(2018)
Invasive aspergillosis (IA) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in children with hematological malignancies and those undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Similar to immunocompromised adults, clinical signs, and symptoms of IA are unspecific in the pediatric patient population. As early diagnosis and prompt treatment of IA is associated with better outcome, imaging and non-invasive antigen-based such as galactomannan or ß-D-glucan and molecular biomarkers in peripheral blood may facilitate institution and choice of antifungal compounds and guide duration of therapy. In patients in whom imaging studies suggest IA or another mold infection, invasive diagnostics such as bronchoalveolar lavage and/or bioptic procedures should be considered. Here we review the current data of diagnostic approaches for IA in the pediatric setting and highlight the major differences of performance and clinical utility of the tests between children and adults.
B lymphocytes are key players in humoral immunity, expressing diverse surface immunoglobulin receptors directed against specific antigenic epitopes. The development and profile of distinct subpopulations have gained awareness in the setting of primary immunodeficiency disorders, primary or secondary autoimmunity and as therapeutic targets of specific antibodies in various diseases. The major B cell subpopulations in peripheral blood include naïve (CD19+ or CD20+IgD+CD27−), non-switched memory (CD19+ or CD20+IgD+CD27+) and switched memory B cells (CD19+ or CD20+IgD−CD27+). Furthermore, less common B cell subpopulations have also been described as having a role in the suppressive capacity of B cells to maintain self-tolerance. Data on reference values for B cell subpopulations are limited and only available for older age groups, neglecting the continuous process of human B cell development in children and adolescents. This study was designed to establish an exponential regression model to produce continuous reference values for main B cell subpopulations to reflect the dynamic maturation of the human immune system in healthy children.
Background: About 2000 children and adolescents under the age of 18 are diagnosed with cancer each year in Germany. Because of current medical treatment methods, a high survival rate can be reached for many types of the disease. Nevertheless, patients face a number of long-term effects related to the treatment. As a result, physical and psychological consequences have increasingly become the focus of research in recent years. Social dimensions of health have received little attention in health services research in oncology so far. Yet, there are no robust results that allow an estimation of whether and to what extent the disease and treatment impair the participation of children and adolescents and which factors mediate this effect. Social participation is of great importance especially because interactions with peers and experiences in different areas of life are essential for the development of children and adolescents.
Methods: Data are collected in a longitudinal, prospective, observational multicenter study. For this purpose, all patients and their parents who are being treated for cancer in one of the participating clinics throughout Germany will be interviewed within the first month after diagnosis (t1), after completion of intensive treatment (t2) and half a year after the end of intensive treatment (t3) using standardized questionnaires. Analysis will be done by descriptive and multivariate methods.
Discussion: The results can be used to identify children and adolescents in high-risk situations at an early stage in order to be able to initiate interventions tailored to the needs. Such tailored interventions will finally reduce the risk of impairments in the participation of children and adolescents and increase quality of life.
Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT04101123.
Whereas the clinical approach in pediatric cancer patients with febrile neutropenia is well established, data on non-neutropenic infectious episodes are limited. We therefore prospectively collected over a period of 4 years of data on all infectious complications in children treated for acute lymphoblastic or myeloid leukemia (ALL or AML) and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) at two major pediatric cancer centers. Infections were categorized as fever of unknown origin (FUO), and microbiologically or clinically documented infections. A total of 210 patients (median age 6 years; 142 ALL, 23 AML, 38 NHL, 7 leukemia relapse) experienced a total of 776 infectious episodes (571 during neutropenia, 205 without neutropenia). The distribution of FUO, microbiologically and clinically documented infections, did not significantly differ between neutropenic and non-neutropenic episodes. In contrast to neutropenic patients, corticosteroids did not have an impact on the infectious risk in non-neutropenic children. All but one bloodstream infection in non-neutropenic patients were due to Gram-positive pathogens. Three patients died in the context of non-neutropenic infectious episodes (mortality 1.4%). Our results well help to inform clinical practice guidelines in pediatric non-neutropenic cancer patients presenting with fever, in their attempt to safely restrict broad-spectrum antibiotics and improve the quality of life by decreasing hospitalization.
