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Um die Biodiversität Burkina Fasos darzustellen und auszuwerten, wurden umfangreiche Diversitätsdaten aus Sammlungsbelegen, Vegetationsaufnahmen und Literatur zusammengestellt. Die eigene Datenerhebung während dreier Feldaufenthalte hat mit > 300 Vegetationsaufnahmen (einschließlich der Biodiversitätsobservatorien) und > 1200 Herbarbelegen dazu beigetragen. Die Verwendung von relationalen Datenbanken (Microsoft Access) und GIS ermöglichte eine umfassende Analyse dieser enormen Datenmengen (> 100 000 Verbreitungspunkte) unter Einbeziehung von weiteren Art- oder ortsgebundenen Informationen. Datenbankstrukturen und Prozeduren wurden zu einem großen Teil selbst entwickelt. Unregelmäßigkeiten in den Primärdaten konnten durch Artverbreitungsmodelle ausgeglichen werden, die rasterbasierte Umweltdaten verwenden, insbesondere Satellitenbilder, Klima- und Höhendaten. Für die zusammenfassenden Analysen (Artenreichtum nach Familie, Lebensform, Photosynthesetyp; turnover) mussten wiederum eigene Prozeduren entwickelt werden. Räumliche Muster der Biodiversität wurden im landesweiten Rahmen, wie auch lokal für die Regionen Oudalan und Gourma, dargestellt. Die Zusammenfassung der Flora nach taxonomischen und ökologischen Gruppen gewährt dabei Einblicke in ökologische Zusammenhänge und die Eignung einzelner Gruppen als Indikatoren. Deutlich zeigen sich die Veränderungen des Lebensformspektrums und des Artenreichtums sowohl auf Landesebene im Zusammenhang mit dem Makroklima als auch in einer detaillierten Analyse des Oudalan – wo der Einfluss von Boden und Relief deutlich wird. Die großräumigen Muster der Artenvielfalt sind hauptsächlich durch klimatische Faktoren geprägt, auch der menschliche Einfluss ist in Form verschiedener Nutzungsformen vom Klima abhängig und schwer davon zu trennen. Umso deutlicher werden die Folgen intensiver Landnutzung aber in den Detailstudien der nordsudanischen Biodiversitätsobservatorien und des sahelischen Wiederbegrünungsprojektes. Über die in diesem Rahmen dargestellten Ergebnisse hinaus ergeben sich insbesondere aus der umfassenden Datenbasis und der interdisziplinären Zusammenarbeit mit Fernerkundung und Ethnobotanik weitere vielversprechende Möglichkeiten. Unter anderem wird auf der Grundlage der Datenbanken und ergänzender Literaturrecherchen eine aktualisierte Checklist der Gefäßpflanzen Burkina Fasos erstellt und eine Revision der phytogeographischen Zonen für Burkina Faso ist geplant.
High-throughput metabarcoding studies on fungi and other eukaryotic microorganisms are rapidly becoming more frequent and more complex, requiring researchers to handle ever increasing amounts of raw sequence data. Here, we provide a flexible pipeline for pruning and analyzing fungal barcode (ITS rDNA) data generated as paired-end reads on Illumina MiSeq sequencers. The pipeline presented includes specific steps fine-tuned for ITS, that are mostly missing from pipelines developed for prokaryotes. It (1) employs state of the art programs and follows best practices in fungal high-throughput metabarcoding; (2) consists of modules and scripts easily modifiable by the user to ensure maximum flexibility with regard to specific needs of a project or future methodological developments; and (3) is straightforward to use, also in classroom settings. We provide detailed descriptions and revision techniques for each step, thus giving the user maximum control over data treatment and avoiding a black-box approach. Employing this pipeline will improve and speed up the tedious and error-prone process of cleaning fungal Illumina metabarcoding data.
To improve data availability and exchange in the area of the WAP complex, West Africa’s largest continuous area of reserves, we set up a citizen science project on the iNaturalist platform, allowing contribution of observations, ideally documented by photographs and/or sounds. Along with the project we created a number of online field guides for the local flora. Within only two months, 852 observations of 312 species have been assembled. We expect this dataset to further grow in the future and complement existing data sets from scientific collections and surveys.
Plants, fungi and algae are important components of global biodiversity and are fundamental to all ecosystems. They are the basis for human well-being, providing food, materials and medicines. Specimens of all three groups of organisms are accommodated in herbaria, where they are commonly referred to as botanical specimens.The large number of specimens in herbaria provides an ample, permanent and continuously improving knowledge base on these organisms and an indispensable source for the analysis of the distribution of species in space and time critical for current and future research relating to global biodiversity. In order to make full use of this resource, a research infrastructure has to be built that grants comprehensive and free access to the information in herbaria and botanical collections in general. This can be achieved through digitization of the botanical objects and associated data.The botanical research community can count on a long-standing tradition of collaboration among institutions and individuals. It agreed on data standards and standard services even before the advent of computerization and information networking, an example being the Index Herbariorum as a global registry of herbaria helping towards the unique identification of specimens cited in the literature.In the spirit of this collaborative history, 51 representatives from 30 institutions advocate to start the digitization of botanical collections with the overall wall-to-wall digitization of the flat objects stored in German herbaria. Germany has 70 herbaria holding almost 23 million specimens according to a national survey carried out in 2019. 87% of these specimens are not yet digitized. Experiences from other countries like France, the Netherlands, Finland, the US and Australia show that herbaria can be comprehensively and cost-efficiently digitized in a relatively short time due to established workflows and protocols for the high-throughput digitization of flat objects.Most of the herbaria are part of a university (34), fewer belong to municipal museums (10) or state museums (8), six herbaria belong to institutions also supported by federal funds such as Leibniz institutes, and four belong to non-governmental organizations. A common data infrastructure must therefore integrate different kinds of institutions.Making full use of the data gained by digitization requires the set-up of a digital infrastructure for storage, archiving, content indexing and networking as well as standardized access for the scientific use of digital objects. A standards-based portfolio of technical components has already been developed and successfully tested by the Biodiversity Informatics Community over the last two decades, comprising among others access protocols, collection databases, portals, tools for semantic enrichment and annotation, international networking, storage and archiving in accordance with international standards. This was achieved through the funding by national and international programs and initiatives, which also paved the road for the German contribution to the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF).Herbaria constitute a large part of the German botanical collections that also comprise living collections in botanical gardens and seed banks, DNA- and tissue samples, specimens preserved in fluids or on microscope slides and more. Once the herbaria are digitized, these resources can be integrated, adding to the value of the overall research infrastructure. The community has agreed on tasks that are shared between the herbaria, as the German GBIF model already successfully demonstrates.We have compiled nine scientific use cases of immediate societal relevance for an integrated infrastructure of botanical collections. They address accelerated biodiversity discovery and research, biomonitoring and conservation planning, biodiversity modelling, the generation of trait information, automated image recognition by artificial intelligence, automated pathogen detection, contextualization by interlinking objects, enabling provenance research, as well as education, outreach and citizen science.We propose to start this initiative now in order to valorize German botanical collections as a vital part of a worldwide biodiversity data pool.