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Malankari ist eine früheisenzeitliche (ca. 4. Jahrhundert v.Chr.) Fundstelle im Tschadbecken im Nordosten Nigerias. Diese Region wird seit 1989 von Archäologen der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt/Main erforscht, mit dem Schwerpunkt auf dem Übergang der Jäger- und Sammlergruppen zu Pastoralisten und Ackerbauern. Mit der Gajiganna-Kultur des 2. und 1. Jahrtausends v.Chr. wurde dieser Übergang in der Region definiert. Nach einer ökologisch bedingten Krise im frühen 1. Jahrtausends v.Chr. tauchen ab ca. 500 v.Chr. Siedlungen von beträchtlichen Umfang auf. Dazu gehört auch Malankari mit einer geschätzten Grröße von mehr als 30 ha. Diese Magisterarbeit beschreibt die Testgrabungen, die im Frühjahr 2005 durchgeführt wurden, mit besonderem Schwerpunkt auf der Keramikauswertung. Die geomagnetischen Untersuchungen sowie die weiteren Fundkategorien (Archäobotanik, Archäozoologie, Steinartefakte, Tonfiguren) werden ebenfalls besprochen und durch Abbildungen und Tafeln verdeutlicht. Ein aus der Grabung geborgenes Eisenstück ist ein Hinweis darauf, dass die Fundstelle an den Übergang vom Later Stone Age zum Early Iron Age datiert werden kann. Eine regionale Einbindung der Fundstelle wird in den abschließenden Kapiteln vorgenommen. Weitere Grabungen sollten vor allem die umfangreichen, auf den geomagnetischen Bildern zu sehenden Strukturen umfassen.
Since 2009 has the central Nigerian Nok Culture – until then primarily known for its highly artistic terracotta figurines and early evidence of iron working in the first millennium BCE – been the focus of a research project by the Goethe University Frankfurt/Main, Germany. The analysis of Nok sculptures has so far been almost entirely restricted to their stylistic features which show such great similarities that one hypothesis of the Frankfurt project has been the possible central production of these artfully crafted figurines.
This volume, written within the scope of a dissertation project completed in 2015, challenges this hypothesis by using scientific materials analysis. Combining the results of the mineralogical and geochemical analyses as well as geographic and geological observations, an alternative model for the organisation and procedure of the manufacture of the famous Nok terracottas is suggested.
They were – as the domestic pottery that is used for comparison and differentiation in this study – manufactured with locally available raw materials (clay and temper) but in different manufacturing sequences with regard to temper and clay composition. The terracottas’ clay was obviously reserved for their production only, demonstrating – aside from stylistic similarities – the value these figurines had during the Nok Culture.
The Central Nigerian Nok Culture has been well known for its elaborate terracotta sculptures and evidence of iron metallurgy since its discovery by British archaeologist Bernard Fagg in the 1940s. With a date in the first millennium BCE, both, sculptures and ironworking, belong to the earliest of their kind in sub-Saharan Africa. After a period of destruction of Nok sites by looting, scientific research resumed in 2006, when a team of archaeologists from Goethe University in Germany started to explore different Nok Culture aspects, one of which focused on chronology. Establishing a chronology for the Nok Culture employed two approaches: a comprehensive pottery analysis based on decoration and form elements and a wealth of radiocarbon dates from a large number of excavated sites. This volume presents the radiocarbon dates and the methods, data and results of the chronological pottery analysis, conducted within the scope of a dissertation project completed in 2015. Combining the two strands of information, a chronology emerges, dividing the Nok Culture into three phases from the middle of the second millennium BCE to the last centuries BCE and defining seven pottery groups that can be arranged to some extent in a chronological order.