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Prosodic focus in Vietnamese
(2007)
This paper reports on pilot work on the expression of Information Structure in Vietnamese and argues that Focus in Vietnamese is exclusively expressed prosodically: there are no specific focus markers, and the language uses phonology to express intonational emphasis in similar ways to languages like English or German. The exploratory data indicates that (i) focus is prosodically expressed while word order remains constant, (ii) listeners show good recoverability of the intended focus structure, and (iii) that there is a trading relationship between several phonetic parameters (duration, f0, amplitude) involved to signal prosodic (acoustic) emphasis.
Identity effects in phonology are deviations from regular phonological form (i.e. canonical patterns) which are due to the relatedness between words. More specifically, identity effects are those deviations which have the function to enhance similarity in the surface phonological form of morphologically related words. In rule-based generative phonology the effects in question are described by means of the cycle. For example, the stress on the second syllable in cond[ɛ]nsation as opposed to the stresslessness of the second syllable in comp[ǝ]nsation is described by applying the stress rules initially to the sterns thereby yielding condénse and cómpensàte. Subsequently the stress rules are reapplied to the affixed words with the initial stress assignment (i.e. stress on the second syllable in condense, but not in compensate) leaving its mark in the output form (cf. Chomsky and Halle 1968). A second example are words like lie[p]los 'unloving' in German, which shows the effects of neutralization in coda position (i.e. only voiceless obstruents may occur in coda position) even though the obstruent should 'regularly' be syllabified in head position (i.e. bl is a wellformed syllable head in German). Here the stern is syllabified on an initial cycle, obstruent devoicing applies (i.e. lie[p]) and this structure is left intact when affixation applies (i.e. lie[p ]Ios ) (cf. Hall 1992). As a result the stern of lie[p]los is identical to the base lie[p].
The current study focuses on the prosodic realization of negators in Saisiyat, an endangered aboriginal language of Taiwan, and compares its prosodic realization of negation with that of English. The results of this study indicate that sentential subjects are the most acoustically prominent items in the Saisiyat negative sentences measured. This contrasts sharply with the English experimental sentences, in which the negator itself was the most acoustically prominent item. These findings suggest that Saisiyat is a pitch-accent language; thus, the presence of negators does not significantly change the prosodic parameters of surrounding words. English, in contrast, is an intonation language, so the presence of negation results in substantial prosodic modification. This suggests that the phenomenon of negation is universally prominent; however, languages with different prosodic systems will adopt different strategies for realizing prominence.
Sino-Tibetan is a prime example of how strongly a language family can typologically diversify under the pressure of areal spread features (Matisoff 1991, 1999). One of the manifestation of this is the average length of prosodic words. In Southeast Asia, prosodic words tend to average on one or one-and-a-half syllables. In the Himalayas, by contrast, it is not uncommon to encounter prosodic words containing five to ten syllables. The following pair of examples illustrates this.
This paper presents preliminary results of a phonetic and phonological study of the Ntcheu dialect of Chichewa spoken by Al Mtenje (one of the co-authors). This study confirms Kanerva's (1990) work on Nkhotakota Chichewa showing that phonological re-phrasing is the primary cue to information structure in this language. It expands on Kanerva's work in several ways. First, we show that focus phrasing has intonational correlates, namely, the manipulation of downdrift and pause. Further, we show that there is a correlation between pitch prominence and discourse prominence at the left and right periphery which conditions dislocation to these positions. Finally, we show that focus and syntax are not the only factors which condition phonological phrasing in Chichewa.
In German, prosody interacts with quantifier scope. We investigate this interaction in inverse linking constructions. We present evidence from elicited production of linguistically naive speakers supporting the following two claims: 1) There are two kinds of inverse linking constructions of which only the prepositional type requires a marked intonation contour for inverse scope. 2) In the prepositional construction, a double focus contour is employed with inverse scope rather that a topic-focus (rise-fall) contour as previously assumed (Krifka 1998).
Japanese wh-questions always exhibit focus intonation (FI). Furthermore, the domain of FI exhibits a correspondence to the wh-scope. I propose that this phonology-semantics correspondence is a result of the cyclic computation of FI, which is explained under the notion of Multiple Spell-Out in the recent Minimalist framework. The proposed analysis makes two predictions: (1) embedding of an FI into another is possible; (2) (overt) movement of a wh-phrase to a phase edge position causes a mismatch between FI and wh-scope. Both predictions are tested experimentally, and shown to be borne out.
Os materiais audiovisuais, como filmes e seriados, proporcionam ao professor a oportunidade de apontar exemplos de diferentes tipos de falantes da língua-alvo: tanto falantes nativos (comumente tomados como modelo) quanto interculturais (HOUSE 2007), sendo estes falantes não nativos que se apropriaram adequadamente da língua estrangeira para a comunicação. Apresentar falantes interculturais ao aluno é importante para que ele possa romper com a concepção de falante nativo ideal como modelo de aprendizagem (RAJAGOPALAN 2012); por essa razão, é imprescindível que esse tipo de personagem seja representado adequadamente em seriados e filmes. Tendo isso em vista, pretendemos analisar, neste trabalho, os seriados Erste Wege in Deutschland e Jojo sucht das Glück, no que se refere a suas protagonistas (ambas, supostamente, falantes interculturais). Foram analisados, respectivamente, dois e cinco episódios das séries, buscando refletir sobre as protagonistas com base na caracterização de falante intercultural nos estudos da área (BYRAM, GRIBKOVA E STARKEY 2002; HOUSE 2007; OLIVEIRA 2012). Os resultados apontam para uma representação artificial dessas personagens, pois elas reproduzem, de forma geral, características típicas de um falante idealizado, o qual gera imagens estereotipadas da língua-alvo.
Protected Mode
(2005)
Innerhalb der Reihe "GrenzBereiche des Lesens" gehaltener Vortrag. "GrenzBereiche des Lesens" ist eine kulturwissenschaftliche Vortragsreihe, die 2003 und 2004 an der Universität Frankfurt stattfand. Gegenstand von Harald Hillgärtners Untersuchung ist die Frage nach der Lesbarkeit des Computers, vielmehr seiner System- und Programmcodes. Gilt der Computer einerseits als "Textmaschine", die endlose Schreib- und Leseakte prozessiert, so finden jene Programmabläufe doch zumeist jenseits der für alle zugänglichen Benutzeroberflächen statt, die ihrerseits in immer stärkerem Maß mit Icons – Bildern – arbeiten. Und selbst im Falle von frei zugänglichen Software-Codes ist zu fragen, um welche Art Text es sich hier handelt – ob in diesen Fällen gar von Literatur die Rede sein kann. Insofern ist die Frage nach der Lesbarkeit des Computers nicht nur eine Frage nach der Zukunft des Lesens (geht es um Sinn oder um Information?) sondern vielmehr nach dem (Zu-)Stand unserer Schriftkultur selbst.
This paper offers an extensive analysis of the reflexes of the Proto-Indo-European word-initial cluster *sk- in Proto-Slavic. It is argued that the regular reflex of this cluster is the Proto-Slavic *x-, but that *sk- was analogously re-introduced in a great number of cases under the influence of prefixed forms and cases where forms with and without the so-called "s-mobile" co-existed in Slavic. This conclusion is in accordance with the fact that *x- < *sk- is far more common in derivationally isolated words that do not occur with prefixes.
The loss and restoration of the phoneme /j/ plays a major role in the development of Proto-Slavic. After vowel contraction in posttonic syllables, Dybo’s law, and the rise of new /j/ in east, South, and West Slavic, contracted and uncontracted forms may have coexisted during a considerable period of time. After Dybo’s law we have *voļȃ < *vòlja "will" but *rolьjà < *orlь̀ja "plowland", after contraction *roļá in Slovincian rolåu, Old Polish rolå. The loss of distinctive tone yielded merger of the two paradigms, as a result of which most nouns of the former type adopted the accentuation of the latter. Slavic deverbal ja-stems are original proterodynamic ī/jē-stems. The proterodynamic nouns *dūšà (c) "soul" and *zorjà (c) "dawn" have probably preserved the original accentuation. The other proterodynamic jā-stems evidently adopted the accent pattern of the deverbal ā-stems.
In der Indogermanistik sehen wir einen Zweig der historisch-vergleichenden Sprachwissenschaft. Die histor.-vergl. Sprachwissenschaft geht davon aus, dass einander ähnliche Wörter in nicht voneinander abstammenden Sprachen, die gleiche oder vergleichbare Inhalte bezeichnen, nicht zufällig in diese verschiedenen Sprachen gelangt sein können. Solche Übereinstimmungen wären anders erklärbar, wenn die Natur des Bezeichneten die Lautfolgen jeder einzelnen Sprache in irgendeiner Weise bedingen. Wir nehmen aber an, dass es also kein Abbildungsverhältnis zwischen Inhalt und Ausdrucksform sprachlicher Zeichen gibt, dass ein sprachliches Zeichen seine willkürlich festgesetzte konventionelle Form behält. Dann muss man Ähnlichkeiten solcher Zeichen in nicht voneinander abstammenden Sprachen auf irgendwelche ursprünglichen Zusammenhänge der Konventionen zurückführen. Die Deutung solcher Zusammenhänge ist das Thema der histor.-vgl. Sprachwissenschaft. […] Die Indogermanistik ist eine von vielen histor.-vgl. Sprachwissenschaften, neben der Finno-Ugristik, der Semitistik usw. Dass die Indogermanistik sich eine gewisse Sonderstellung zuspricht, liegt an drei ganz zufälligen Gegebenheiten: erstens ist die Indogermanistik die älteste und am intensivsten betriebene Sektion der vergl. Snrachwissenschaft; sie hat bis jetzt das grösste Kapital an geleisteter Arbeit zu verwalten; zweitens sind unter den Gliedern, die wir als indogermanische Sprachen zu einer Familie zusammenfassen, besonders früh bezeugte, lang überlieferte und zu grosser Ausdrucksleistung gelangte Sprachen, und drittens gehört zu diesen Sprachen unsere eigene und alle die Sprachen, mit denen wir im europäischen Raum, in der Gestaltung der europäischen Geisteswelt, am meisten zu tun haben.
Rezension zu Marta Medved Krajnović: Od jednojezičnosti do višejezičnosti. Uvod u istraživanja procesa ovladavanja inim jezikom. Zagreb: Leykam international, 2010, 193 S.
Ihre frühesten Sprachzeugnisse hat uns die keltische Bevölkerung der britischen Inseln bekanntlich in einer Anzahl von Steininschriften hinterlassen, die in der sog. Ogamschrift gehalten sind. Der größte Teil dieser Inschriften, von denen rund 300 hauptsächlich aus Südirland und Wales bekannt sind, wird nach allgemeiner Ansicht in die Zeit zwischen dem 4. oder 5. Jh. und dem 8. Jh. n. Chr. datiert. Bis heute ist weder die Entstehung des eigentümlichen Ogamalphabets, das mit keinem anderen Schriftsystem des gegebenen Zeitraums vergleichbar ist, noch die Bedeutung aller Zeichen eindeutig geklärt. ...
The paper presents an additional argument for a specific account of semantic binding: the flat-binding analysis. The argument is based on observations concerning sloppy interpretations in verb phrase ellipsis when the binder is not the subject of the elided VP. In one such case, it is important that one of the binders belong to the domain of the other. This case can be derived from the flat-binding analysis as is shown in the paper, while it is unclear how to account for it within other analyses of semantic binding.
Psycholinguistik
(2012)
Zur Zeit erweckt die Frage großes Interesse, wie die Semantik und die Syntax von Kasusrahmen zusammenhängen. Dabei geht es darum, herauszufinden, nach welchen Regeln bestimmte thematische Rollen mit bestimmten syntaktischen Positionen verknüpft werden. Dieser Vorgang wird als Argumentselektion oder auch argument linking bezeichnet.
Qiang
(2003)
Qiang is spoken in Aba Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture in northwest Sichuan Province. China; it belongs to the Qiangic branch of Tibeto-Burman. There are two major Qiang dialects. Northern Qiang (spoken in Heishui County, and the Chibusu district of Mao County; roughly 70,000 speakers) and Southern Qiang (spoken in Li County, Wenchuun County, Mao County, and Songpan County; about 60,000) (Sun 1981a: 177-78), The dialect presented here is the Northern Qiang variety spoken in Ronghong Village, Yadu Township, Chibusu District, Mao County.
Qiang
(2003)
Pro objektivní analýzu rozvoje tlumočnické kompetence studentů je třeba použít měřitelná kritéria. Při experimentu, který je zde popsán, byla východiskem metodologie textové lingvistiky: Tlumočnický výkon 8 studentů byl hodnocen na základě ekvivalence, logické koheze, koherence cílového textu a zahrnuty byly i tlumočnické protokoly studentů doplněné o jejich vlastní komentáře. Výsledek provedené analýzy povede k přizpůsobení didaktických strategií při další práci se studenty.
In the present monograph, we will deal with questions of lexical typology in the nominal domain. By the term "lexical typology in the nominal domain", we refer to crosslinguistic regularities in the interaction between (a) those areas of the lexicon whose elements are capable of being used in the construction of "referring phrases" or "terms" and (b) the grammatical patterns in which these elements are involved. In the traditional analyses of a language such as English, such phrases are called "nominal phrases". In the study of the lexical aspects of the relevant domain, however, we will not confine ourselves to the investigation of "nouns" and "pronouns" but intend to take into consideration all those parts of speech which systematically alternate with nouns, either as heads or as modifiers of nominal phrases. In particular, this holds true for adjectives both in English and in other Standard European Languages. It is well known that adjectives are often difficult to distinguish from nouns, or that elements with an overt adjectival marker are used interchangeably with nouns, especially in particular semantic fields such as those denoting MATERIALS or NATlONALlTIES. That is, throughout this work the expression "lexical typology in the nominal domain" should not be interpreted as "a typology of nouns", but, rather, as the cross-linguistic investigation of lexical areas constitutive for "referring phrases" irrespective of how the parts-of-speech system in a specific language is defined.
The goal of this paper is to evaluate two approaches to quantification in event semantics, namely the analysis of quantificational DPs in terms of generalized quantifiers and the analysis proposed in Schein (1993) according to which quantifiers over individuals contain an existential quantifier over sub-events in their scope. Both analyses capture the fact that the event quantifier always takes scope under quantifiers over individuals (the Event Type Principle in Landman (2000)), but the sub-events analysis has also been argued to be able to account for some further data, namely for adverbs qualifying ‘ensemble’ events and for mixed cumulative/ distributive readings. This paper shows that the sub-events analysis also provides a better account of the Event Type Principle if a broader range of data is considered, including cases with non-existential quantifiers over events: unlike the generalized quantifiers analysis, it can successfully account for the interpretation of indefinites in bare habituals and sentences that contain overt adverbs of quantification.
This paper looks at sentences with "quantificational indefinites," discussed by Diesing (1992) and others. I propose that these sentences generate sets of alternatives of the form {p, not p and it's possible that p}, which restrict the quantification by an extension of familiar focus principles. For example, in the sentence "I usually read a book about slugs" (on the relevant reading), "usually" quantifies over pairs <x,t> such that x is a book about slugs, t is a time interval, and one alternative is true from the set {I read x at t, I can but do not read x at t}. In addition to accounting for a well-known contrast between creation and non-creation verbs, this also explains a second contrast that Diesing’s analysis cannot account for.
In this paper we compare the behaviour of adverbs of frequency (de Swart 1993) like usually with the behaviour of adverbs of quantity like for the most part in sentences that contain plural definites. We show that sentences containing the former type of Q-adverb evidence that Quantificational Variability Effects (Berman 1991) come about as an indirect effect of quantification over situations: in order for quantificational variability readings to arise, these sentences have to obey two newly observed constraints that clearly set them apart from sentences containing corresponding quantificational DPs, and that can plausibly be explained under the assumption that quantification over (the atomic parts of) complex situations is involved. Concerning sentences with the latter type of Q-adverb, on the other hand, such evidence is lacking: with respect to the constraints just mentioned, they behave like sentences that contain corresponding quantificational DPs. We take this as evidence that Q-adverbs like for the most part do not quantify over the atomic parts of sum eventualities in the cases under discussion (as claimed by Nakanishi and Romero (2004)), but rather over the atomic parts of the respective sum individuals.
Relative quantifier scope in German depends, in contrast to English, very much on word order. The scope possibilities of a quantifier are determined by its surface position, its base position and the type of the quantifier. In this paper we propose a multicomponent analysis for German quantifiers computing the scope of the quantifier, in particular its minimal nuclear scope, depending on the syntactic configuration it occurs in.
Quantitative approaches to linguistic variation in IRC : implications for qualitative research
(2008)
Qualitative analysis of code choice, code switching, and language style in Internet Relay Chat (IRC) can shed light on functional-pragmatic aspects of the use of different linguistic varieties. However, in a qualitative analysis, the status of varieties within a channel or for a single chatter can only be guessed at. Moreover, qualitative research on linguistic variation in IRC often fails to generalize its findings due to a restricted database or a restricted view of a database. This article introduces an approach that allows for embedding of qualitative research within a quantitative research design. The quantitative method presented here enables general statements to be made about the use of varieties or the usage of certain chatters in a chat channel. The approach is exemplified with data from Swiss IRC channels, in which Swiss German dialects and standard German are used side by side. A large corpus is analyzed for static and dynamic aspects of dialect share. It is argued that this quantitative approach can provide a background for qualitative analysis and facilitate the selection process of relevant data required for qualitative analysis.
The Epistemic Containment Principle (ECP) requires that epistemic modals take wider scope than strong quantifiers such as every or most (von Fintel and Iatridou, 2003). Although fairly robust in its realization, a few systemic classes of counterexamples to the ECP have been noted. Based on these, previous work has argued for two claims: subjective modals obey the ECP, whereas objective ones don’t (Tancredi, 2007; Anand and Hacquard, 2008); and every respects the ECP, whereas each violates it (Tancredi, 2007). This paper argues that explicit Questions Under Discussion (QUDs; Roberts, 1996; Ginzburg, 1996) also systematically influence the ECP: scopal orderings that provide relevant answers to the given QUDs are preferred, and this tendency can override the ECP. To support this claim, the paper presents an experimental study. The results corroborate the existence of systematic QUD effects on the ECP, and support the view that the ECP is derived from a confluence of various pragmatic and lexical biases.
This paper sketches the morphosyntactic and prosodic properties of questions in Fipa, discussing three varieties: Milanzi, Nkansi and Kwa. The general word order and morphological patterns relevant to question structures are outlined and different types of wh-question constructions are described and tentatively linked to the prosodic features of Fipa questions.
In order to investigate the empirical properties of focus, it is necessary to diagnose focus (or: “what is focused”) in particular linguistic examples. It is often taken for granted that the application of one single diagnostic tool, the so-called question-answer test, which roughly says that whatever a question asks for is focused in the answer, is a fool-proof test for focus. This paper investigates one example class where such uncritical belief in the question-answer test has led to the assumption of rather complex focus projection rules: in these examples, pitch accent placement has been claimed to depend on certain parts of the focused constituents being given or not. It is demonstrated that such focus projection rules are unnecessarily complex and in turn require the assumption of unnecessarily complicated meaning rules, not to speak of the difficulties to give a precise semantic/pragmatic definition of the allegedly involved givenness property. For the sake of the argument, an alternative analysis is put forward which relies solely on alternative sets following Mats Rooth´s work, and avoids any recourse to givenness. As it turns out, this alternative analysis is not only simpler but also makes in a critical case the better predictions.
This paper is about the semantics of wh-phrases. It is argued that wh-phrases should not be analyzed as indefinites as, for example, Karttunen (1977) and many others have done, but as functional expressions with an indefinite core -their function being to restrict possible focus/background structures in direct or congruent answers. This will be argued for on the basis of observations made with respect to the distribution of term answers in well-formed question/answer sequences. This claim having been established, it will be integrated in a categorial variant of Schwarzschild's (1999) information-theoretic approach to F-marking and accent placement, and – second – its consequences with respect to the focus/background structure of wh-questions will be outlined.
Questioning speech acts
(2018)
The function of mapping from the semantic content of an utterance to its convention of use (a division of labor first made by Frege (1956)) has been attributed to abstract speech act operators (also known as force operators), such as ASSERT, QUESTION, and COMMAND. These operators have been traditionally assumed to occupy the highest echelons of the clausal periphery. The precise formulation of these operators has attracted a lot of attention from semanticists, as they are crucial for formalizing the diverse discourse functions of speech acts (Farkas and Bruce, 2009; Farkas and Roelofsen, 2017; Malamud and Stepheson, 2015; Krifka, 2015). These high operators usually come packaged with two assumptions: i) they are not embeddable under other elements, and ii) they belong to the realm of pure pragmatics and not compositional semantics. Recent research in both semantics and syntax have challenged these assumptions (Krifka, 2015; Davis, 2011; Wiltschko, 2017; Heim et al., 2016). Based on evidence from a language with a rich array of sentence-final particles (SFPs), Cantonese, we argue in this paper that not only are abstract speech operators embeddable, it is also the case that we need compositional mechanisms in these high regions of the clause. We will investigate the SFP stacking phenomenon, and argue that such grammaticalized operations on speech act operators reveal the need for a system that can compose the content of an utterance with multiple particles that update the discourse in a number of different, non-trivial ways.
Questions and focus
(2003)
The papers in this volume were originally presented at the Workshop on Bantu Wh-questions, held at the Institut des Sciences de l’Homme, Université Lyon 2, on 25-26 March 2011, which was organized by the French-German cooperative project on the Phonology/Syntax Interface in Bantu Languages (BANTU PSYN). This project, which is funded by the ANR and the DFG, comprises three research teams, based in Berlin, Paris and Lyon. The Berlin team, at the ZAS, is: Laura Downing (project leader) and Kristina Riedel (post-doc). The Paris team, at the Laboratoire de phonétique et phonologie (LPP; UMR 7018), is: Annie Rialland (project leader), Cédric Patin (Maître de Conférences, STL, Université Lille 3), Jean-Marc Beltzung (post-doc), Martial Embanga Aborobongui (doctoral student), Fatima Hamlaoui (post-doc). The Lyon team, at the Dynamique du Langage (UMR 5596) is: Gérard Philippson (project leader) and Sophie Manus (Maître de Conférences, Université Lyon 2). These three research teams bring together the range of theoretical expertise necessary to investigate the phonology-syntax interface: intonation (Patin, Rialland), tonal phonology (Aborobongui, Downing, Manus, Patin, Philippson, Rialland), phonology-syntax interface (Downing, Patin) and formal syntax (Riedel, Hamlaoui). They also bring together a range of Bantu language expertise: Western Bantu (Aboronbongui, Rialland), Eastern Bantu (Manus, Patin, Philippson, Riedel), and Southern Bantu (Downing).
Questions in Northern Sotho
(2006)
This article gives an overview of the marking of polar and constituent questions in Northern Sotho, a Bantu language of South Africa. It thereby provides a contribution to the typological investigation of sentence types in the world’s languages. As will be shown, Northern Sotho follows cross-linguistic tendencies in marking interrogative sentences: It uses intonation as main indicator in polar questions and question words as main indicator in constituent questions. Nevertheless, it also shows interesting language-specific variation, e.g. with respect to the location of raised intonation in polar questions, the presence of two pragmatically distinct question particles in polar questions, or a split in the formation of constituent questions based on the grammatical function of the questioned constituent.
Questions on transitivity
(2008)
This handout (it isn’t a paper) presents phenomena and questions, rather than conclusions, related to the concept of transitivity. The idea is to return to these questions at the end of the Workshop to see if we can have a clearer consensus about the best general analysis of phenomena associated with transitivity. Section 2 presents alternative analyses of transitivity and questions about transitivity in three languages I have worked on. Section 3 discusses a few of the different conceptualisations of transitivity that might be relevant to our thinking about the questions related to these languages or that bring up further questions. Section 4 presents some general questions that might be asked of individual languages.
L'article étudie les diverses façons de poser des questions partielles en Embosi (C25). D'une part, la langue possède deux ensembles de pronoms/déterminants interrogatifs: 1) nda/nde, nda renvoyant aux animés et nde aux non-animés, 2) des mots interrogatifs en accord de classe avec le nom qu'ils déterminent ou qu'ils remplacent, segmentalement homophones des démonstratifs. Ces deux catégories de marqueurs appellent des réponses de nature différente. Par ailleurs, deux ensembles de constructions sont possibles pour les questions partielles portant sur le sujet, l'objet direct ou indirect: les constructions avec relatives et les constructions in situ. Les questions partielles sur le lieu, la cause, la manière se posent avec des adverbes et n'admettent que les constructions in situ. Sur le plan prosodique, il n'y a ni intonation ni groupement prosodique spécifique pour les questions partielles en Embosi. Leur seule caractéristique prosodique est un ton H facultatif (variable selon les locuteurs) sur la finale du mot qui précède le mot interrogatif.
O presente artigo oferece um breve panorama acerca do ensino da língua alemã no Brasil. Seguindo os conceitos e dimensões de bilinguismo e bilingualidade , identifica o ensino de língua alemã como segunda língua e trata do aspecto da interculturalidade restrito à análise da prática em duas escolas bilíngues do Rio de Janeiro, onde a língua/cultura alemã é a segunda língua.(L2) Propõese uma reflexão sobre a questão da interculturalidade no âmbito da comemoração de datas festivas em escolas bilíngues. Dentro dessa temática e no contexto escolar bilíngue, delimitamos o estudo a eventos comemorativos como a Páscoa, marcados pela distribuição de ovinhos de Páscoa/Ostereier. O estudo baseia-se em uma perspectiva sociocultural da linguagem e ressalta as relações entre língua, identidade e estrutura social.
In letzter Zeit haben trennbare Verben, meist "Partikelverben" genannt, groß es Interesse gefunden, insbesondere solche, bei denen der trennbare Teil eine Präposition darstellt. Ich werde mich im folgenden auf Verbindungen konzentrieren, die sich aus einem Substantiv als Erstglied und einem Verb als Zweitglied zusammensetzen. Es soll gezeigt werden, daß es sich bei Verbindungen wie Auto fahren, Klavier spielen um komplexe Prädikate handelt, die sich in ihren Eigenschaften deutlich von parallelen syntaktischen Strukturen unterscheiden, in denen dem Substantiv der Status einer selbständigen Konstituente zukommt.
The Russian data presented in Perlmutter and Moore (2002) seem to call into question the standard analysis of raising within Head-driven Phrase Structure Grammar (HPSG): In Russian, the case marking of the raising target and raising pivot does not seem to be shared. In this paper, we show that the phenomena described by Perlmutter and Moore can receive another analysis, fully compatible with HPSG's theory of raising. We argue in addition that our account leads to a slightly simpler model of the Russian data than Perlmutter and Moore's. Crucially, our analysis is only available if we avail ourselves of a rich network of language-specific constructional schemata, a stance recently advocated within HPSG, following the lead of Construction Grammar.
U radu se raspravlja o leksikografskom postupku koji se primjenjuje u izradbi Rječnika hrvatskoga kajkavskoga književnog jezika pri uspostavljanju nadnatuknice i kanonskih likova za dvadesetak potvrđenih leksičkih varijanata za ‘rajnski forint’, novčanu jedinicu koja označuje kovani novac u uporabi u Hrvatskoj od 16. do 19. stoljeća. Nakon navođenja svih kontekstualnih potvrda, utvrđuje se vrijednost novčane jedinice i podrijetlo naziva, provodi se morfološka analiza leksema, određuju se kanonski likovi i njihove gramatičke odrednice te se lik rajniški uspostavlja kao najreprezentativniji gdje se donose etimologija i definicija. Dvadesetak leksičkih varijanata za naziv ‘rajnski forint’ posljedica su različitih jezičnih procesa u prihvaćanju, upotrebi i adaptaciji toga naziva u kajkavskom književnom jeziku.
Rani razvoj goranskih govora
(2010)
U radu se razmatra povijest hrvatskih govora u Gorskome kotaru, koji se obično smatraju kajkavskim govorima. Obrađuju se različite promjene u akcentuaciji, konsonantizmu i vokalizmu do približno 16. stoljeća. One se uspoređuju sa sličnim promjenama u susjednim kajkavskim, slovenskim, čakavskim i štokavskim dijalektima. Najstarije nam izoglose pokazuju da goranske govore ne možemo smatrati doseljenim izdaleka ili miješanim. Moramo ih smjestiti u Gorski kotar već prije otomanskih nadiranja u 15. i 16. stoljeću. Raspravlja se o tome da je Gorski kotar dijalektno područje kroz koje teče više izoglosa koje postaju razumljive kad smještamo ovo područje u perspektivu okolnih južnoslavenskih narječja.
The (mis)management of rapport amongst groups in Niger Delta (ND) communities has become a significant issue, which Ahmed Yerima's Hard Ground (HG) depicts as having the capacity to aid or control the conflicts in the region. Linguistic studies on Yerima's drama from the perspective of pragmatics have tended to use pragmatic acts to identify the discourse value of proverbs and functions of characters' utterances but have not accounted for the politeness strategies utilised for rapport management, especially in conflict situations. This article, drawing on a rapport management model of politeness and aspects of speech act discourse, identifies the face, sociality rights, and interactional goals that characterise the conflict-motivated dialogues sampled in HG, and reveals the rapport management (RM) strategies through which these are managed in the text. Three conflict situations can be observed as prompting different RM strategies: cause-effect identification (CEI), militancy support (MSP), and disagreement (DSG) situations. CEI is marked by incriminating (involving eliciting and informing acts) and exonerating (including complimenting and acknowledging acts) strategies; MSP is indexed by strategies of persuasion (realised with face-enhancing/threatening acts), whereas DSG is typified by requesting (featuring explicit head acts and alerters) and blaming strategies (including insulting and threatening, aggravating moves). Generally, the requesting, blaming, and exonerating strategies are largely used by the ND youth in HG to probe, threaten, or disagree on specific issues, while the incriminating and persuasion strategies are mainly employed by the women to indict, influence, and predict future actions. The study of RM in the conflict situations depicted in the play sheds light on the often neglected cause of conflicts in contemporary Africa.
U prilogu je riječ o raspoređivanju suznačnih riječi, i to zamjenica i priloga (upitnih i odnosnih), čestica i veznika, u rečenicama ili surečenicama. To su riječi koje služe za povezivanje surečenica u sastavu nezavisnosloženih i zavisnosloženih rečenica (konjunktori i subjunktori) ili za povezivanje rečenica na razini teksta (konektori), za izražavanje raznolikih modalnih značenja, za označavanje upitnosti, za isticanje, za poticanje, za nijekanje i sl. Takve se riječi dijele u dvije skupine s obzirom na to mogu li funkcionirati i kao članovi rečeničnoga ustrojstva (zamjeničke riječi) ili ne mogu (ostala vezna sredstva i čestice). Riječi iz ove druge skupine mogle bi se (bar sa sintaktičkoga stajališta) nazvati suznačnima u užem smislu. Osobita će se pozornost posvetiti raspoređivanju suznačnih riječi ili spojeva koji, čiji, i, ni, niti, a, ali, ili, što, samo što, da, zar, zar da, kao da. Bit će također riječi i o raspoređivanju suznačnih (zamjeničkih) riječi u situacijama u kojima te riječi dolaze u funkcijama koje međusobno kolidiraju, npr. u funkciji subjunktora i u funkciji nesročnoga atributa, npr. To su pravila primjena kojih zahtijeva punu koncentraciju. odnosno To su pravila kojih primjena zahtijeva punu koncentraciju.
Rasprave : 40/1 (2014)
(2014)
Rasprave. 39/1 (2013)
(2014)
Rate effects on aerodynamics of intervocalic stops : evidence from real speech data and model data
(2008)
This paper is a first attempt towards a better understanding of the aerodynamic properties during speech production and their potential control. In recent years, studies on intraoral pressure in speech have been rather rare, and more studies concern the air flow development. However, the intraoral pressure is a crucial factor for analysing the production of various sounds.
In this paper, we focus on the intraoral pressure development during the production of intervocalic stops.
Two experimental methodologies are presented and confronted with each other: real speech data recorded for four German native speakers, and model data, obtained by a mechanical replica which allows reproducing the main physical mechanisms occurring during phonation. The two methods are presented and applied to a study on the influence of speech rate on aerodynamic properties.
Die 15. Arbeitstagung zur alemannischen Dialektologie, zu der die Vorarlberger Landesregierung vom 18.–21.Septemer auf Schloss Hofen im vorarlbergischen Lochau bei Bregenz eingeladen hatte, hat wiederum einen Einblick in unterschiedliche aktuelle Forschungsaspekte der Dialektologie im Südwesten des deutschen Sprachgebiets geboten. Im dicht gedrängten Programm mit einer öffentlichen Präsentation des VALTS und des Tonarchivs der Mundarten Vorarlbergs von EUGEN GABRIEL und ARNO RUOF folgen sich an drei Tagen insgesamt 18 Vorträge, 10 Kurzvorträge, 14 Arbeitsberichte und ein dialektologischer Ausflug in den Bregenzer Wald. Im Folgenden werden die Vorträge in der präsentierten Reihenfolge referiert, während die zahlreichen Arbeitsberichte von Sprachatlanten, Wörter- und Namenbüchern sowie Tondokumentationsstellen nur pauschal erwähnt werden, welche einerseits einen Blick in die laufenden großen und größeren Projekte der alemannischen Dialektologie öffnen und andererseits die Finanzknappheit als übergreifendes Element der Dialektologie offenbaren.
Rawang Texts
(2001)
This volume is a collection of fully analyzed texts of the Mvtwang dialect of the Rawang language collected as part of fieldwork on the language. The Rawang language belongs to a larger grouping of languages/ dialects we can call Dulong/Rawang or Dulong/Rawang/Anong spoken on both sides of the ClUna/Myanmar (Burma) border just south and east of Tibet. In China, the people who speak this language for the most part live in Gongshan county of Yunnan province, and belong to either what is known as the "Dulong" nationality (pop. 5816 according to the 1990 census), or to one part (roughly 6,000 people) of the Nu nationality (those who live along the upper reaches of the Nu River-the part of the Salween within China). Another subgroup of the Nu people, those who live along the lower reaches of the Nu river (in China), speak a language called "Anong" which seems to be the same as, or closely related to, the Kwinpang dialect spoken in Myanmar, so should also be considered a dialect ofDulong/Rawang. Within Myanmar, the people who speak the Rawang language (possibly up to 100,000 people) live in northern Kachin State, particularly along the Mae Hka ('Nmai Hka) and Maeli Hka (Mali Hka) river valleys. In the past they had been called "Hkanung" or "Nung", and have often been considered to be a sub-group of the Kachin (Jinghpaw). Among themselves they have had no general term for the entire group; they use their respective clan names to refer to themselves. This is true also of those who live in China, although these people have accepted the exonym "Dulong" (or "Taron", or "Trung"), a name they were given because they mostly live in the valley of the Dulong (Taron/Trung) River.
Baveći se (kao recenzentica) djelom Bratoljuba Klaića Naglasni sustav standardnoga hrvatskog jezika, Klaićev me način bilježenja naglasaka podsjetio i na nešto starije gramatike hrvatskoga jezika i na bilježenje naglasaka u tim gramatikama, pa se tim uspoređivanjem vrlo lako uočava razlika između pisanja naglasaka „nekad i sad”, premda to „nekad” i nije bilo tako davno. Kako su u hrvatskoj kroatistici akcentološka djela rijetka, prilika je da se na skupu posvećenu između ostaloga i akcentologu Bratoljubu Klaiću progovori nešto više o razlikama u bilježenju hrvatskih naglasaka u Klaićevo vrijeme (prije pedesetak godina) i u vrijeme bliže današnjemu, jer su te razlike od vremena pisanja Klaićeva djela do danas očite. U svojem izlaganju osvrnula sam se na poteškoće u novijem bilježenju hrvatskih standardnih naglasaka, poglavito na slogovima s dugim refleksom staroga glasa jata,te o razlozima koji su do njih doveli. Usredotočila sam se poglavito na Klaićevo i današnje pisanje naglasaka na nekadašnjoj tzv. dugoj (dvosložnoj) zamjeni jata – koliko god to neki lingvisti tretirali kao dvoglasnik ie, ipak se riječi kao snijeg, brijeg i sl. mogu rastaviti na slogove, dakle ipak su posrijedi dva sloga, a ne jedan – jer upravo u tome i jesu razlike između Klaićeva bilježenja naglasaka i onih današnjih u standardološkim djelima.
Tema je ovoga rada raščlamba kategorije prijelaznosti u hrvatskim gramatikama. Pri raščlambi je proučen odnos subjekta i (auto)objekta. Prikazan je način na koji je prijelaznost opisana u gramatikama te su obrađena ova pitanja: Kako prijelazni glagoli mogu postati neprijelazni i što se događa s njihovim značenjem? Kako gramatike dijele glagole prema prijelaznosti? Kako se tumači neprava povratnost? Što znači da radnja proizlazi sama od sebe? Na koji je način moguća dodatna interpretacija prijelaznosti kod pravih povratnih glagola s obzirom na razine proučavanja?
U članku se prikazuje razvoj miljevačkoga prezimenskoga sustava od prvih prezimena zabilježenih u matičnim knjigama potkraj 17. stoljeća do prezimena koja se javljaju tek potkraj 19. stoljeća. Utvrđuje se koja su prezimena u međuvremenu ugašena, tj. koja su nestala zbog izumiranja loze ili zamjene novim prezimenom, najčešće dotadašnjim obiteljskim nadimkom. Analiziraju se motivacijsko-strukturna svojstva današnjih miljevačkih prezimena i njihovo jezično podrijetlo.
U radu se analizira obradba računalnih naziva u Novome rječniku stranih riječi Bratoljuba Klaića i Školske knjige. Analizira se ustroj rječničkoga članka natuknica koje nose terminološku odrednicu INFORM. te se analiziraju pojedini elementi rječničkoga članka (natuknica, morfološko-naglasni blok, definicija, odrednice). Leksikografska se obradba računalnih naziva uspoređuje s obradbom u postojećim englesko-hrvatskim informatičkim rječnicima (Kiš, Panian), ali i s obradbom u općim rječnicima hrvatskoga jezika (HER, Školski rječnik hrvatskoga jezika).
Abrupt switches between different tenses (past-to-present, present-to-past) are known from oral narratives and medieval literature in Romance languages, but there is little consensus about their function and interpretation. In this study, we combine corpus-linguistic tools with experimental methods and quantitative analysis to shed light on the use of tense switches in a medieval Icelandic prose text (Hrafnkels saga freysgoða). Specifically, we part-of-speech tagged all words in Hrafnkels saga freysgoða and then determined where verbs exhibit tense switches. In a second step, we had 19 subjects mark all parts in the saga they consider climactic so as to study the overall as well as subject-specific correlations between climaxness and tense switches. In the vast majority of subjects, we observe the expected correlation, and for most of these it is significant. We discuss the findings with regard to their implications for tense switching as a performative device and the position of sagas on an orality-literacy continuum.
An adjunct-DP in the free instrumental case occurs in a number of surface positions where the DP is syntactically optional. does not depend on any element in the sentence, and has a number of different interpretations. We introduce Bailyn's proposal which postulates a uniform syntactic environment for all the uses of instr. This calls for a uniform semantics of these DPs which can nevertheless accomodate the different interpretations. Starting with the hypothesis of Roman Jakobson about the semantics of the instrumental case we formulate a semantic interpretation theory based on abduction. We give a uniform semantics for three different adjunct uses of instr in this framework. In the concluding part of the paper we discuss some possible alternatives and ramifications as well as questions and objections raised with respect to the treatment proposed in this paper.
Die multilinguale Gesellschaft ist längst schon keine bloße Utopie mehr, in vielen Teilen Europas und der Welt existiert sie bereits oder bildet sich immer stärker heraus. In unserer sechsten Ausgabe der REAL haben wir uns dieses Themas angenommen und es von unterschiedlichen Blickwinkeln und germanistischen Perspektiven aus betrachtet.
Etwa seit dem Jahre 2000 lässt sich eine Tendenz an vielen portugiesischen und anderen Hochschulen feststellen: Sprachkurse finden regen Zulauf, aber die damit verbundenen Philologien klagen über einen Rückgang der Studierenden. Die Gründe dafür sind vielschichtig und nicht verallgemeinerbar, werden doch die Studiengänge sogar in demselben Land oft sehr unterschiedlich strukturiert, und dass es nicht eine Germanistik, Romanistik oder Anglistik gibt, ist gewiss zutreffend. Die siebte Ausgabe der portugiesischen Germanistikzeitschrift REAL nimmt sich dieses Themas aus verschiedenen Blickwinkeln und Länderperspektiven an. Und auch wenn die Beiträge aus unterschiedlichen Ländern und Kontinenten stammen, wird doch deutlich, wie allgemein eine Reihe von Schwierigkeiten sind.
This paper approaches productivity by considering three case studies: compounds, blends and phrasal verbs. The aim of the paper is to encourage a discussion about the factors involved in the notion of productivity, and to show why so many of the established measures are not completely satisfactory or are interpreted in a way that is not.
It has become commonplace to introduce works on aspect with the remark that there is hardly another field in linguistics so much plagued by terminological and notional confusion. [..] About 20 major books claiming a comprehensive treatment have come to my attention during little more than the past half decade […]. Among these books are five that form the subject of this paper in a narrower sense, given that the present article originally started out as a combined review of these five works: […] Even if one is not at all keen on monocultures, it is clear that the obvious disunity in fundamental points of view makes the situation increasingly difficult for the "ordinary working linguist". It is getting impossible to keep up with the many different issues raised in the theoretical literature when, for instance, writing a chapter on aspect for a descriptive grammar of a language. As a result, a tremendous gap between descriptive and theoretical work has arisen. This has not gone unnoticed in the literature. There are several recent publications in which explicit attempts are made to bridge this gap […], all of them trying to add a typological perspective to aspect theory and to free it from its purely truth-conditional embedding, which was the dominant paradigm in the 70ies and 80ies. But again, these works are often themselves cast into specific theoretical frameworks, more often than not ignoring other approaches to the field if they do not fit their persuasions. I will therefore avail myself of the opportunity of this review article by briefly sorting out the differences in the fundamental assumptions and theoretical primitives of the various approaches, in order to come to grips with the aspectological landscape. A general, chiefly historically oriented assessment is presented in the first part of this paper (see section 1). The second part is then devoted to a detailed discussion of the books under review against the background etablished in this survey (see section 2). At the end, I will try to draw some conclusions and hint at some directions for future work with aspect in a descriptive and/or typological context (see section 3).
There is an inexhaustible stream of theoretical work on aspect. More than 20 major books of a gelteral nature have come out during the past few years, not to mention the vast amount of shorter articles. The theoretical proposals found in these works are often radically different. What is the state of the art in this highly controversial area? To what extent can the "ordinary working linguist" profit from the flood of theoretical proposals? This paper started out as a review article on five recent books on aspect. These reviews are incorporated here into a general assessment of contemporary aspect theories. We will classify different approaches to aspect and try to sort out their theoretical primitives. The paper concludes wich a brief summary pointing out the most urgent desiderata for a typologically adequate approach to aspect.
The purpose of this paper is to describe recent developments in the morphological, syntactic, and semantic annotation of the TüBa-D/Z treebank of German. The TüBa-D/Z annotation scheme is derived from the Verbmobil treebank of spoken German [4, 10], but has been extended along various dimensions to accommodate the characteristics of written texts. TüBa-D/Z uses as its data source the "die tageszeitung" (taz) newspaper corpus. The Verbmobil treebank annotation scheme distinguishes four levels of syntactic constituency: the lexical level, the phrasal level, the level of topological fields, and the clausal level. The primary ordering principle of a clause is the inventory of topological fields, which characterize the word order regularities among different clause types of German, and which are widely accepted among descriptive linguists of German [3, 6]. The TüBa-D/Z annotation relies on a context-free backbone (i.e. proper trees without crossing branches) of phrase structure combined with edge labels that specify the grammatical function of the phrase in question. The syntactic annotation scheme of the TüBa-D/Z is described in more detail in [12, 11]. TüBa-D/Z currently comprises approximately 15 000 sentences, with approximately 7 000 sentences being in the correction phase. The latter will be released along with an updated version of the existing treebank before the end of this year. The treebank is available in an XML format, in the NEGRA export format [1] and in the Penn treebank bracketing format. The XML format contains all types of information as described above, the NEGRA export format contains all sentenceinternal information while the Penn treebank format includes only those layers of information that can be expressed as pure tree structures. Over the course of the last year, more fine grained linguistic annotations have been added along the following dimensions: 1. the basic Stuttgart-Tübingen tagset, STTS, [9] labels have been enriched by relevant features of inflectional morphology, 2. named entity information has been encoded as part of the syntactic annotation, and 3. a set of anaphoric and coreference relations has been added to link referentially dependent noun phrases. In the following sections, we will describe each of these innovations in turn and will demonstrate how the additional annotations can be incorporated into one comprehensive annotation scheme.
Corno quase nenhuma outra disciplina lingüística, a fonologia passou por uma evolução turbulenta nas duas últimas décadas. Ao contrário da abordagem cöássica da Gramática Gerativa, que se concentrou na descrição de cadeias de segmentos fonológicos e de suas transformações em virtude de regras fonológicas, a Fonologia Não-linear colocou as relações prosódicas em enunciados em primeiro plano. A sílaba foi redescoberta como unidade prosódica; muitos trabalhos foram dedicados à análise de estruturas silábicas e de relações de sonoridade. Acima da sílaba, o pé a palavra fonológica foram utilizados como unidades prosódicas relevantes para a descrição das estruturas de acento e entonação. Abaixo da sílaba, reabilitou-se a mora já conhecida a partir da Filologia Clássica. No presente artigo, descrevem-se, a partir de exemplos do alemão e de outras línguas, as duas abordagens principais da Fonologia Não-linear, a Fonologia Autosegmental e a Fonologia Métrica. Procura-se mostrar que, com esses modelos, alguns fenômenos prosódico-fonológicos que antes só podiam ser descritos com grandes dificuldades ou eram até mesmo indescritíveis podem ser analisados de maneira adequada e elegante.
Der vorliegende Aufsatz setzt sich mit einigen Aspekten der didaktisch-methodischen Umsetzung der am 1. August 1998 in Kraft getretenen Neuregelung der deutschen Rechtschreibung im DaF-Unterricht und in der sog. Auslandsgermanistik auseinander. Es wird vor allem auf Fragen der Umstellung unter dem Gesichtspunkt des Lehrens und Lernens von DaF fokussiert und für eine stärkere Berücksichtigung der Rechtschreibdidaktik plädiert.
In this paper I argue in favor of a Matching Analysis for German relative clauses. The Head Raising Analysis is shown to fail to account for parts of the reconstruction pattern in German, especially cases where only the external head is interpreted and the absence of Principle C effects. I propose a Matching Analysis with Vehicle Change and make consistent assumptions about possible deletion operations in relatives so that the entire pattern can be captured by one analysis which therefore proves superior to previous ones.
U radu se račlanjuje odnos reda riječi i negacije u hrvatskome crkvenoslavenskome jeziku. Prvi se vid toga odnosa tiče položaja niječnih izraza ne, ni i bez. U zadanome korpusu oni stoje ispred, odnosno lijevo od jezične jedinice koju niječu. Jedinica ispred koje se niječni izraz nalazi nije nužno glagol, pa ni finitni glagolski oblik. Položaj niječnih izraza povezan je i s razlikom, odnosno s utvrđivanjem razlike između sastavničke negacije, kao negacije nepredikatne sastavnice, i rečenične negacije, negacije predikata. Konačno, o redu riječi ovisi hoće li se ili neće provesti niječno slaganje. U hrvatskome je crkvenoslavenskome jeziku provođenje niječnoga slaganja djelomično (ne i proizvoljno), a ovisi o tome na kojemu se mjestu u rečenici nalazi niječna zamjenica ili prilog.
Iako je riječ o srodnim jezicima sa slobodnim redom riječi, hrvatski i poljski standardni jezik razlikuju se u obveznom redu riječi, između ostalog i u pozicioniranju klitika; hrvatski pokazuje tendenciju slijediti tzv. Wackernagelovo pravilo, dok u poljskom jeziku po tom pitanju vlada puno veća sloboda. U ovom radu iznosim rezultate analize pogrešaka u redu riječi u hrvatskom jeziku koje su u pisanim radovima činili studenti kroatistike s dvaju sveučilišta u Poljskoj. Pretpostavka temeljena na teoriji usvajanja stranog jezika bila je da su pogreške rezultat negativnog prijenosa iz materinskog jezika. No tijekom analize pojavila se potreba za daljnjim i detaljnijim istraživanjem (iako je indikativna, analiza pogrešaka daje tek djelomičan uvid u problematiku) kojim bi se preciznije ustanovili razlozi negativnog prijenosa. Na samom kraju navodim pedagoške implikacije ovog i potencijalnih budućih istraživanja navedene problematike.
Red riječi u smješnicama
(2014)
U radu se promatra i analizira red riječi u rečenici u hrvatskim anonimnim komedijama u prozi nastalim u 17. stoljeću na dubrovačkom području. Rezultati se analize uspoređuju s redom riječi potvrđenim u onodobnom književnom jeziku. Sinkronijskom su prikazu pridružene i usporedbe s rezultatima istraživanja Laznibata o dubrovačkim arhivskim spisima 17. i 18. stoljeća i I. Lovrić Jović o dubrovačkim oporukama iz istog tog razdoblja, dok je dijakronijski pregled napravljen usporedbom s Rešetarovim istraživanjima jezika Ranjinina zbornika i Držićeva jezika, s istraživanjem frančezarija 18. stoljeća I. Lovrić Jović te s Budmanijevim istraživanjem devetnaestostoljetnoga dubrovačkoga govora. Posebna se pozornost posvećuje poretku zanaglasnica, koji je, kao što je bilo očekivano, uglavnom stariji pa zamjenička zanaglasnica prethodi glagolskoj, no ovisno o smješnici, potvrđena su i brojna odstupanja.
Na tragu učenja praške funkcionalne (aktualne) rečenične perspektive o osnovnom i aktualiziranom redu riječi razmatrat će se redoslijed sastavnica u složenim strukturama (subordiniranima i koordiniranima). U prvome redu zanimat će nas poredak surečenica (klauza) u sastavu zavisnosložene rečenice. Postavlja se naime pitanje čime sve može biti uvjetovana anteponiranost zavisne surečenice (tzv. inverzija), i to u različitim tipovima tekstova odnosno komunikacijskim situacijama (npr. u akademskom/ znanstvenom i/ili predavačkom diskursu, potom u privatnim razgovorima itd.). U tu svrhu pozornost ćemo obratiti na primjere poput ovih: Kao što je naslovom najavljeno, bavit ćemo se složenim rečenicama.; Kako bismo ubrzali objavljivanje zbornika, želja nam je što prije skupiti radove.; Kao što je prethodno rečeno, nastava počinje u listopadu.; Ako ne prekineš s glupostima, odlazim!; Dok ne ispraviš jedinice, ništa od izlazaka! i sl. Što se pak nezavisnosloženih rečenica tiče, ponajprije ćemo se suočiti s pitanjem utvrđivanja primarnog redoslijeda sastavnica (Sjedim i razmišljam. ili Razmišljam i sjedim.), da bismo potom pokušali utvrditi moguće razloge remećenja toga redoslijeda (npr. Umro – brao trešnje i pao sa stabla. prema Popeo se, brao trešnje, pao sa stabla, umro.). Naposljetku budući da pristajemo uz gledište da se već složena rečenica može smatrati činjenicom teksta (J. Silić), ali i zbog toga što se aktualizirani red riječi/komponenata ostvaruje upravo u (kon)tekstualno uključenoj rečenici, u svjetlu ćemo novije lingvistike teksta (R. de Beaugrande i W. Dressler) o redoslijedu komponenata promišljati kao o kohezivnom sredstvu.
Red surečenica
(2009)
Pitanje reda surečenica u posljedičnim rečenicama, tj. mogućnost njihova premetanja (obrtanja), jedno je od onih nerijetkih pitanja u hrvatskome jezikoslovlju koje se smatra riješenim, a da se nitko njime nije valjano i sustavno bavio. Jednodušno se i beziznimno naime smatra da je red surečenica u posljedičnim rečenicama (i red surečenica u nekim drugim zavisnosloženim rečenicama) glavna surečenica – zavisna surečenica stalan i neobratljiv. Nije međutim točna tvrdnja da zavisnosložene rečenice za razliku od nezavisnosloženih mogu premetati red surečenica i da to ne vrijedi samo za posljedične i neke druge rečenice. Naime u nekim tipovima posljedičnih i drugih rečenica, pokazuje se to u ovome radu, zavisna surečenica može prethoditi glavnoj, tj. njezine sastavnice mogu zamijeniti mjesta.
Redekommentierende Einschübe
(1996)
Das Thema dieses Aufsatzes sind redekommentierende Einschübe. Zunächst gilt es zu klären, was unter "Einschub" verstanden werden soll. Einschub verwende ich hier weitgehend gleichbedeutend mit Parenthese. Parenthesen werden jedoch manchmal als "Schaltsätze", also als eingeschobene Sätze, definiert. Einschub ist hier ein weniger vorbelasteter Terminus.
U ovome se radu nastoji prikazati položaj nekih promjenljivih i nepromjenljivih nenaglasnica u kajkavskome književnom jeziku i u suvremenim kajkavskim govorima u odnosu na kajkavsku gramatičku normu. Istraživanje nenaglašenih rečeničnih sastavnica u kajkavskome narječju temelji se na rezultatima ankete provedene u svibnju i lipnju 2012. godine na Učiteljskome fakultetu u Zagrebu, Odsjeku u Čakovcu te, prema dijalektološkim kriterijima, na odabranim starijim ispitanicima.
This paper discusses results from a corpus study of German demonstrative and personal pronouns and from a reading time experiment in which we compared the interpretation options of the two types of pronouns (Bosch et al. 2003, 2007). A careful review of exceptions to a generalisation we had been suggesting in those papers (the Subject Hypothesis: "Personal pronouns prefer subject antecedents and demonstratives prefer non-subject antecedents") shows that, although this generalisation correctly describes a tendency in the data, it is quite wrong in claiming that the grammatical role of antecedents is the relevant parameter. In the current paper we argue that the generalisation should be formulated in terms of in-formation-structural properties of referents rather than in terms of the grammatical role of antecedent expressions.
This paper discusses the use of XSLT stylesheets as a filtering mechanism for refining the results of user queries on treebanks. The discussion is within the context of the TIGER treebank, the associated search engine and query language, but the general ideas can apply to any search engine for XML-encoded treebanks. It will be shown that important classes of linguistic phenomena can be accessed by applying relatively simple XSLT templates to the output of a query, effectively simulating the universal quantifier for a subset of the query language.
U radu su prikazani refleksi praslavenskih naglasnih tipova imenica a-deklinacije u mjesnom govoru Dolnje i Gorenje Mraševo, koji pripada skupini dolenjskih narječja slovenskoga jezika. Opisan je i naglasni sustav navedenoga govora s naglaskom na nizu oblika u kojima se pojavljuje postpraslavenski novi cirkumfleks. Povijesnojezična analiza naglasnih tipova imenica a-deklinacije donosi neke važne spoznaje za naglasni sustav slovenskoga jezika. U govoru dolazi do analognoga podudaranja samoglasnika praslavenskoga naglasnog tipa a, s imenicama praslavenskoga naglasnog tipa b i to refleksa imenica s praslavenskim dugim samoglasnikom u jedinom/zadnjem slogu osnove, što je posljedica prenošenja naglaska na dužinu. Novost predstavlja analogija u instrumentalu množine. Kod nekih je imenica praslavenskoga naglasnog tipa c očuvano povlačenje cirkumfleksa na dužinu uz proklitike (mr. na glàːvo, na nùːge). Došlo je također i do podudaranja imenica praslavenskoga naglasnog tipa b, koje imaju u jedinom/zadnjem slogu osnove praslavenski kratki samoglasnik ili poluglas, s imenicama praslavenskoga naglasnog tipa c, koje imaju u jedinom/zadnjem slogu osnove praslavenski kratki samoglasnik ili poluglas.
Die Durchführung kontrastiver Untersuchungen setzt vor allem eine gründliche Beschreibung der zu vergleichenden Sprachen auf der Grundlage eines Grammatikmodells voraus. Kontrastive Arbeiten zum Sprachenpaar Deutsch/Türkisch, die diese Bedingung erfüllen, finden sich nur selten. Das dürfte auf die nur bedingt vergleichbaren Strukturen der besagten Sprachen zurückzuführen sein. Zwar existiert die semantische Kategorie Reflexivum im Deutschen und im Türkischen. In vielen Fällen ist es jedoch nicht möglich, die Existenz eines syntaktischen und semantischen Reflexivums in den beiden Sprachen nachzuweisen. Im folgenden Beitrag soll der Versuch unternommen werden, dieses Problem anhand eines Vergleichs der reflexiven Konstruktionen im Deutschen und im Türkischen zu verdeutlichen.
Die Durchführung kontrastiver Untersuchungen setzt vor allem eine gründliche Beschreibung der zu vergleichenden Sprachen auf der Grundlage eines Grammatikmodells voraus. Kontrastive Arbeiten zum Sprachenpaar Deutsch/Türkisch, die diese Bedingung erfüllen, finden sich nur selten. Das dürfte auf die nur bedingt vergleichbaren Strukturen der besagten Sprachen zurückzuführen sein. Zwar existiert die semantische Kategorie Reflexivum im Deutschen und im Türkischen. In vielen Fällen ist es jedoch nicht möglich, die Existenz eines syntaktischen und semantischen Reflexivums in den beiden Sprachen nachzuweisen. Im folgenden Beitrag soll der Versuch unternommen werden, dieses Problem anhand eines Vergleichs der reflexiven Konstruktionen im Deutschen und im Türkischen zu verdeutlichen.
This paper presents an LTAG analysis of reflexives like himself and reciprocals like each other. These items need to find a c-commanding antecedent from which they retrieve (part of) their own denotation and with which they syntactically agree. The relation between anaphoric item and antecendent must satisfy the following important locality conditions (Chomsky (1981)).
In this paper we argue that at least for some languages, when there are suitable o-commanders of its selectional domain, a reflexive in the bottom of its obliqueness hierarchy escapes exemption via a reshuffling of its local binding domain. The outcome of such reshuffling is that the local domain extends to include o-commanders of the reflexive in the subcategorization domain immediately upstairs, that is in the domain whose head predicator directly subcategorizes the domain headed by the predicator directly subcategorizing the reflexive.
Freie Relativsätze geben eine Reihe von Rätseln auf. Wie schon der Terminus andeutet, handelt es sich hier um eine widersprüchliche Erscheinung, da ein Relativsatz sich per definitionem auf ein Element im Matrixsatz bezieht, dies bei „freien Relativsätzen" jedoch nicht der Fall ist. Sie üben im übergeordneten Satz selbständig eine Satzgliedfunktion aus. Andererseits drängt sich der Eindruck auf, daß ein Bezugselement im Matrixsatz weggelassen wurde, es sich mithin also um verkappte Attributsätze handelt. Leirbukt hat sich kürzlich in einer empirischen Studie mit durch das Pronomen wer eingeleiteten Relativsätzen beschäftigt, und zwar vor allem im Hinblick auf die Frage, wann ein Bezugselement gesetzt wird bzw. nicht gesetzt wird (Leirbukt 1995). Hierzu haben eine Reihe von Grammatikern die Auffassung vertreten, daß ein Bezugselement im Matrixsatz nur dann fehlen kann, wenn das Relativpronomen die Kasusforderung des Matrixsatzes für die entsprechende Leerstelle erfüllt.
Standardisierung ist der bedeutendste Ansatz zu Qualitätssteigerung und Kostensenkung in der Technischen Dokumentation. Es gibt eine Reihe von Standardisierungsansätzen: Modularisierung, Informationsstrukturen, Terminologie, Sprachstrukturen. Dennoch werden diese Ebenen meist getrennt voneinander beschrieben. Wir untersuchen, wie Standardisierungen im Informationsmodell, in der Terminologie und in den sprachlichen Strukturen verknüpft werden und miteinander interagieren.
Die Sprachsituation in der deutschsprachigen Schweiz wird in neuerer Zeit mit dem Begriff "mediale Diglossie" gekennzeichnet (vgl. P. Sieber/H. Sitta 1986, S. 20). Damit wird zum Ausdruck gebracht, daß der Deutschschweizer Mundart spricht, aber Standardsprache schreibt und liest; R. Schwarzenbach (1969, S. 24-27) gebraucht deshalb für das gesprochene Schriftdeutsch auch den Begriff "Lese- und Vortragssprache". Im allgemeinen stimmt diese Verteilung, sie wird aber auch durchbrochen: in den Massenmedien (vgl. M. Ramseier 1988), in der Schule bzw. Universität (vgl. P. Sieber/H. Sitta 1986) und in öffentlichen Reden (vgl. R. Schwarzenbach 1969, S. 241-312) wird auch Standardsprache gesprochen, andererseits sind private Briefe und Werbetexte teilweise in Mundart (R. Schwarzenbach 1969, S. 344-377) verfaßt. Es gibt seit den späten 1960er Jahren auch eine wiedererstarkte Mundartliteratur und gedruckte mundartliche Chansons. Daß das Sprechen der Standardsprache relativ unüblich ist, zeigt die paradoxe, aber fast alltägliche Aussage jemand habe Schriftdeutsch gesprochen.
Wenn Deutsch geschrieben wird, wird im Allgemeinen die standardsprachliche Form gewählt. King: nei nei nöd eso Häx ..... verschtasch mi wieder falsch :-( *sniff (bluewin.ch, #flirt60plus, 1.10.2004) Elle: HeinEr: öhm jez versteh ich gar nix mehr (Antenne Bayern #flirten40, 16.9.2005) Big: Mu auch niemand verstehen (IRCnet, #mannheim,9.2.2003) Tezo: verstehe (IRCnet, #linux, 7.1.2003) In Büchern, Zeitungen, Zeitschriften und auch im Internet ist die deutsche Standardsprache Standard. Sie ist die für die Schriftlichkeit normierte Varietät, die überregional verständlich sein soll. Diese Standardsprache ist zwar überall ähnlich, aber nicht gleich. So zeigen sich Besonderheiten im Lexikon, in der Wortbildung und vereinzelt in der Grammatik, welche in einer Region üblich sind, in der anderen jedoch nicht, oder die da eine andere Bedeutung tragen. Diese Besonderheiten sind aber nicht an einem Ort einfach falsch, sondern sie stellen regionale Ausprägungen des Standards dar (vgl. dazu das Variantenwörterbuch; Ammon u. a. 2004). ...
Eigennamen stehen in einem vielfältigen Spannungsverhältnis zu Appellativen: Auf der einen Seite entwickeln sie sich fast immer aus - meist konkreten - Gattungsbezeichnungen (Eichstätt, Lindenstraße, Schneider), auf der anderen Seite besteht ihre Hauptfunktion - ganz im Gegensatz zu den Appellativen - in ihrer Monoreferentialität, d.h. in einem 1: 1- Bezug zu nur einem einzigen außersprachlichen Objekt (meist Örtlichkeiten im weitesten Sinn und Personen).
U radu se analiziraju eliptični oblici anglizama u ruskome i hrvatskome jeziku i dopunjuje pristup njihove dosadašnje kvalifikacije i klasifikacije. Preciznijim definicijama stupnja elipse u anglizmu predlaže se jednostavnije i jasnije određivanje njihovih granica i razlika. Na temelju rezultata analize anglizama uočene su nove mogućnosti u njihovu formiranju. U formiranju eliptičnoga oblika anglizma nije nužno samo ispuštanje određenih elemenata, već se eliptični oblik anglizma može formirati i s pomoću kombinacija drugih tvorbenih načina: kombinacijom elipse i supstitucije, elipse i kompozicije, elipse i adicije, elipse, supstitucije i adicije, elipse, supstitucije i kompozicije te kombinacijom elipse, adicije i kompozicije.
This paper is concerned with the fact that a number of adverbal modifications involve a systematic reinterpretation of at least one of the expressions connected by the operation in question. It offers an approach in which such transfers of meaning turn out to be a result of contextually controlled enrichments of an underspecified as well as a strictly compositionally structured semantic representation. The approach proposed is general for three reasons: First, it takes into account not only reinterpretations in temporal but also such in non-temporal modification. Second, it allows considering so-called secondary predications as a particular kind of adverbal modification. Third, it explains the respective reinterpretations within a uniform formal framework of meaning variation.
Relating propositions : subordination and coordination strategies in a polysynthetic language
(1998)
This paper discusses the relationship between the morphological structure of language and its syntactic structure. Although it is primarily a single language which is analysed in detail, namely, Inuktitut, an Eskimo language of the Canadian Eastern Arctic, the findings seem to be of general relevance.
This paper discusses the types of relative clause and noun complement structures found in the Rawang language, a Tibeto-Burman language of northern Myanmar, as well as their origin and uses, with data taken mainly from naturally occurring texts. Two types are preposed relative clauses, but in one the relative clause is nominalized, and in the other it is not. The non-nominalized form with a general head led to the development of nominalizing suffixes and one type of nominalized relative clause structure. As the nominalized form is a nominal itself, it can be postposed to the head in an appositional structure. There is also discussion of the Rawang structures in the context of Tibeto-Burman and the development of relative clause structures in the language family.
Relative clauses in Haya
(2010)
This paper gives an overview of the morphology and syntax of Haya relative clause constructions. It extends previous work on this topic (Duranti, 1977) by incorporating data from a number of different dialects and by introducing new data on locative relative clauses. The dialects discussed in addition to the Kihanja data from Byarushengo et al. (1977) include Kiziba, Muleba and Bugabo dialects. Nyambo data taken from Rugemalira (2005) is also compared to Haya in places. The focus of the discussion is on the grammaticality of pronominal elements attached to the verb that refer back to the relativized entity with different types of relativized constituents in Haya. It is shown that there are differences between subjects, objects and locatives in terms of this kind of morphology inside the relative clause, as well as differences between these kinds of morphemes and resumptive pronouns.
Remarks on binding theory
(2005)
We propose some reformulations of binding principle A that build on recent work by Pollard and Xue, and by Runner et al. We then turn to the thorny issue of the status of indices, in connection with the seemingly simpler Principle B. We conclude that the notion of index is fundamentally incoherent, and suggest some possible approaches to eliminating them as theoretical primitives. One possibility is to let logical variables take up the explanatory burden borne by indices, but this turns out to be fraught with difficulties. Another approach, which involves returning to the idea that referentially dependent expressions denote identity functions (as proposed, independently, by Pollard and Sag and by Jacobson) seerms to hold more promise.
Remarks on deixis
(1992)
The prevailing conception of deixis is oriented to the idea of 'concrete' physical and perceptual characteristics of the situation of speech. Signs standardly adduced as typical deictics are I, you, here, now, this, that. I and you are defined as meaning "the person producing the utterance in question" and "the person spoken to", here and now as meaning "where the speaker is at utterance time" and "at the moment the utterance is made" (also, "at the place/time of the speech exchange"); similarly, the meanings of this and that are as a rule defined via proximity to speaker's physical location. The elements used in such definitions form the conceptual framework of most of the general characterisations of deixis in the literature. [...] There is much in the literature, of course, that goes far beyond this framework . A great variety of elements, mostly with very abstract meanings, have been found to share deictic characteristics although they do not fit into the personnel-place-time-of-utterance schema. The adequacy of that schema is also called into question by many observations to the effect that the use of such standard deictics as here, now, this, that cannot really be accounted for on its basis, and by the far-reaching possibilities of orienting deictics to reference points in situations other than the situation of speech, to 'deictic centers' other than the speaker. [...] Analyses along the lines of the standard conception regularly acknowledge the existence of deviations from the assumed basic meanings. One traditional solution attributes them to speaker's "subjectivity", or to differences between "physical" and "psychological" space or time; in a similar vein, metaphorical extensions may be said to be at play, or a distinction between prototypical and non-prototypical meanings invoked. Quite apart from the question of the relative merits of these explanatory principles, which I do not wish to discuss here, the problem with all such accounts is that the definitions of the assumed basic meanings themselves are founded on axiom rather than analysis of situated use. The logical alternative, of course, is to set out for more abstract and comprehensive meaning definitions from the start. In fact, a number of recent, discourse-oriented, treatments of the demonstratives proceed this way; they view those elements as processing instructions rather than signs with inherently spatial denotation (Isard 1975, Hawkins 1978, Kirsner 1979, Linde 1979 , Ehlich 1982.)
Remarks on Marking
(2002)
This paper calls for a reexamination of the Marking Theory of HPSG, which in its standard form involves a considerable amount of dedicated formal machinery, but which proves to be inapplicable for most types of grammatical marking. As an alternative, it is demonstrated that head-marker phrases can be reanalyzed as head-complement structures, with the marking element treated as the syntactic head. This approach allows the elimination of all marking-specific formal apparatus, with the exception of the attribute MARKING, which percolates as an ordinary HEAD feature, and whose function is significantly expanded.
The proposed approach allows marking elements to be related to other lexical heads (prepositions, in particular), and marking constructions are better integrated in the grammar, rather than being grouped into an exceptional class of head-marker phrases.
This paper argues for a particular architecture of OT syntax. This architecture hasthree core features: i) it is bidirectional, the usual production-oriented optimisation (called ‘first optimisation’ here) is accompanied by a second step that checks the recoverability of an underlying form; ii) this underlying form already contains a full-fledged syntactic specification; iii) especially the procedure checking for recoverability makes crucial use of semantic and pragmatic factors. The first section motivates the basic architecture. The second section shows with two examples, how contextual factors are integrated. The third section examines its implications for learning theory, and the fourth section concludes with a broader discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of the proposed model.