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Simple Summary: In patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN) and in patients with kidney dysfunction, a higher rate of thrombosis has been reported compared with the general population. Furthermore, MPN patients are more prone to develop kidney dysfunction. In our study, we assessed the importance of specific risk factors for kidney dysfunction and thrombosis in MPN patients. We found that the rate of thrombosis is correlated with the degree of kidney dysfunction, especially in myelofibrosis. Significant associations for kidney dysfunction included arterial hypertension, MPN treatment, and increased inflammation, and those for thrombosis comprised arterial hypertension, non-excessive platelet counts, and antithrombotic therapy. The identified risk factor associations varied between MPN subtypes. Our data suggest that kidney dysfunction in MPN patients is associated with an increased risk of thrombosis, mandating closer monitoring, and, possibly, early thromboprophylaxis.
Abstract: Inflammation-induced thrombosis represents a severe complication in patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN) and in those with kidney dysfunction. Overlapping disease-specific attributes suggest common mechanisms involved in MPN pathogenesis, kidney dysfunction, and thrombosis. Data from 1420 patients with essential thrombocythemia (ET, 33.7%), polycythemia vera (PV, 38.5%), and myelofibrosis (MF, 27.9%) were extracted from the bioregistry of the German Study Group for MPN. The total cohort was subdivided according to the calculated estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR, (mL/min/1.73 m2)) into eGFR1 (≥90, 21%), eGFR2 (60–89, 56%), and eGFR3 (<60, 22%). A total of 29% of the patients had a history of thrombosis. A higher rate of thrombosis and longer MPN duration was observed in eGFR3 than in eGFR2 and eGFR1. Kidney dysfunction occurred earlier in ET than in PV or MF. Multiple logistic regression analysis identified arterial hypertension, MPN treatment, increased uric acid, and lactate dehydrogenase levels as risk factors for kidney dysfunction in MPN patients. Risk factors for thrombosis included arterial hypertension, non-excessive platelet counts, and antithrombotic therapy. The risk factors for kidney dysfunction and thrombosis varied between MPN subtypes. Physicians should be aware of the increased risk for kidney disease in MPN patients, which warrants closer monitoring and, possibly, early thromboprophylaxis.
Background: Autism spectrum disorder (“autism”) is a highly heterogeneous neurodevelopmental condition with few effective treatments for core and associated features. To make progress we need to both identify and validate neural markers that help to parse heterogeneity to tailor therapies to specific neurobiological profiles. Atypical hemispheric lateralization is a stable feature across studies in autism, but its potential as a neural stratification marker has not been widely examined. Methods: In order to dissect heterogeneity in lateralization in autism, we used the large EU-AIMS (European Autism Interventions—A Multicentre Study for Developing New Medications) Longitudinal European Autism Project dataset comprising 352 individuals with autism and 233 neurotypical control subjects as well as a replication dataset from ABIDE (Autism Brain Imaging Data Exchange) (513 individuals with autism, 691 neurotypical subjects) using a promising approach that moves beyond mean group comparisons. We derived gray matter voxelwise laterality values for each subject and modeled individual deviations from the normative pattern of brain laterality across age using normative modeling. Results: Individuals with autism had highly individualized patterns of both extreme right- and leftward deviations, particularly in language, motor, and visuospatial regions, associated with symptom severity. Language delay explained most variance in extreme rightward patterns, whereas core autism symptom severity explained most variance in extreme leftward patterns. Follow-up analyses showed that a stepwise pattern emerged, with individuals with autism with language delay showing more pronounced rightward deviations than individuals with autism without language delay. Conclusions: Our analyses corroborate the need for novel (dimensional) approaches to delineate the heterogeneous neuroanatomy in autism and indicate that atypical lateralization may constitute a neurophenotype for clinically meaningful stratification in autism.
The role and timing of radiotherapy (RT) in prostate cancer (PCa) patients treated with radical prostatectomy (RP) remains controversial. While recent trials support the oncological safety of early salvage RT (SRT) compared to adjuvant RT (ART) in selected patients, previous randomized studies demonstrated that ART might improve recurrence-free survival in patients at high risk for local recurrence based on adverse pathology. Although ART might improve survival, this approach is characterized by a risk of overtreatment in up to 40% of cases. SRT is defined as the administration of RT to the prostatic bed and to the surrounding tissues in the patient with PSA recurrence after surgery but no evidence of distant metastatic disease. The delivery of salvage therapies exclusively in men who experience biochemical recurrence (BCR) has the potential advantage of reducing the risk of side effects without theoretically compromising outcomes. However, how to select patients at risk of progression who are more likely to benefit from a more aggressive treatment after RP, the exact timing of RT after RP, and the use of hormone therapy and its duration at the time of RT are still open issues. Moreover, what the role of novel imaging techniques and genomic classifiers are in identifying the most optimal post-operative management of PCa patients treated with RP is yet to be clarified. This narrative review summarizes most relevant published data to guide a multidisciplinary team in selecting appropriate candidates for post-prostatectomy radiation therapy.
Focal therapy is a modern alternative to selectively treat a specific part of the prostate harboring clinically significant disease while preserving the rest of the gland. The aim of this therapeutic approach is to retain the oncological benefit of active treatment and to minimize the side-effects of common radical treatments. The oncological effectiveness of focal therapy is yet to be proven in long-term robust trials. In contrast, the toxicity profile is well-established in randomized controlled trials and multiple robust prospective cohort studies. This narrative review summarizes the relevant evidence on complications and their management after focal therapy. When compared to whole gland treatments, focal therapy provides a substantial benefit in terms of adverse events reduction and preservation of genito-urinary function. The most common complications occur in the peri-operative period. Urinary tract infection and acute urinary retention can occur in up to 17% of patients, while dysuria and haematuria are more common. Urinary incontinence following focal therapy is very rare (0–5%), and the vast majority of patients recover in few weeks. Erectile dysfunction can occur after focal therapy in 0–46%: the baseline function and the ablation template are the most important factors predicting post-operative erectile dysfunction. Focal therapy in the salvage setting after external beam radiotherapy has a significantly higher rate of complications. Up to one man in 10 will present a severe complication.
The identification of unknown bodies is the fulfilment of a moral obligation towards the deceased, serves to maintain legal security within a society, and gives families the certainty they need to mourn. Taking into account respective local conditions, the aim should always be to achieve a secure and quick identification. To achieve this goal, a functioning cooperation between investigating authorities and forensic sciences is essential. The main objective of this study was to clarify the potential role of tattoos in the identification process of unknown deceased persons in the state of Jalisco, Mexico. Post-mortem data of 2045 bodies from the Instituto Jaliscience de Ciencias Forenses in Guadalajara were evaluated. Of the deceased 46% were tattooed (male: 47%, female: 39%), with 29% of all bodies (male: 29%, female: 26%) showing tattoos at body locations usually visible in everyday life (i.e. head and neck, forearms and hands). The male bodies were most frequently tattooed on the shoulders and upper arms, followed by the forearms and hands and the torso. Female bodies mostly showed tattoos on the forearms and hands, followed by the torso and legs. Taking local tattooing habits into account, the authors developed a classification for tattoo motives. With decreasing frequency, the following keywords could be assigned to the motives: letters and/or numbers, human, symbol (other), plant, symbol (religious), animal, object, tribal/ornament/geometry, fantasy/demon/comic, other. Results of the study indicate the great importance of tattoos as a possible mean of identification in Jalisco, Mexico – either as a stand-alone identification method, as a complementary tool or for planning and prioritizing subsequent investigations.
Akzidentielle Injektion eines unbekannten Notfallantidots zur Acetylcholinesteraseaktivierung
(2021)
In the current dismal situation of the COVID-19 pandemic, effective management of patients with pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome is of vital importance. Due to the current lack of effective pharmacological concepts, this situation has caused interest in (re)considering historical reports on the treatment of patients with low-dose radiation therapy for pneumonia. Although these historical reports are of low-level evidence per se, hampering recommendations for decision-making in the clinical setting, they indicate effectiveness in the dose range between 0.3 and 1 Gy, similar to more recent dose concepts in the treatment of acute and chronic inflammatory/degenerative benign diseases with, e.g., a single dose per fraction of 0.5 Gy. This concise review aims to critically review the evidence for low-dose radiation treatment of COVID-19 pneumopathy and discuss whether it is worth investigating in the present clinical situation.
Aims: SARS-CoV-2 infection is associated with adverse outcomes in patients with cardiovascular disease. Here, we analyzed whether specific biomarkers predict the clinical course of COVID-19 in patients with cardiovascular comorbidities. Methods and results: We enrolled 2147 patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection which were included in the Lean European Open Survey on SARS-CoV‑2 (LEOSS)-registry from March to June 2020. Clinical data and laboratory values were collected and compared between patients with and without cardiovascular comorbidities in different clinical stages of the disease. Predictors for mortality were calculated using multivariate regression analysis. We show that patients with cardiovascular comorbidities display significantly higher markers of myocardial injury and thrombo-inflammatory activation already in the uncomplicated phase of COVID-19. In multivariate analysis, elevated levels of troponin [OR 1.54; (95% CI 1.22–1.96), p < 0.001)], IL-6 [OR 1.69 (95% CI 1.26–2.27), p < 0.013)], and CRP [OR 1.32; (95% CI 1.1–1.58), p < 0.003)] were predictors of mortality in patients with COVID-19. Conclusion: Patients with cardiovascular comorbidities show elevated markers of thrombo-inflammatory activation and myocardial injury, which predict mortality, already in the uncomplicated phase of COVID-19. Starting targeted anti-inflammatory therapy and aggressive anticoagulation already in the uncomplicated phase of the disease might improve outcomes after SARS-CoV-2 infection in patients with cardiovascular comorbidities.
Background: The high-oblique sagittal osteotomy (HOSO) is an alternative to a bilateral sagittal split osteotomy (BSSO). Due to its novelty, there are no long-term studies which have focused on describing the incidence and type of complications encountered in the post-operative follow-up. The aim of this retrospective study is to analyze patients operated on with this surgical technique and the post-operative complications encountered. Patient and methods: The electronic medical records of all patients treated with orthognathic surgery at the Department of Oral, Maxillofacial and Facial Plastic Surgery, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany, between the years 2009 and 2016 were retrospectively reviewed. Results: A total of 116 patients fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The cases operated on with the standard osteosynthesis (X, Y, and straight) showed a complication rate of 36.37% (n = 4/11). The cases operated on with the HOSO-dedicated plates (HOSO-DP) showed, in total, a complication rate of 6.67% (n = 7/105). The most common post-operative complication resulting from both fixation methods was a reduction in mouth opening and TMJ pain for 4.3%. During the first years of performing the surgery (2009–211), a variety of standard plates had material failure causing non-union or pseudarthrosis. No cases of material failure were observed in the cases operated on with the HOSO-DP. The statistical results showed a highly significant dependence of a reduction in OP-time over the years, when the HOSO was performed without additional procedures (R2 > 0.83, P < 0.0015). Conclusion: The rate of complications in the HOSO were shown to be comparable to the rate of complications from the BSSO reported in the literature. Moreover, the use of the ramus dedicated plate appears to provide enough stability to the bone segments, making the surgery safer. Clinical relevance: The HOSO needs to be considered by surgeons as an alternative to BSSO. Once the use of the HOSO-DP was established, the rate of complications and the operation time reduced considerably.
Ventrikulitis bezeichnet eine Infektion der inneren Liquorräume des Gehirns. Sie tritt gehäuft nach neurochirurgischen Eingriffen, wie z.B. der Anlage einer EVD oder eines VP-Shunts auf, da die Fremdkörper als Eintrittspforten für Bakterien dienen können. Zur Therapie der Ventrikulitis werden am Universitätsklinikum Frankfurt nach hausinternem Standard Meropenem und Vancomycin verwendet. Bei beiden Antibiotika ist für die Therapie von entscheidender Bedeutung, dass ihre Wirkstoffkonzentration über einen möglichst langen Zeitraum oberhalb der MHK liegt. Bei der Ventrikulitis ist insbesondere die Wirkstoffkonzentration im Liquor ausschlaggebend. Problematisch ist bei der Therapie, dass die verabreichten Antibiotika die Blut-Hirn-Schranke überwinden müssen. Diese ist im Normalfall für Medikamente schwer durchlässig, allerdings kann ihre Barrierefunktion durch Infektionen abgeschwächt sein. Zur Therapie der Ventrikulitis wurden als Standard im Universitätsklinikum Frankfurt am Main bislang 3x2g Meropenem und 2x1g Vancomycin täglich als diskontinuierlicher, verlängerter Bolus verabreicht.
In einer Studie von Blassmann et al.191 zeigte sich, dass sich durch dieses Dosisregime nur in etwa der Hälfte der Fälle eine ausreichende Wirkstoffkonzentration im Liquor einstellte. Daraus ergab sich die Fragestellung, ob durch kontinuierliche TDM-gesteuerte Gabe von Meropenem und Vancomycin (wie sie seit 2016 in der Neurochirurgie des Universitätsklinikums Frankfurt angewandt wird) höhere Liquorspiegel zu erreichen sind, und ob sich Nomogramme für die Eindosierung und Dosisanpassung für Parameter, wie die Kreatinin-Clearance, erstellen lassen.
Um der Fragestellung auf den Grund zu gehen, wurden neun Patienten, die an Ventrikulitis erkrankt waren und mit diesem Dosisregime behandelt wurden, in diese Studie eingeschlossen. Hauptzielgrößen waren die Serum- und Liquorkonzentration von Meropenem und Vancomycin. Darüber hinaus wurden vor allem Entzündungsparameter und Nierenfunktionsparameter erfasst. Für die Eindosierung wurden modifizierte Nomogramme einer Studie verwendet, in der Sepsis-Patienten mittels kontinuierlicher Infusion von Meropenem und Vancomycin behandelt wurden.
Die entnommenen Serum- und Liquorproben wurden an die Apotheke des Klinikums Heidenheim versendet und dort analysiert. Jeweils 24 Stunden nach den Messungen erfolgten notwendige Dosisanpassungen, während weitere 24 Stunden später erneut gemessen wurde.
Die Auswertung der Ergebnisse ergab, dass die verwendeten Dosierungen deutlich über den bisherigen Standarddosierungen beider Medikamente lagen. Die resultierenden Wirkstoffkonzentrationen im Serum und im Liquor befanden sich fast ausschließlich innerhalb des angestrebten Intervalls. Die Entzündungsparameter nahmen im Verlauf ab, während die Nierenfunktionsparameter konstant blieben, oder sich trotz hoher Dosierung von Vancomycin sogar verbessert haben.
Die Simulation des Modells ergab zunächst eine Diskrepanz zwischen gemessenen und simulierten Werten. Nach einer Parameteranpassung gelang es, das Verhalten der Meropenemkonzentrationen in dem untersuchten Dosisregime besser zu simulieren, während bei Vancomycin weiterhin Abweichungen bestehen blieben. Mit den neu geschätzten Parametern wurde für Meropenem eine neue Simulation durchgeführt, um die Dosis zu optimieren. Außerdem wurde der Zusammenhang zwischen der Meropenem- und der Kreatinin-Clearance überprüft. Im letzten Schritt wurden aus der optimierten Dosis und der initialen bzw. mittleren Kreatinin-Clearance Nomogramme erstellt, wobei die optimierte Dosis in zwei Nomogrammen auch auf das Körpergewicht des jeweiligen Patienten bezogen wurde. Daraus ergaben sich schließlich die Nomogramme für die Eindosierung und Dosisanpassung für Meropenem.
Als Fazit lässt sich in Bezug auf die Eingangsfrage festhalten, dass durch kontinuierliche TDM-gesteuerte Gabe von Meropenem und Vancomycin viel zuverlässiger wirksame Liquorspiegel dieser Medikamente zu erreichen sind als mit der bisherigen Standarddosierung. Außerdem konnten für Meropenem Nomogramme für die Eindosierung und Dosisanpassung erstellt werden, während die fehlende Korrelation der Vancomycinwerte mit der Kreatinin-Clearance dies nicht zuließ. Für Vancomycin muss daher eine mindestens tägliche Konzentrationsmessung empfohlen werden.
Grundsätzlich bleibt aber festzuhalten, dass durch die kontinuierliche TDM-gesteuerte Gabe viel zuverlässiger wirksame Liquorkonzentrationen der beiden Antibiotika erreicht werden konnten, verglichen mit der diskontinuierlichen Gabe.