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In der vorliegenden Arbeit sollten die in unserer Arbeitsgruppe identifizierten Splice- Varianten des murinen ARVCF (mARVCF) cloniert und charakterisiert werden. Es wurde gezeigt, daß alle 8 putativen Isoformen im gleichen Maße mit den Zelladhäsions-Molekülen M-, E- und N-Cadherin interagieren können und mit diesen an der Plasmamembran bzw. den Zell-Zellkontakten colocalisieren. Dabei nimmt N-Cadherin eine Sonderstellung ein. Zum einen ist die Interaktion mit endogenem N-Cadherin abhängig vom Zellkontext und zum anderen konnte mit Hilfe des MOM recruitment assays gezeigt werden, daß, im Gegensatz zu MOM-M- und MOM-E-Cadherin, eine Assoziation von mARVCF und MOM-N-Cadherin nicht in jeder Zelle stattfindet. Eine mögliche Konkurrenz von mARVCF mit dem nahe verwandten armadillo repeat Protein p120(ctn) um die Bindestelle in N-Cadherin konnte dabei als Ursache ausgeschlossen werden. Als nächstes wurde im Rahmen dieser Arbeit gezeigt, daß mARVCF eine duale Lokalisation an der Plasmamembran und im Zellkern aufweist. Dabei unterliegt mARVCF einem effektiven Exportmechanismus. Dieser Export kann durch Leptomycin B inhibiert werden, scheint somit also CRM1/exportin1-vermittelt zu sein und wird offenbar durch zwei verschiedene NES (nuclear export signal)-Sequenzen in mARVCF reguliert. Das in der p120(ctn) Subfamilie (zu der auch mARVCF gehört) konservierte NLS (nuclear localisation signal) konnte als für den Protein-Import unwirksam charakterisiert werden. Weiterhin wurde das LIM-only Protein FHL2 als neuer Interaktionspartner von mARVCF identifiziert. Dabei wirkt mARVCF als Mediator zwischen dem Cadherin- Catenin Komplex an der Plasmamembran und dem Interaktionspartner der Integrine FHL2. mARVCF ist in der Lage, FHL2 aus den Fokalkontakten zum Cadherin- Catenin Komplex an der Membran zu translozieren und in den Komplex einzubinden.
Conjugated vaccines consisting of flagellin and antigen activate TLR5 and induce strong innate and adaptive immune responses. Objective of the present study was to gain further insight into the mechanisms by which flagellin fusion proteins mediate their immune modulating effects. In a mouse model of Ova-induced intestinal allergy a fusion protein of flagellin and Ova (rflaA:Ova) was used for intranasal and intraperitoneal vaccination. Aggregation status of flaA, Ova and flaA:Ova were compared by light scattering, uptake of fluorescence labeled proteins into mDC was analyzed, processing was investigated by microsomal digestion experiments. Mechanism of DC-activation was investigated using proteasome and inflammasome inhibitors. Immune responses of wildtype, IL-10−/−, TLR5−/− mDCs and Ova-transgenic T cells were investigated. Mucosal and i.p.-application of rflaA:Ova were able to prevent allergic sensitization, suppress disease-related symptoms, prevent body weight loss and reduction in food uptake. Intranasal vaccination resulted in strongest suppression of Ova-specific IgE production. These protective effects were associated with increased aggregation of rflaA:Ova and accompanied by tenfold higher uptake rates into mDC compared to the mixture of both proteins. Microsomal digestion showed that stimulation with rflaA:Ova resulted in faster degradation and the generation of different peptides compared to rOva. rflaA:Ova-mediated activation of mDC could be suppressed in a dose-dependent manner by the application of both inflammasome and proteasome inhibitors. Using TLR5−/− mDC the rflaA:Ova induced IL-10 secretion was shown to be TLR5 dependent. In co-cultures of IL-10−/− mDC with DO11.10 T cells the lack of rflaA:Ova-mediated IL-10 secretion resulted in enhanced levels of both TH2 (IL-4, IL-5) and TH1 (IL-2 and IFN-y) cytokines. In summary, mucosal vaccination with flaA:Ova showed strongest preventive effect. Stimulation with rflaA:Ova results in strong immune modulation mediated by enhanced uptake of the aggregated fusion protein, likely resulting in a different processing by DC as well as stronger TLR5 mediated cell activation.
Cytokine regulation of high-output nitric oxide (NO) derived from inducible NO synthase (iNOS) is critically involved in inflammation biology and host defense. Herein, we set out to characterize the role of type I interferon (IFN) as potential regulator of hepatic iNOS in vitro and in vivo. In this regard, we identified in murine Hepa1-6 hepatoma cells a potent synergism between pro-inflammatory interleukin-β/tumor necrosis factor-α and immunoregulatory IFNβ as detected by analysis of iNOS expression and nitrite release. Upregulation of iNOS by IFNβ coincided with enhanced binding of signal transducer and activator of transcription-1 to a regulatory region at the murine iNOS promoter known to support target gene expression in response to this signaling pathway. Synergistic iNOS induction under the influence of IFNβ was confirmed in alternate murine Hepa56.1D hepatoma cells and primary hepatocytes. To assess iNOS regulation by type I IFN in vivo, murine acetaminophen (APAP)-induced sterile liver inflammation was investigated. In this model of acute liver injury, excessive necroinflammation drives iNOS expression in diverse liver cell types, among others hepatocytes. Herein, we demonstrate impaired iNOS expression in type I IFN receptor-deficient mice which associated with diminished APAP-induced liver damage. Data presented indicate a vital role of type I IFN within the inflamed liver for fine-tuning pathological processes such as overt iNOS expression.
Identification of a lysosomal peptide transport system induced during dendritic cell development
(2007)
The delivery of protein fragments to major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-loading compartments of professional antigen-presenting cells is essential in the adaptive immune response against pathogens. Apart from the crucial role of the transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP) for peptide loading of MHC class I molecules in the endoplasmic reticulum, TAP-independent translocation pathways have been proposed but not identified so far. Based on its overlapping substrate specificity with TAP, we herein investigated the ABC transporter ABCB9, also named TAP-like (TAPL). Remarkably, TAPL expression is strongly induced during differentiation of monocytes to dendritic cells and to macrophages. TAPL does not, however, restore MHC class I surface expression in TAP-deficient cells, demonstrating that TAPL alone or in combination with single TAP subunits does not form a functional transport complex required for peptide loading of MHC I in the endoplasmic reticulum. In fact, by using quantitative immunofluorescence and subcellular fractionation, TAPL was detected in the lysosomal compartment co-localizing with the lysosome-associated membrane protein LAMP-2. By in vitro assays, we demonstrate a TAPL-specific translocation of peptides into isolated lysosomes, which strictly requires ATP hydrolysis. These results suggest a mechanism by which antigenic peptides have access to the lysosomal compartment in professional antigen-presenting cells.