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Das Leben aller Organismen wird grundlegend durch den tages- und jahreszeitlich bedingten Wechsel der Beleuchtungsverhältnisse geprägt. Die Anpassung der Stoffwechselprozesse und Verhaltensweisen an diese Oszillationen erfolgt nicht passiv, sondern wird durch eine innere Uhr gesteuert. Tageszeitliche Rhythmen, die auch ohne den Einfluss äußerer, periodisch verlaufender Umgebungsreize (Zeitgeber) ablaufen, werden als zirkadiane Rhythmen bezeichnet. Im Säugetier steuert ein endogener Rhythmusgenerator im Nucleus suprachiasmaticus (SCN) zirkadiane Rhythmen, indem er periphere Oszillatoren miteinander synchronisiert. Auf molekularer Ebene besteht dieser endogener Rhythmusgenerator aus Aktivatoren (BMAL1 und CLOCK/NPAS2) und Inhibitoren (PER1/2 und Cry1/2), die in Rückkopplungsschleifen die Grundlage für die Rhythmogenese steuern. Die Synchronisation dieses molekularen Uhrwerkes an die Umgebungszeit erfolgt durch Licht, das in der Retina wahrgenommen und an das SCN weitergeleitet wird. Die Signaltransduktionskaskaden nach einem Lichtpuls in der frühen und der späten Nacht unterscheiden sich dabei wesentlich: Ein Lichtpuls während der frühen Nacht führt zu einer erhöhten Freisetzung von Ca2+-Ionen über Ryanodin Rezeptoren (RYR), während ein Lichtpuls während der späten Nacht zu einer erhöhten Guanylylcyclase Aktivität führt. Um zu untersuchen, wie der endogene Rhythmusgenerator seinen Lichteingang reguliert, wurde die Licht-vermittelte Phasenverzögerung in BMAL1+/+- (profizienten) und BMAL1-/-- (defizienten) Mäusen untersucht. Die Befunde aus den in-situ Hybridisierungsstudien, RTQ-PCR und immunhistochemischen Untersuchungen dieser Arbeit zeigten, dass in BMAL1-/--Mäusen die Licht-induzierte mPer-Expression während der frühen Nacht selektiv beeinträchtigt ist. Zudem konnte gezeigt werden, dass die mRNA- und Proteinmengen von RYRs in BMAL1-/--Mäusen dramatisch reduziert waren. Ryr1:: und Ryr2::Luciferase-Reportersstudien zeigten darüber hinaus, dass die Ryr-Expression durch CLOCK/BMAL1 aktiviert und durch CRY1inhibiert werden kann. Diese Ergebnisse liefern den ersten Beweis dafür, dass der endogene Rhythmusgenerator des Säugers die Signalübertragung seines eigenen Lichteingangs regulieren kann. Weiterhin wurde in dieser Arbeit die ontogenetische Entwicklung des endogenen Rhythmusgenerators im SCN und in einem Melatonin-abhängigen peripheren Oszillator, der PT, untersucht und miteinander verglichen. Dazu wurden die Uhrengenproteine im fetalen (E18), postnatalen (P2 & P10) und adulten SCN und in der PT von C3H-Mäusen zu vier verschiedenen zirkadianen Zeitpunkten mittels Immunhistochemie untersucht. Die Anzahl immunreaktiver SCN-Zellen gegen alle untersuchten Uhrengenproteine (außer BMAL1) war im Fetus signifikant niedriger, als in der adulten Maus. Auch im SCN neonataler (P2) Mäuse erreichte die Anzahl immunreaktiver Zellen noch nicht das Niveau der adulten Maus. Erst 10 Tage nach der Geburt (P10) zeigen alle Uhrengenproteine im SCN ein adultes Verteilungsmuster. Offenbar reift das Uhrwerk im SCN von Mäusen graduell während der postnatalen Entwicklungsphase. Dabei besteht eine zeitliche Korrelation zwischen der Reifung des endogenen Rhythmusgenerators im SCN und der Ausbildung von inter-suprachiasmatischen und retino-suprachiaamatischen neuronalen Kontakten. Im Gegensatz zum SCN zeigte der Melatonin-abhängigen Oszilllator in der PT bereits im Fetus einen nahezu vollständig ausgeprägten Rhythmus der Uhrengenproteine. Da das fetale Pinealorgan noch nicht zur rhythmischen Melatonin-Synthese fähig ist, liegt es nahe, dass das mütterliche Melatonin die rhythmische Expression der Uhrengene in der fetalen PT reguliert. Wie in vitro Untersuchungen an PER2::LUCIFERASE-Mäusen zeigten, hat das mütterliche Melatonin offenbar auch einen modulierenden Einfluss auf den fetalen SCN. Bei diesen Mäusen konnte im fetalen und postnatalen SCN ein zirkadianer Rhythmus in der PER2-Synthese nachgewiesen werden, der eine relativ lange Periodenlänge aufwies und nach 3 Tagen zum Erliegen kam. Eine Stimulation mit Melatonin führte zu einer deutlichen Verkürzung der Periodenlänge im PER2-Rhythmus. Folglich scheint das mütterliche Melatonin eine wichtige Quelle für Informationen der Umgebungszeit im Fetus zu sein. Um die Uhrengenexpression während der Maus-Ontogenese in vitro auf zellulärer Ebene darzustellen, wurde in dieser Arbeit zudem ein vom murinen Per2-Promoter angetriebenes DsRed- Reportersystem etabliert und der Versuch begonnen, eine darauf basierende transgene Maus zu generieren.
Background: Due to the large amount of data produced by advanced microscopy, automated image analysis is crucial in modern biology. Most applications require reliable cell nuclei segmentation. However, in many biological specimens cell nuclei are densely packed and appear to touch one another in the images. Therefore, a major difficulty of three-dimensional cell nuclei segmentation is the decomposition of cell nuclei that apparently touch each other. Current methods are highly adapted to a certain biological specimen or a specific microscope. They do not ensure similarly accurate segmentation performance, i.e. their robustness for different datasets is not guaranteed. Hence, these methods require elaborate adjustments to each dataset.
Results: We present an advanced three-dimensional cell nuclei segmentation algorithm that is accurate and robust. Our approach combines local adaptive pre-processing with decomposition based on Lines-of-Sight (LoS) to separate apparently touching cell nuclei into approximately convex parts. We demonstrate the superior performance of our algorithm using data from different specimens recorded with different microscopes. The three-dimensional images were recorded with confocal and light sheet-based fluorescence microscopes. The specimens are an early mouse embryo and two different cellular spheroids. We compared the segmentation accuracy of our algorithm with ground truth data for the test images and results from state-of-the-art methods. The analysis shows that our method is accurate throughout all test datasets (mean F-measure: 91%) whereas the other methods each failed for at least one dataset (F-measure≤69%). Furthermore, nuclei volume measurements are improved for LoS decomposition. The state-of-the-art methods required laborious adjustments of parameter values to achieve these results. Our LoS algorithm did not require parameter value adjustments. The accurate performance was achieved with one fixed set of parameter values.
Conclusion: We developed a novel and fully automated three-dimensional cell nuclei segmentation method incorporating LoS decomposition. LoS are easily accessible features that ensure correct splitting of apparently touching cell nuclei independent of their shape, size or intensity. Our method showed superior performance compared to state-of-the-art methods, performing accurately for a variety of test images. Hence, our LoS approach can be readily applied to quantitative evaluation in drug testing, developmental and cell biology.
Role of N-cadherin cis and trans interfaces in the dynamics of adherens junctions in living cells
(2013)
Cadherins, Ca2+-dependent adhesion molecules, are crucial for cell-cell junctions and remodeling. Cadherins form inter-junctional lattices by the formation of both cis and trans dimers. Here, we directly visualize and quantify the spatiotemporal dynamics of wild-type and dimer mutant N-cadherin interactions using time-lapse imaging of junction assembly, disassembly and a FRET reporter to assess Ca2+-dependent interactions. A trans dimer mutant (W2A) and a cis mutant (V81D/V174D) exhibited an increased Ca2+-sensitivity for the disassembly of trans dimers compared to the WT, while another mutant (R14E) was insensitive to Ca2+-chelation. Time-lapse imaging of junction assembly and disassembly, monitored in 2D and 3D (using cellular spheroids), revealed kinetic differences in the different mutants as well as different behaviors in the 2D and 3D environment. Taken together, these data provide new insights into the role that the cis and trans dimers play in the dynamic interactions of cadherins.
Rationale: The AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is stimulated by hypoxia, and although the AMPKα1 catalytic subunit has been implicated in angiogenesis, little is known about the role played by the AMPKα2 subunit in vascular repair.
Objective: To determine the role of the AMPKα2 subunit in vascular repair.
Methods and Results: Recovery of blood flow after femoral artery ligation was impaired (>80%) in AMPKα2-/- versus wild-type mice, a phenotype reproduced in mice lacking AMPKα2 in myeloid cells (AMPKα2ΔMC). Three days after ligation, neutrophil infiltration into ischemic limbs of AMPKα2ΔMC mice was lower than that in wild-type mice despite being higher after 24 hours. Neutrophil survival in ischemic tissue is required to attract monocytes that contribute to the angiogenic response. Indeed, apoptosis was increased in hypoxic neutrophils from AMPKα2ΔMC mice, fewer monocytes were recruited, and gene array analysis revealed attenuated expression of proangiogenic proteins in ischemic AMPKα2ΔMC hindlimbs. Many angiogenic growth factors are regulated by hypoxia-inducible factor, and hypoxia-inducible factor-1α induction was attenuated in AMPKα2-deficient cells and accompanied by its enhanced hydroxylation. Also, fewer proteins were regulated by hypoxia in neutrophils from AMPKα2ΔMC mice. Mechanistically, isocitrate dehydrogenase expression and the production of α-ketoglutarate, which negatively regulate hypoxia-inducible factor-1α stability, were attenuated in neutrophils from wild-type mice but remained elevated in cells from AMPKα2ΔMC mice.
Conclusions: AMPKα2 regulates α-ketoglutarate generation, hypoxia-inducible factor-1α stability, and neutrophil survival, which in turn determine further myeloid cell recruitment and repair potential. The activation of AMPKα2 in neutrophils is a decisive event in the initiation of vascular repair after ischemia.
Core Facilities (CF) for advanced light microscopy (ALM) have become indispensable support units for research in the life sciences. Their organizational structure and technical characteristics are quite diverse, although the tasks they pursue and the services they offer are similar. Therefore, throughout Europe, scientists from ALM‐CFs are forming networks to promote interactions and discuss best practice models. Here, we present recommendations for ALM‐CF operations elaborated by the workgroups of the German network of ALM‐CFs, German Bio‐Imaging (GerBI). We address technical aspects of CF planning and instrument maintainance, give advice on the organization and management of an ALM‐CF, propose a scheme for the training of CF users, and provide an overview of current resources for image processing and analysis. Further, we elaborate on the new challenges and opportunities for professional development and careers created by CFs. While some information specifically refers to the German academic system, most of the content of this article is of general interest for CFs in the life sciences.
Background: The complex cellular networks within tumors, the cytokine milieu, and tumor immune escape mechanisms affecting infiltration and anti-tumor activity of immune cells are of great interest to understand tumor formation and to decipher novel access points for cancer therapy. However, cellular in vitro assays, which rely on monolayer cultures of mammalian cell lines, neglect the three-dimensional architecture of a tumor, thus limiting their validity for the in vivo situation.
Methods: Three-dimensional in vivo-like tumor spheroid were established from human cervical carcinoma cell lines as proof of concept to investigate infiltration and cytotoxicity of NK cells in a 96-well plate format, which is applicable for high-throughput screening. Tumor spheroids were monitored for NK cell infiltration and cytotoxicity by flow cytometry. Infiltrated NK cells, could be recovered by magnetic cell separation.
Results: The tumor spheroids were stable over several days with minor alterations in phenotypic appearance. The tumor spheroids expressed high levels of cellular ligands for the natural killer (NK) group 2D receptor (NKG2D), mediating spheroid destruction by primary human NK cells. Interestingly, destruction of a three-dimensional tumor spheroid took much longer when compared to the parental monolayer cultures. Moreover, destruction of tumor spheroids was accompanied by infiltration of a fraction of NK cells, which could be recovered at high purity.
Conclusion: Tumor spheroids represent a versatile in vivo-like model system to study cytotoxicity and infiltration of immune cells in high-throughput screening. This system might proof useful for the investigation of the modulatory potential of soluble factors and cells of the tumor microenvironment on immune cell activity as well as profiling of patient-/donor-derived immune cells to personalize cellular immunotherapy.
