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Zwischen Macht und Gerechtigkeit : Zustand und Perspektiven des nuklearen Nichtverbreitungsregimes
(2008)
Das nukleare Nichtverbreitungsregime weist eine erstaunliche Erfolgsstory auf. Die Zahl der Staaten, die kernwaffenorientierte Aktivitäten in verschiedenen Stadien des Fortschritts aufgegeben haben, ist weitaus größer als die der Kernwaffenstaaten. Auf dem Höhepunkt seines Erfolgs droht dem Regime jedoch Ungemach aus zwei Richtungen: Eine kleine Anzahl von „Ausbrechern“ und „Außenseitern“ unterminiert seine zentrale Zielsetzung, die Weiterverbreitung dieser Waffen aufzuhalten. Die Verweigerungshaltung der Kernwaffenstaaten gegenüber ihrer Abrüstungspflicht verstößt gegen den im Regime eingelassenen Gerechtigkeitsgrundsatz und zerstört damit seine Legitimität. Diese Erkenntnis ist mittlerweile aus dem „Ghetto“ der unverdrossenen Abrüstungsenthusiasten in den sicherheitspolitischen Mainstream vorgedrungen. Von ihrer Durchsetzungsfähigkeit wird letztlich die Zukunft des Regimes abhängen – mit weitreichenden Konsequenzen für die globale Sicherheit.
Der „demokratische Frieden“ und seine außenpolitischen Konsequenzen Demokratien führen gegeneinander keine Kriege; oder jedenfalls „fast“ keine. Dieser statistische Befund ist ziemlich robust gegenüber Veränderungen in der Definition von „Demokratie“ und von „Krieg“. Demokratien erfreuen sich überdies im Durchschnitt größeren Wohlstands, vermeiden erfolgreich Hungersnöte, bieten ihren Bürgerinnen und Bürgern mehr Freiheit und lassen sich eher auf internationale Organisationen und auf die Rechtsbindung in internationalen Verträgen ein als Staaten mit anderen Regierungsformen; dies sind natürlich Durchschnittswerte, von denen es Abweichungen gibt. Aber die Nachricht ist ziemlich klar: Demokratien bieten eine vergleichsweise bessere Form von „Good Governance“ als andere Systeme.
In diesem Aufsatz konzentriere ich mich auf einen wichtigen und überaus kühnen, praktisch-politischen Vorschlag des Projekts der kosmopolitischen Demokratie (Archibugi/Held 1995; Archibugi et al. 1998; Beck 2004; Held 1998): auf die Parlamentarisierung der Weltpolitik (Übersicht bei Bienen et al. 1998). Das kosmopolitische Projekt unterstellt, dass die Vergemeinschaftung der Menschheit einen Grad erreicht hat, der es erlaubt oder gar erfordert, die Herstellung von Recht – einschließlich von Weltbürgerrecht (Brunkhorst et al. 1999) und die Kontrolle seiner richtigen exekutiven Anwendung in die Hände einer globalen Legislative zu geben.
The project focuses on the efficiency of combined technologies to reduce the release of micropollutants and bacteria into surface waters via sewage treatment plants of different size and via stormwater overflow basins of different types. As a model river in a highly populated catchment area, the river Schussen and, as a control, the river Argen, two tributaries of Lake Constance, Southern Germany, are under investigation in this project. The efficiency of the different cleaning technologies is monitored by a wide range of exposure and effect analyses including chemical and microbiological techniques as well as effect studies ranging from molecules to communities.
Freeze-out radii extracted from three-pion cumulants in pp, p–Pb and Pb–Pb collisions at the LHC
(2014)
In high-energy collisions, the spatio-temporal size of the particle production region can be measured using the Bose–Einstein correlations of identical bosons at low relative momentum. The source radii are typically extracted using two-pion correlations, and characterize the system at the last stage of interaction, called kinetic freeze-out. In low-multiplicity collisions, unlike in high-multiplicity collisions, two-pion correlations are substantially altered by background correlations, e.g. mini-jets. Such correlations can be suppressed using three-pion cumulant correlations. We present the first measurements of the size of the system at freeze-out extracted from three-pion cumulant correlations in pp, p–Pb and Pb–Pb collisions at the LHC with ALICE. At similar multiplicity, the invariant radii extracted in p–Pb collisions are found to be 5–15% larger than those in pp, while those in Pb–Pb are 35–55% larger than those in p–Pb. Our measurements disfavor models which incorporate substantially stronger collective expansion in p–Pb as compared to pp collisions at similar multiplicity.
We report on the measurement of the inclusive Υ (1S) production in Pb–Pb collisions at √sNN = 2.76 TeV carried out at forward rapidity (2.5 < y < 4) and down to zero transverse momentum using its μ+μ−decay channel with the ALICE detector at the Large Hadron Collider. A strong suppression of the inclusive Υ (1S) yield is observed with respect to pp collisions scaled by the number of independent nucleon–nucleon collisions. The nuclear modification factor, for events in the 0–90% centrality range, amounts to 0.30 ± 0.05(stat) ± 0.04(syst). The observed Υ (1S) suppression tends to increase with the centrality of the collision and seems more pronounced than in corresponding mid-rapidity measurements. Our results are compared with model calculations, which are found to underestimate the measured suppression and fail to reproduce its rapidity dependence.
We investigated the folding kinetics of G-quadruplex (G4) structures by comparing the K+-induced folding of an RNA G4 derived from the human telomeric repeat-containing RNA (TERRA25) with a sequence homologous DNA G4 (wtTel25) using CD spectroscopy and real-time NMR spectroscopy. While DNA G4 folding is biphasic, reveals kinetic partitioning and involves kinetically favoured off-pathway intermediates, RNA G4 folding is faster and monophasic. The differences in kinetics are correlated to the differences in the folded conformations of RNA vs. DNA G4s, in particular with regard to the conformation around the glycosidic torsion angle χ that uniformly adopts anti conformations for RNA G4s and both, syn and anti conformation for DNA G4s. Modified DNA G4s with 19F bound to C2′ in arabino configuration adopt exclusively anti conformations for χ. These fluoro-modified DNA (antiTel25) reveal faster folding kinetics and monomorphic conformations similar to RNA G4s, suggesting the correlation between folding kinetics and pathways with differences in χ angle preferences in DNA and RNA, respectively.
Genetic code expansion facilitates position‐selective labeling of rna for biophysical studies
(2019)
Nature relies on reading and synthesizing the genetic code with high fidelity. Nucleic acid building blocks that are orthogonal to the canonical A‐T and G‐C base‐pairs are therefore uniquely suitable to facilitate position‐specific labeling of nucleic acids. Here, we employ the orthogonal kappa‐xanthosine‐base‐pair for in vitro transcription of labeled RNA. We devised an improved synthetic route to obtain the phosphoramidite of the deoxy‐version of the kappa nucleoside in solid phase synthesis. From this DNA template, we demonstrate the reliable incorporation of xanthosine during in vitro transcription. Using NMR spectroscopy, we show that xanthosine introduces only minor structural changes in an RNA helix. We furthermore synthesized a clickable 7‐deaza‐xanthosine, which allows to site‐specifically modify transcribed RNA molecules with fluorophores or other labels.
Background: Data on the economic impact of Lyme borreliosis (LB) on European health care systems is scarce. This project focused on the epidemiology and costs for laboratory testing in LB patients in Germany.
Materials and Methods: We performed a sentinel analysis of epidemiological and medicoeconomic data for 2007 and 2008. Data was provided by a German statutory health insurance (DAK) company covering approx. 6.04 million members. In addition, the quality of diagnostic testing for LB in Germany was studied.
Results: In 2007 and 2008, the incident diagnosis LB was coded on average for 15,742 out of 6.04 million insured members (0.26%). 20,986 EIAs and 12,558 immunoblots were ordered annually for these patients. For all insured members in the outpatient sector, a total of 174,820 EIAs and 52,280 immunoblots were reimbursed annually to health care providers (cost: 2,600,850€). For Germany, the overall expected cost is estimated at 51,215,105€. However, proficiency testing data questioned test quality and standardization of diagnostic assays used.
Conclusion: Findings from this study suggest ongoing issues related to care for LB and may help to improve future LB disease management.
The transverse momentum (pT) spectrum and nuclear modification factor (RAA) of reconstructed jets in 0–10% and 10–30% central Pb–Pb collisions at √sNN = 2.76 TeV were measured. Jets were reconstructed using the anti-kT jet algorithm with a resolution parameter of R = 0.2 from charged and neutral particles, utilizing the ALICE tracking detectors and Electromagnetic Calorimeter (EMCal). The jet pT spectra are reported in the pseudorapidity interval of |ηjet| < 0.5 for 40 < pT, jet < 120 GeV/c in 0–10% and for 30 < pT, jet < 100 GeV/c in 10–30% collisions. Reconstructed jets were required to contain a leading charged particle with pT > 5 GeV/c to suppress jets constructed from the combinatorial background in Pb–Pb collisions. The leading charged particle requirement applied to jet spectra both in pp and Pb–Pb collisions had a negligible effect on the RAA. The nuclear modification factor RAA was found to be 0.28 ± 0.04 in 0–10% and 0.35 ± 0.04 in 10–30% collisions, independent of pT, jet within the uncertainties of the measurement. The observed suppression is in fair agreement with expectations from two model calculations with different approaches to jet quenching.