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Acute calculus cholecystitis is a very common disease with several area of uncertainty. The World Society of Emergency Surgery developed extensive guidelines in order to cover grey areas. The diagnostic criteria, the antimicrobial therapy, the evaluation of associated common bile duct stones, the identification of “high risk” patients, the surgical timing, the type of surgery, and the alternatives to surgery are discussed. Moreover the algorithm is proposed: as soon as diagnosis is made and after the evaluation of choledocholitiasis risk, laparoscopic cholecystectomy should be offered to all patients exception of those with high risk of morbidity or mortality. These Guidelines must be considered as an adjunctive tool for decision but they are not substitute of the clinical judgement for the individual patient.
A modern linear accelerator of ions is a long chain of different accelerating-focusing structures. The design of new linacs, as well as an upgrade and optimization of operating facilities, requires precise and reliable beam matching with the subsequent sections. Proper matching of the beam to the channel allows to improve the performance of the whole linac and to reduce the specific costs. Additionally it helps to avoide particle loss in high energy high intensity linacs. Generally a matching algorithm combines precisely measured or calculated accelerating-focusing external fields and experimentally obtained details of the beam parameters with an advanced code for beam dynamics simulations including space charge effects. Experimental results are introduced into a code as input data. The described algorithm has already been successfully implemented for several GSI projects: an upgrade of the GSI heavy ion linac UNILAC, an ion linac for the cancer therapy, the proton linac for the FAIR facility, a facility for laser acceleration of ions and others. Measured data and results of beam dynamics simulations leading to an achieved improvement of the linac performance are presented.
Background: Antibody detection of SARS-CoV-2 requires an understanding of its variation, course, and duration.
Methods: Antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 was evaluated over 5–430 days on 828 samples across COVID-19 severity levels, for total antibody (TAb), IgG, IgA, IgM, neutralizing antibody (NAb), antibody avidity, and for receptor-binding-domain (RBD), spike (S), or nucleoprotein (N). Specificity was determined on 676 pre-pandemic samples.
Results: Sensitivity at 30–60 days post symptom onset (pso) for TAb-S/RBD, TAb-N, IgG-S, IgG-N, IgA-S, IgM-RBD, and NAb was 96.6%, 99.5%, 89.7%, 94.3%, 80.9%, 76.9% and 92.8%, respectively. Follow-up 430 days pso revealed: TAb-S/RBD increased slightly (100.0%); TAb-N decreased slightly (97.1%); IgG-S and IgA-S decreased moderately (81.4%, 65.7%); NAb remained positive (94.3%), slightly decreasing in activity after 300 days; there was correlation with IgG-S (Rs = 0.88) and IgA-S (Rs = 0.71); IgG-N decreased significantly from day 120 (15.7%); IgM-RBD dropped after 30–60 days (22.9%). High antibody avidity developed against S/RBD steadily with time in 94.3% of patients after 430 days. This correlated with persistent antibody detection depending on antibody-binding efficiency of the test design. Severe COVID-19 correlated with earlier and higher antibody response, mild COVID-19 was heterogeneous with a wide range of antibody reactivities. Specificity of the tests was ≥99%, except for IgA (96%).
Conclusion: Sensitivity of anti-SARS-CoV-2 assays was determined by test design, target antigen, antibody avidity, and COVID-19 severity. Sustained antibody detection was mainly determined by avidity progression for RBD and S. Testing by TAb and for S/RBD provided the highest sensitivity and longest detection duration of 14 months so far.
Zielsetzung: Die Aufmerksamkeitsdefizit- / Hyperaktivitätsstörung (ADHS) gehört zu den häufigsten psychischen Störungen im Kindesalter. Eine entscheidende Rolle in der Genese des Krankheitsbildes kommt einer genetischen Prädisposition zu, ohne dass die bisherigen Studien einen einheitlichen Befund spezifischer Genvariationen ergaben. Das Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit besteht darin, zu überprüfen, inwieweit die Ausprägung bestimmter phänotypischer Erscheinungsbilder von ADHS-Patienten, Defizite neuropsychologischer Funktionen, Aspekte von Aufmerksamkeit und Impulskontrolle sowie komorbide aggressive und dissoziale Verhaltensweisen, mit dem Vorkommen bestimmter Genotypen in Anfälligkeitsgenen einhergeht. Methode: 70 Kinder mit ADHS wurden mit Fragebogenverfahren (Impulsivitätsfragebogen IVE, Achenbachskalen) und neuropsychologischen Verhaltenstests (WCST, FAIR, Go/NoGo) untersucht. Mittels Mediansplit wurde die Stichprobe hinsichtlich sämtlicher untersuchter Items dichotomisiert, jeweils in zwei Gruppen mit niedrigen und hohen Wertebereichen. Anschließend wurde die Verteilung einzelner Genpolymorphismen zwischen beiden Gruppen verglichen. Als molekulargenetische Indikatoren wurden folgende Polymorphismen untersucht: DRD4 Exon III VNTR, SLC6A3 (DAT1) 40bp VNTR, COMT Val108/158Met, MAOA 30bp VNTR sowie SLC6A4 (5-HTTLPR, SNP rs25531, Intron II VNTR). Ergebnisse: Im Einzelnen ergaben sich die folgenden relevanten Befunde: Die 10/10-Repeat-Variante in SLC6A3 war signifikant mit einer erhöhten Anzahl von Perseverationsfehlern im WCST assoziiert (p=.046). Der 4 bzw. 4/4- und 4/3- Genotyp im MAOA-Gen waren im Vergleich zur 3 bzw. 3/3-Variante hochsignifikant mit niedrigeren Qualitätswerten im FAIR assoziiert (p=.005), gingen gleichzeitig signifikant mit mehr Omission-Errors in Treat 2 der Go/NoGo Aufgabe einher (p=.03). Der 4 bzw. 4/4-Genotyp zeigte außerdem einen Trend für vermehrte Perseverationsfehler im WCST (p=.063). Der 3 bzw. 3/3-Genotyp, isoliert betrachtet, zeigte einen tendenziellen Effekt für die Skala „delinquentes Verhalten“ der CBCL (p=.07). Die L/L-Variante des 5-HTTLPR-Polymorphismus in SLC6A4 war in Treat 1 der Go/NoGo Aufgabe signifikant häufiger in der Gruppe mit wenig Commission-Errors (p=.04). 5-HTTLPR-Polymorphismus und SNP rs25531 zeigten in Treat 1 der Go/NoGo Aufgabe einen hochsignifikanten Zusammenhang der LA/LA-Variante und der Gruppe mit wenig Commission-Errors (p=.004). Weiter war der 12/12-Genotyp des Intron II VNTR-Polymorphismus in SLC6A4 signifikant mit einem erhöhten Schweregrad aggressiver Verhaltensweisen in der CBCL assoziiert (p=.018). Schlussfolgerung: Es ist davon auszugehen, dass an der Ausprägung von ADHS zahlreiche Gene mit jeweils geringem Effekt beteiligt sind. Unsere Befunde legen nahe, dass bestimmte Allelvarianten mitunter einen stärkeren Einfluss auf die Ausprägung spezieller Subsymptome haben. Obwohl bei bestimmten Genotypen unterschiedlicher Anfälligkeitsgene teilweise ähnliche Auswirkungen auf Neurotransmitterebene diskutiert wurden, zeigten sich in der vorliegenden Studie nicht immer vergleichbare Übereinstimmungen hinsichtlich der phänotypischen Merkmale. In der Literatur werden bisweilen inkonsistente Phänotypen ein und derselben Allelvariante berichtet. Neben einer Präzisierung des Phänotyps sollten künftige Untersuchungen daher insbesondere auch die funktionelle Interaktion einzelner Genvarianten, additive Geneffekte sowie Gen- Umwelt-Interaktionen berücksichtigen.
Nowadays, several options are available to treat patients with conductive or mixed hearing loss. Whenever surgical intervention is not possible or contra-indicated, and amplification by a conventional hearing device (e.g., behind-the-ear device) is not feasible, then implantable hearing devices are an indispensable next option. Implantable bone-conduction devices and middle-ear implants have advantages but also limitations concerning complexity/invasiveness of the surgery, medical complications, and effectiveness. To counsel the patient, the clinician should have a good overview of the options with regard to safety and reliability as well as unequivocal technical performance data. The present consensus document is the outcome of an extensive iterative process including ENT specialists, audiologists, health-policy scientists, and representatives/technicians of the main companies in this field. This document should provide a first framework for procedures and technical characterization to enhance effective communication between these stakeholders, improving health care.
Correlated activity of cortical neurons survives extensive removal of feedforward sensory input
(2016)
A fundamental property of brain function is that the spiking activity of cortical neurons is variable and that some of this variability is correlated between neurons. Correlated activity not due to the stimulus arises from shared input but the neuronal circuit mechanisms that result in these noise correlations are not fully understood. Here we tested in the visual system if correlated variability in mid-level area V4 of visual cortex is altered following extensive lesions of primary visual cortex (V1). To this end we recorded longitudinally the neuronal correlations in area V4 of two behaving macaque monkeys before and after a V1 lesion while the monkeys fixated a grey screen. We found that the correlations of neuronal activity survived the lesions in both monkeys. In one monkey, the correlation of multi-unit spiking signals was strongly increased in the first week post-lesion, while in the second monkey, correlated activity was slightly increased, but not greater than some week-by-week fluctuations observed. The typical drop-off of inter-neuronal correlations with cortical distance was preserved after the lesion. Therefore, as V4 noise correlations remain without feedforward input from V1, these results suggest instead that local and/or feedback input seem to be necessary for correlated activity.
In this letter we report the first multi-differential measurement of correlated pion-proton pairs from 2 billion Au+Au collisions at sNN=2.42 GeV collected with HADES. In this energy regime the population of Δ(1232) resonances plays an important role in the way energy is distributed between intrinsic excitation energy and kinetic energy of the hadrons in the fireball. The triple differential d3N/dMπ±pdpTdy distributions of correlated π±p pairs have been determined by subtracting the πp combinatorial background using an iterative method. The invariant-mass distributions in the Δ(1232) mass region show strong deviations from a Breit-Wigner function with vacuum width and mass. The yield of correlated pion-proton pairs exhibits a complex isospin, rapidity and transverse-momentum dependence. In the invariant mass range 1.1<Minv(GeV/c2)<1.4, the yield is found to be similar for π+p and π−p pairs, and to follow a power law 〈Apart〉α, where 〈Apart〉 is the mean number of participating nucleons. The exponent α depends strongly on the pair transverse momentum (pT) while its pT-integrated and charge-averaged value is α=1.5±0.08st±0.2sy.
We present data on charged kaons (K±) and ϕ mesons in Au(1.23A GeV)+Au collisions. It is the first simultaneous measurement of K− and ϕ mesons in central heavy-ion collisions below a kinetic beam energy of 10A GeV. The ϕ/K− multiplicity ratio is found to be surprisingly high with a value of 0.52±0.16 and shows no dependence on the centrality of the collision. Consequently, the different slopes of the K+ and K− transverse-mass spectra can be explained solely by feed-down, which substantially softens the spectra of K− mesons. Hence, in contrast to the commonly adapted argumentation in literature, the different slopes do not necessarily imply diverging freeze-out temperatures of K+ and K− mesons caused by different couplings to baryons.
The HITRAP linear decelerator currently being set up at GSI will provide slow, few keV/u highly charged ions for atomic physics experiments. The expected beam intensity is up to 105 ions per shot. To optimize phase and amplitude of the RF systems intensity, bunch length and kinetic energy of the particles need to be monitored. The bunch length that we need to fit is about 2 ns, which is typically measured by capacitive pickups. However, they do not work for the low beam intensities that we face. We investigated the bunch length with a fast CVD diamond detector working in single particle counting mode. Averaging over 8 shots yields a clear, regular picture of the bunched beam. Energy measurements by capacitive pickups are limited by the presence of intense primary and partially decelerated beam and hence make tuning of the IH-structure impossible. The energy of the decelerated fraction of the beam behind the first deceleration cavity was determined to about 10 % accuracy with a permanent dipole magnet combined with a MCP. Better detector calibration should help reaching the required 1%. Design of the detectors as well as the results of the measurements will be presented.
Dialogue acts in Verbmobil 2
(1998)
This report describes the dialogue phases and the second edition dialogue acts which are used in the VERBMOBIL 2 project [...]. While in the first project phase the scenario was restricted to appointment scheduling dialogues, it has been extended to travel planning in the second phase with appointment scheduling being only a part of the new scenario.