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Non-forest ecosystems, dominated by shrubs, grasses and herbaceous plants, provide ecosystem services including carbon sequestration and forage for grazing, yet are highly sensitive to climatic changes. Yet these ecosystems are poorly represented in remotely-sensed biomass products and are undersampled by in-situ monitoring. Current global change threats emphasise the need for new tools to capture biomass change in non-forest ecosystems at appropriate scales. Here we assess whether canopy height inferred from drone photogrammetry allows the estimation of aboveground biomass (AGB) across low-stature plant species sampled through a global site network. We found mean canopy height is strongly predictive of AGB across species, demonstrating standardised photogrammetric approaches are generalisable across growth forms and environmental settings. Biomass per-unit-of-height was similar within, but different among, plant functional types. We find drone-based photogrammetry allows for monitoring of AGB across large spatial extents and can advance understanding of understudied and vulnerable non-forested ecosystems across the globe.
The more difficult it is to access a research field, the more substantial the need to develop creative methodological models. Investigating the psychosocial impact of migration-related carceral spaces constitutes one such research field. To shed light on these spaces and counter the challenges of opacity, harm, and power asymmetries, we propose a psycho-geographical counter-mapping as a mixed methods approach based on grounded theory (MM-GT). Applying it to immigration detention and refugee confinement sites in Mexico and Samos, our analysis proposes a fully integrated and sequential design that can be adapted to a range of carceral spaces and subjectivation in transdisciplinary research.
Analyzing (448.1±2.9)×106 ψ(3686) events collected with the BESIII detector at the BEPCII collider, the ψ(3686)→ωK0SK0S decay is observed for the first time. The branching fraction for this decay is determined to be Bψ(3686)→ωK0SK0S=(7.04±0.39±0.36)×10−5, where the first uncertainty is statistical and the second is systematic.
Intermediate Mass Ratio Inspirals (IMRIs) will be observable with space-based gravitational wave detectors such as the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA). To this end, the environmental effects in such systems have to be modeled and understood. These effects can include (baryonic) accretion disks and dark matter (DM) overdensities, so called spikes. For the first time, we model an IMRI system with both an accretion disk and a DM spike present and compare their effects on the inspiral and the emitted gravitational wave signal. We study the eccentricity evolution, employ the braking index and derive the dephasing index, which turn out to be complementary observational signatures. They allow us to disentangle the accretion disk and DM spike effects in the IMRI system.
Intermediate Mass Ratio Inspirals (IMRIs) will be observable with space-based gravitational wave detectors such as the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA). To this end, the environmental effects in such systems have to be modeled and understood. These effects can include (baryonic) accretion disks and dark matter (DM) overdensities, so called spikes. For the first time, we model an IMRI system with both an accretion disk and a DM spike present and compare their effects on the inspiral and the emitted gravitational wave signal. We study the eccentricity evolution, employ the braking index and derive the dephasing index, which turn out to be complementary observational signatures. They allow us to disentangle the accretion disk and DM spike effects in the IMRI system.
Schülerlabor Künstliche Intelligenz – Verhaltensforschung im Biologieunterricht mit neuen Methoden
(2023)
Die Verhaltensbiologie ist ein wichtiger Inhalt im Biologieunterricht. Das zielgerichtete, forschende Beobachten bereitet den Schüler/-innen jedoch häufg Schwierigkeiten und sollte vor allem praktisch eingeübt werden. Das Schülerlabor KILab bietet dafür eine innovative Möglichkeit.
Manipulation of neuronal or muscular activity by optogenetics or other stimuli can be directly linked to the analysis of Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) body length. Thus, WormRuler was developed as an open-source video analysis toolbox that offers video processing and data analysis in one application. Utilizing this novel tool, the super red-shifted channelrhodopsin variant, ChrimsonSA, was characterized in C. elegans. Expression and activation of ChrimsonSA in GABAergic motor neurons results in their depolarization and therefore elongation of body length, the extent of which providing information about the strength of neuronal transmission.
The relationship between external and internal load parameters in 3 × 3 basketball tournaments
(2022)
Purpose: 3 × 3 basketball games are characterized by high-intensity accelerations and decelerations, and a high number of changes of direction and jumps. It is played in tournament form with multiple games per day. Therefore, optimal regeneration is crucial for maintaining a high performance level over the course of the tournament. To elucidate how load of a match affects the athletes' bodies (i.e., internal load), muscular responses to the load of 3 × 3 games were analyzed. We aimed to investigate changes in contractility of the m. rectus femoris (RF) and m. gastrocnemius medialis (GC) in response to the load of single 3 × 3 games and a 3 × 3 tournament.
Methods: Inertial movement analysis was conducted to capture game load in 3 × 3. Changes in contractility were measured using tensiomyography (TMG). During a two-day tournament, TMG measurements were conducted in the morning and after each game. Additionally, off-game performance analysis consisting of jump and change-of-direction (COD) tests was conducted the day before the tournament.
Results: Significant changes of the muscle contractility were found for GC with TMG values being higher in the baseline than in the post-game measurements. In contrast to athletes of the GC group, athletes of the RF group responded with either decreased or increased muscle contractility after a single 3 × 3 game. A significant correlation between external and internal load parameters could not be shown. Concerning off-game performance, significant correlations can be reported for COD test duration, CMJ height and ∆Vc as well as COD test duration and ∆Dm. No systematic changes in muscle contractility were found over the course of the tournament in RF and GC.
Conclusion: The athletes' external 3 × 3 game load and their performance level did not seem to affect muscular contractility after a single 3 × 3 game or a complete 3 × 3 tournament within this investigation. This might indicate that elite athletes can resist external load without relevant local muscular fatigue. With respect to the course of the tournament, it can therefore be concluded that the breaks between games seem to be sufficient to return to the initial level of muscle contractility.
Significant progress has been made in the management of Wilms tumor (WT) in recent years, mostly as a result of collaborative efforts and the implementation of protocol-driven, multimodal therapy. This article offers a comprehensive overview of current multidisciplinary treatment strategies for WT, whilst also addressing recent technical innovations including nephron-sparing surgery (NSS) and minimally invasive approaches. In addition, surgical concepts for the treatment of metastatic disease, advances in tumor imaging technology and potentially prognostic biomarkers will be discussed. Current evidence suggests that, in experienced hands and selected cases, laparoscopic radical nephrectomy and laparoscopic-assisted partial nephrectomy for WT may offer the same outcome as the traditional open approach. While NSS is the standard procedure for bilateral WT, NSS has evolved as an alternative technique in patients with smaller unilateral WT and in cases with imminent renal failure. Metastatic disease of the lung or liver that is associated with WT is preferably treated with a three-drug chemotherapy and local radiation therapy. However, surgical sampling of lung nodules may be advisable in persistent nodules before whole lung irradiation is commenced. Several tumor markers such as loss of heterozygosity of chromosomes 1p/16q, 11p15 and gain of function at 1q are associated with an increased risk of recurrence or a decreased risk of overall survival in patients with WT. In summary, complete resection with tumor-free margins remains the primary surgical aim in WT, while NSS and minimally invasive approaches are only suitable in a subset of patients with smaller WT and low-risk disease. In the future, advances in tumor imaging technology may assist the surgeon in defining surgical resection margins and additional biomarkers may emerge as targets for development of new diagnostic tests and potential therapies.
Objectiv:e To explore the association of physical activity (PA) with musculoskeletal pain (MSK pain).
Design: Cross-sectional study
Setting: 14 countries (Argentina, Australia, Austria, Brazil, Chile, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Singapore, South Africa, Spain, Switzerland and the USA).
Participants: Individuals aged 18 or older.
Primary and secondary outcome measures: PA volumes were assessed with an adapted version of the Nordic Physical Activity Questionnaire-short. Prevalence of MSK pain was captured by means of a 20-item checklist of body locations. Based on the WHO recommendation on PA, participants were classified as non-compliers (0–150 min/week), compliers (150–300 min/week), double compliers (300–450 min/week), triple compliers (450–600 min/week), quadruple compliers (600–750 min/week), quintuple compliers (750–900 min/week) and top compliers (more than 900 min/week). Multivariate logistic regression was used to obtain adjusted ORs of the association between PA and MSK pain for each body location, correcting for age, sex, employment status and depression risk.
Results: A total of 13 741 participants completed the survey. Compared with non-compliers, compliers had smaller odds of MSK pain in one location (thoracic pain, OR 0.77, 95% CI 0.64 to 0.93). Double compliance was associated with reduced pain occurrence in six locations (elbow, OR 0.70, 95% CI 0.50 to 0.98; forearm, OR 0.63, 95% CI 0.40 to 0.99; wrist, OR 0.74, 95% CI 0.57 to 0.98; hand, OR 0.57, 95% CI 0.40 to 0.79; fingers, OR 0.72, 95% CI 0.52 to 0.99; abdomen, OR 0.61, 95% CI 0.41 to 0.91). Triple to top compliance was also linked with lower odds of MSK pain (five locations in triple compliance, three in quadruple compliance, two in quintuple compliance, three in top compliance), but, at the same time, presented increased odds of MSK pain in some of the other locations.
Conclusion: A dose of 300–450 min WHO-equivalent PA/week was associated with lower odds of MSK pain in six body locations. On the other hand, excessive doses of PA were associated with higher odds of pain in certain body locations.
The international system of states displays an inherent drive to territorialize the global commons. But territorialization is not a continuous process—it occurs in episodes. In this article, I use one case from ocean governance, the expansion of territory into near‐shore areas of the seas, to advance a twofold argument about the nature of these episodes. First, I argue that the root causes of this drive to territorialize “empty space” are located in global politics, norms, and economics. Second, a territorializing episode occurs when there are impelling economic incentives, and when great powers are unable or unwilling to oppose territorialization. However, this can lead to different outcomes: sovereign territories, functional territories, or internationalized territories. Oceanic space has seen a series of these territorializing episodes since the end of the Second World War and functional territorialization has become more prevalent over time.
Social identification is health-beneficial as social groups provide social support (i.e., the social cure effect). We study this social cure effect in diabetes patients by focusing on two relevant sources of social support, namely medical practitioners (MP) and fellow patients. As both groups have diabetes-specific knowledge, we predict that sharing an identity with them provides access to specific support, which, in turn, optimizes individuals’ diabetes management and reduces diabetes-related stress. We further predict that identifying with their MP or fellow patients will be more strongly related to perceived social support among individuals with lower diabetes-specific resilience because they pay more attention to supportive cues. We tested this moderated mediation model in a two-wave study with n = 200 diabetes patients. Identification with the MP related to more support, which, in turn, was related to better diabetes management and less diabetes-specific stress. Identification with fellow patients related to more support; however, social support was unrelated to diabetes management and stress. Resilience only moderated the relationship between MP identification and support, as people with lower resilience levels reported more support from their MP. This study shows the importance of social identification with the MP and other diabetes patients, especially for people with lower resilience levels.
Based on (10087±44)×106 J/ψ events collected with the BESIII detector, the process J/ψ→γπ+π−η′ is studied using two dominant decay channels of the η′ meson, η′→γπ+π− and η′→ηπ+π−,η→γγ. The X(2600) is observed with a statistical significance larger than 20σ in the π+π−η′ invariant mass spectrum, and it has a strong correlation to a structure around 1.5 GeV/{\it c}2 in the π+π− invariant mass spectrum. A simultaneous fit on the π+π−η′ and π+π− invariant mass spectra with the two η′ decay modes indicates that the mass and width of the X(2600) state are 2617.8±2.1+18.2−1.9 MeV/{\it c}2 and 200±8+20−17 MeV, respectively. The corresponding branching fractions are measured to be B(J/ψ→γX(2600))⋅B(X(2600)→f0(1500)η′)⋅B(f0(1500)→π+π−) = (3.39±0.18+0.91−0.66)×10−5 and B(J/ψ→γX(2600))⋅B(X(2600)→f′2(1525)η′)⋅B(f′2(1525)→π+π−) = (2.43±0.13+0.31−1.11)×10−5, where the first uncertainties are statistical, and the second systematic.
Based on a sample of (10.09±0.04)×109 J/ψ events collected with the BESIII detector operating at the BEPCII storage ring, a partial wave analysis of the decay J/ψ→γηη′ is performed. An isoscalar state with exotic quantum numbers JPC=1−+, denoted as η1(1855), has been observed for the first time with statistical significance larger than 19σ. Its mass and width are measured to be (1855±9+6−1)~MeV/c2 and (188±18+3−8)~MeV, respectively. The product branching fraction B(J/ψ→γη1(1855)→γηη′) is measured to be (2.70±0.41+0.16−0.35)×10−6. The first uncertainties are statistical and the second are systematic. In addition, an upper limit on the branching ratio B(f0(1710)→ηη′)/B(f0(1710)→ππ) is determined to be 1.61×10−3 at 90\% confidence level, which lends support to the hypothesis that the f0(1710) has a large glueball component.
Study of ψ(3686) → ΛΛ¯ω
(2022)
Based on a data sample of (448.1±2.9)×106 ψ(3686) events collected with the BESIII detector at the BEPCII collider, the branching fraction of ψ(3686)→ΛΛ¯ω is measured to be (3.30±0.34(stat.)±0.29(syst.))×10−5 for the first time. In addition, the Λω (or Λ¯ω) invariant mass spectra is studied and the potential presence of excited Λ states has been investigated.
The study of the Cabibbo-favored semileptonic decay Λ+𝑐→Λ𝑒+𝜈𝑒 is reported using a 4.5 fb−1 data sample of 𝑒+𝑒− annihilations collected at center-of-mass energies ranging from 4.600 GeV to 4.699 GeV with the BESIII detector at the BEPCII collider. The branching fraction of the decay is measured to be ℬ(Λ+𝑐→Λ𝑒+𝜈𝑒)=(3.56±0.11stat±0.07syst)%, which is the most precise measurement to date. Furthermore, we perform an investigation of the internal dynamics in Λ+𝑐→Λ𝑒+𝜈𝑒. We provide the first direct comparisons of the differential decay rate and form factors with those predicted from lattice quantum chromodynamics (LQCD) calculations. Combining the measured branching fraction with a 𝑞2-integrated rate predicted by LQCD, we determine 𝑉𝑐𝑠|=0.936±0.017ℬ±0.024LQCD±0.007𝜏Λ𝑐.
Based on a sample of 4.4 fb−1 of e+e− annihilation data collected in the energy region between 4.6 GeV and 4.7 GeV with the BESIII detector at BEPCII, two singly Cabibbo-suppressed decays Λ+c→Σ0K+ and Λ+c→Σ+K0S are studied. The ratio of the branching fraction B(Λ+c→Σ0K+) relative to B(Λ+c→Σ0π+) is measured to be 0.0361±0.0073(stat.)±0.0005(syst.), and the ratio of B(Λ+c→Σ+K0S) relative to B(Λ+c→Σ+π+π−) is measured to be 0.0106±0.0031(stat.)±0.0004(syst.). After taking the world-average branching fractions of the reference decay channels, the branching fractions B(Λ+c→Σ0K+) and B(Λ+c→Σ+K0S) are determined to be (4.7±0.9(stat.)±0.1(syst.)±0.3(ref.))×10−4 and (4.8±1.4(stat.)±0.2(syst.)±0.3(ref.))×10−4, respectively. The branching fraction of the Λ+c→Σ+K0S decay is measured for the first time.
Using 4.5 fb−1 of e+e− annihilation data samples collected at the center-of-mass energies ranging from 4.600~GeV to 4.699~GeV with the BESIII detector at the BEPCII collider, a first study of the semileptonic decays Λ+c→pK−e+νe, Λ+c→Λ(1520)e+νe and Λ+c→Λ(1405)e+νe is performed. The Λ+c→pK−e+νe decay is observed with a significance of 8.2σ and the branching fraction is measured to be B(Λ+c→pK−e+νe)=(0.88±0.17stat.±0.07syst.)×10−3. We also report evidence of Λ+c→Λ(1520)e+νe and Λ+c→Λ(1405)e+νe with significances of 3.3σ and 3.2σ, respectively, and measure B(Λ+c→Λ(1520)e+νe)=(1.02±0.52stat.±0.11syst.)×10−3 and B(Λ+c→Λ(1405)[→pK−]e+νe)=(0.42±0.19stat.±0.04syst.)×10−3. Combining these with the inclusive semileptonic Λ+c branching fraction measured by BESIII, the relative fraction is determined to be [B(Λ+c→pK−e+νe)/B(Λ+c→Xe+νe)]=(2.1±0.4stat.±0.2syst.)%, which provides a clear confirmation that semileptonic Λ+c decays are not saturated by the Λℓ+νℓ final state.
Using (448.1±2.9)×106 ψ(3686) events collected with the BESIII detector, we perform the first search for the weak baryonic decay ψ(3686)→Λ+cΣ¯−+c.c.. The analysis procedure is optimized using a blinded method. No significant signal is observed, and the upper limit on the branching fraction (B) of ψ(3686)→Λ+cΣ¯−+c.c. is set to be 1.4×10−5 at the 90\% confidence level.
Using (448.1±2.9)×106 ψ(3686) events collected with the BESIII detector, we perform the first search for the weak baryonic decay ψ(3686)→Λ+cΣ¯−+c.c.. The analysis procedure is optimized using a blinded method. No significant signal is observed, and the upper limit on the branching fraction (B) of ψ(3686)→Λ+cΣ¯−+c.c. is set to be 1.4×10−5 at the 90\% confidence level.