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Im Jahre 1864 haben die Türken angefangen, die deutsche Sprache in den Schulen zu erteilen, nach der Ausrufung der Republik Türkei in 1923 wurde Deutsch als Fremdsprache außerhalb von Ankara, Istanbul und Izmir auch in den Provinzstädten Kastamonu und Sivas als Fachunterricht eingeführt. In der Universität Istanbul wurde im Jahre 1933 durch Mitglieder des Lehrkörpers Einwanderer aus Deutschland die Abteilung für Deutsche Sprache und Literatur an der Philosophischen Fakultät eröffnet. Die vielfältigen Beziehungen zwischen Deutschland und der Türkei sind von großer Bedeutung und haben Einfluss auf die Entwicklung des Deutschen als Fremdsprache in den Lehrplänen. Seit dem Studienjahr 2001-2002 nimmt das Deutsche als zweites Pflichtfach in den Gymnasien seinen Platz ein. Der Fernunterricht geht seit 1728 kontinuierlich weiter und die Bürger in den Entwicklungsländern profitieren von den Vorteilen des Fernunterrichts. in der Geschichte geht der Fernunterricht in der Türkei zurück bis 1927. In diesem Artikel werden die Möglichkeiten für das Lernen des Deutschen als Fremdsprache durch Fernunterricht erklärt.
The relations between Turkey and Germany have a long history that involves collaboration and partnership in many areas. After 1960s, this relationship gained a new dimension as hundreds of thousands of Turkish workers immigrated to Germany. This paper presents a brief history of the relations between the two countries, and the cultural and language-related problems experienced by Turkish people in Germany. More specifically, it focuses on the background and current state of the Turkish Language and Culture course taught to the Turkish youth in German schools. Problems regarding the implementation of this course are discussed with reference to official statistics. Finally, suggestions are offered to address the challenges faced to improve the Turkish Language and Culture course so that Turkish children can successfully learn their origin-language, and eventually achieve competence in both Turkish and German in their academic studies.
Almanya Federal Cumhuriyeti'nde görev yapan Türkçe ve Türk Kültürü Dersi öğretmenlerine yönelik 2020 Mayıs- Haziran aylarında toplam 69 çevrimiçi seminer düzenlenmiştir. Seminerlere Almanya Federal Cumhuriyeti’nde görev yapan MEB Türkçe ve Türk Kültürü Dersi öğretmenleri katılmış; her bir seminerden sonra öğretmen görüşleri alınmıştır. Araştırmanın evrenini 2019-2020 eğitim öğretim yılı itibarı ile Almanya'da görevli 1338 Türkçe öğretmeni, örneklem grubunu ise MEB tarafından görevlendirilen 506 Türkçe ve Türk Kültürü dersi öğretmeni oluşturmaktadır. Araştırmacı grubu tarafından geliştirilen veri toplama anketi Mayıs -Haziran 2020 aylarında (pandemi dönemi) verilen çevrimiçi seminerlere paralel olarak uygulanmıştır. Bu çalışmada öğretmenlerin yurt dışındaki öğretmenlere verilen seminerler belli bir farkındalığın oluşmasını sağlamış; yurt dışı teşkilatının öğrenen organizasyonlar olarak öğretmenlerin bu tür programlara ilgi düzeyleri, varlığı/yokluğu, katılım sayısı ve sıklığı ile ölçümlenerek değerlendirilmiştir. Elde edilen bulgular, bu tür seminer çalışmalarının gelecek dönemlerde de yapılmasının elzem olduğunu ortaya koymuştur.
Bundan 61 yıl önce, 1959 yılında Eskişehir Maarif Koleji binasında Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı'na bağlı olarak gece eğitimi vermek üzere üç yıllık bir Yabancı Diller Yüksekokulu (MEB YDYO) kuruldu. Okul İngilizce Bölümü'nden müteşekkildi. Yüksekokulun müdürlüğünü de İngilizce öğretmeni Ahmet Cemal AŞAN yapıyordu. Onun yardımcılığına da Almanca öğretmeni Okt. Recep GÖK atanmıştı. 1980-1981 eğitim öğretim yılında ilk öğrencilerini alan Almanca Bölümü'nde Almanca öğretmeni Seyyare DUMAN ve Ali GÜLTEKİN de öğretim görevlisi olarak ders veriyorlardı.
Using a data sample of e+e− collision data corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 2.93 fb−1 collected with the BESIII detector at a center-of-mass energy of s=3.773GeV, we search for the singly Cabibbo-suppressed decays D0→π0π0π0, π0π0η, π0ηη and ηηη using the double tag method. The absolute branching fractions are measured to be B(D0→π0π0π0)=(2.0±0.4±0.3)×10−4, B(D0→π0π0η)=(3.8±1.1±0.7)×10−4 and B(D0→π0ηη)=(7.3±1.6±1.5)×10−4 with the statistical significances of 4.8σ, 3.8σ and 5.5σ, respectively, where the first uncertainties are statistical and the second ones systematic. No significant signal of D0→ηηη is found, and the upper limit on its decay branching fraction is set to be B(D0→ηηη)<1.3×10−4 at the 90% confidence level.
Based on an 𝑒+𝑒− collision data sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 567 pb−1 taken at the center-of-mass energy of √𝑠=4.6 GeV with the BESIII detector, we measure the absolute branching fraction of the inclusive decay Λ+𝑐→Λ+𝑋 to be ℬ(Λ+𝑐→Λ+𝑋)=(38.2+2.8−2.2±0.9)% using the double-tag method, where 𝑋 refers to any possible final state particles. In addition, we search for direct 𝐶𝑃 violation in the charge asymmetry of this inclusive decay for the first time, and obtain 𝒜𝐶𝑃≡[ℬ(Λ+𝑐→Λ+𝑋)−ℬ(¯Λ−𝑐 → ¯Λ+𝑋)]/[ℬ(Λ+𝑐→Λ+𝑋)+ℬ(¯Λ−𝑐 → ¯Λ+𝑋)]=(2.1+7.0−6.6±1.6)%, a statistically limited result with no evidence of 𝐶𝑃 violation.
Using a sample of 4.48×108 ψ(3686) events collected with the BESIII detector at the BEPCII collider, we study the two-photon decays of the pseudoscalar mesons π0, η, η′, η(1405), η(1475), η(1760), and X(1835) in J/ψ radiative decays using ψ(3686)→π+π−J/ψ events. The π0, η and η′ mesons are clearly observed in the two-photon mass spectra, and the branching fractions are determined to be B(J/ψ→γπ0→3γ)=(3.57±0.12±0.16)×10−5, B(J/ψ→γη→3γ)=(4.42±0.04±0.18)×10−4, and B(J/ψ→γη′→3γ)=(1.26±0.02±0.05)×10−4, where the first errors are statistical and the second systematic. No clear signal for η(1405), η(1475), η(1760) or X(1835) is observed in the two-photon mass spectra, and upper limits at the 90% confidence level on the product branching fractions are obtained.
The cross section of the process e+e−→K+K− is measured at a number of center-of-mass energies s√ from 2.00 to 3.08 GeV with the BESIII detector at the Beijing Electron Positron Collider (BEPCII). The results provide the best precision achieved so far. A resonant structure around 2.2 GeV is observed in the cross section line shape. A Breit-Wigner fit yields a mass of M=2239.2±7.1±11.3~and a width of Γ=139.8±12.3±20.6 MeV, where the first uncertainties are statistical and the second ones are systematic. In addition, the time-like electromagnetic form factor of the kaon is determined at the individual center-of-mass energy points.
We study the hadronic decays of Λ+c to the final states Σ+η and Σ+η′, using an e+e− annihilation data sample of 567 pb−1 taken at a center-of-mass energy of 4.6 GeV with the BESIII detector at the BEPCII collider. We find evidence for the decays Λ+c→Σ+η and Σ+η′ with statistical significance of 2.5σ and 3.2σ, respectively. Normalizing to the reference decays Λ+c→Σ+π0 and Σ+ω, we obtain the ratios of the branching fractions B(Λ+c→Σ+η)B(Λ+c→Σ+π0) and B(Λ+c→Σ+η′)B(Λ+c→Σ+ω) to be 0.35±0.16±0.03 and 0.86±0.34±0.07, respectively. The upper limits at the 90\% confidence level are set to be B(Λ+c→Σ+η)B(Λ+c→Σ+π0)<0.58 and B(Λ+c→Σ+η′)B(Λ+c→Σ+ω)<1.2. Using BESIII measurements of the branching fractions of the reference decays, we determine B(Λ+c→Σ+η)=(0.41±0.19±0.05)% (<0.68%) and B(Λ+c→Σ+η′)=(1.34±0.53±0.21)% (<1.9%). Here, the first uncertainties are statistical and the second systematic. The obtained branching fraction of Λ+c→Σ+η is consistent with the previous measurement, and the branching fraction of Λ+c→Σ+η′ is measured for the first time.
We study the electromagnetic Dalitz decay 𝐽/𝜓→𝑒+𝑒−𝜂 and search for dielectron decays of a dark gauge boson (𝛾′) in 𝐽/𝜓→𝛾′𝜂 with the two 𝜂 decay modes 𝜂→𝛾𝛾 and 𝜂→𝜋+𝜋−𝜋0 using (1310.6±7.0)×106 𝐽/𝜓 events collected with the BESIII detector. The branching fraction of 𝐽/𝜓→𝑒+𝑒−𝜂 is measured to be (1.43±0.04(stat)±0.06(syst))×10−5, with a precision that is improved by a factor of 1.5 over the previous BESIII measurement. The corresponding dielectron invariant mass dependent modulus square of the transition form factor is explored for the first time, and the pole mass is determined to be Λ=2.84±0.11(stat)±0.08(syst) GeV/𝑐2. We find no evidence of 𝛾′ production and set 90% confidence level upper limits on the product branching fraction ℬ(𝐽/𝜓→𝛾′𝜂)×ℬ(𝛾′→𝑒+𝑒−) as well as the kinetic mixing strength between the standard model photon and 𝛾′ in the mass range of 0.01≤𝑚𝛾′≤2.4 GeV/𝑐2.