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Her ne kadar Almanya politikası çeşitli fikirlerde de olsa; Almanya, tarihinde her zaman göç alan bir devlet olmuştur ve göçmenlere Almanca öğretimi konusunda oldukça köklü bir geçmişe, engin tecrübelere sahiptir. 60'lı yılların başlangıcında göçmenlere dil öğretimini gerekli görmeyen bu ülke 'dilsizliğin' getirdiği sosyal, siyasal ve ekonomik sorunlar sonrasında başarılı bir entegrasyon süreci için göçmenlere Alman dilinin öğretilmesinin gerekliliğini anlamış ve bu konuda çeşitli modeller denemiştir. Bu araştırmanın amacı; Almancanın ikinci dil olarak öğretimi alanındaki kuram ve modellerin, Türkçenin ikinci dil olarak öğretimine uyarlanabilirliğini göstermek ve Almanya'nın bu alandaki tecrübelerinden ikinci dil olarak Türkçe öğretimi alanında yararlanmaktır. Bu nedenle öncelikle 'yabancı dil' ve 'ikinci dil' kavramlarını birbirinden ayıran faktörler üzerinde durulacak ve böylece 'ikinci dil olarak Türkçe' kuramı incelenecektir. Sonrasında yine ikinci dil olarak Almanca öğretimi alanından çeşitli göçmen öğrenci tipleri ve bunlara Almanca öğretimi modelleri ortaya konacak, 'ikinci dil olarak Türkçe' kuramında karşılaşılacak öğrenci kavramının çeşitliliği değerlendirilecektir. Bu noktada okul çağında olan, okullara yatay geçiş yapması gereken ancak henüz Latin alfabesini bilmeyen, kurum olarak 'okul' kavramıyla hiç tanışmamış ve güncel Türkçenin dışında eğitim Türkçesi öğrenmesi gereken gençler üzerinde durulacaktır; çünkü toplumun birliği, bütünlüğü ve geleceği açısından özellikle bu gençlerin kazanılması büyük önem taşımaktadır. Aynı şekilde yetişkinlere Almanca öğretme modelleri tanıtılacak ve bu deneyimlerden 'ikinci dil olarak Türkçe' kuramı ve entegrasyon sürecinde nasıl yararlanılabileceği tartışılacaktır.
It will be shown that verbs can be missing in predicative sentences by using the data from Chinese. Copula-less sentences in Chinese are subject to 'Generalized Anchoring Principle' (GAP), which requires that every clause be anchored at the interface for LF convergence. To satisfy GAP, clauses may be either tensed or focused. It is shown that copula-less sentences in Chinese are subject to focus anchoring. It will be further argued that whether a verb is needed in predication depends on the syntax of predicate nominals.
Türkiye'de çevirmen yetiştiren kurumların sayısının hızla artmasına karşın, çevirmen adaylarının uygulamaya ilişkin yetkinliklerini artırmayı hedefleyen, nitelikli eserlerin çok az olması düşündürücüdür. Bunda, çeviribilimin nispeten genç bir bilim alanı olmasının yanı sıra, yabancı dil edincine öncelik verilmesinin ve çevirmen adaylarının çeviri edinçlerini çeviri yaparak geliştirecekleri yanılgısı (bkz. Hagemann/ Hönig 2011) önemli bir etkendir. Oysaki çevirmen adayının, metinleri çeviri odaklı çözümleyebilme yetisine sahip olması çok önemlidir. Yücel'in de belirttiği gibi, "Bu beceriyi ve bilinci geliştirmek için öğrencilerin, metinlerin nitelik ve işlevlerini bilmenin ötesinde bir metnin nasıl farklı biçimde çevrilebileceği becerisini kazanmaları gerekmektedir".
Zur Übersetzung literarischer Titel : Titelübersetzungen aus sprachwissenschaftlicher Perspektive
(2013)
Literarische Titel dienen nicht nur zur Identifizierung und Anpreisung eines Werkes, sondern sie geben oftmals auch direkte Hinweise zur Aufschlüsselung des Geschehens, des Themas oder des Werksinnes, ehe noch eine Aufklärung des Lesers durch den Text stattgefunden hat (vgl. Hellwig 1984: 6, Lämmert 1993: 144 u. Schweikle 1990: 465). Bei der Wahl der Überschrift für sein Werk zeigt der Autor daher größte Sorgfalt, um die Bedeutung und Aussagekraft zu intensivieren. Auch bei der Titelübersetzung sind diese Aspekte zu berücksichtigen. Die Übersetzungen von literarischen Titeln werden jedoch meist kritisiert, weil sie angeblich dem Original nicht entsprechen (vgl. Tanış Polat 2007a: 580ff.). Das Ziel der vorliegenden Studie besteht darin, anhand einer qualitativen und quantitativen Analyse Titelstrukturen nach Form, Frequenz und Distribution zu untersuchen, um Aufschluss über besondere übersetzungsstrategische Entscheidungen bei Werken der zeitgenössischen Literatur zu liefern und auf diese Weise mit einer wissenschaftlichen Argumentation der erwähnten Kritik entgegen zu treten. Der Beitrag ist folgendermaßen strukturiert: zunächst werden relevante Eigenschaften der literarischen Titel umrissen, danach folgt die Darstellung der Probleme, die die Titelübersetzung von literarischen Texten betrifft. Im Anschluss werden mit Hilfe einer Korpusanalyse, die sich auf übersetzte Titel aus dem Deutschen ins Türkische konzentriert, übersetzungsstrategische Entscheidungen untersucht. Die Analyse stützt sich auf die Gegenüberstellung von 270 zeitgenössischen Titeln. Mit einer Auswertung der Analyseergebnisse wird die Untersuchung abgeschlossen.
1.Vermehrung der Sprachhürden in einer Union, die mit dem Zweck, alle Menschen trennende Hürden abzuschaffen, gegründet ist, als unerwünschtes Paradox. 2.Die durch diese Tatsache bestimmte Notwendigkeit einer für internationalen Umgang zu verwendenden Sprache. 3.Unannehmbarkeit der Verwendung jedweder heute gebräuchlichen Nationalsprache als Mittels des internationalen Umgangs in demokratischer Gesellschaft (Unbilliges Vorrecht). 4.Unannehmbarkeit der Verwendung jedweder künstlichen Sprache als eines Internationalumgangs-Mittels in Gesellschaft, die früher eine traditions- und wirkungsreiche allgemeine Sprache besaß (Kultur-historische Vergesslichkeit). 5.Latein als diese allgemeine Sprache. 6.Ursachen der Langlebigkeit des Lateins im nachantiken Europa: a) äußere: Latein als Sprache des antiken Erbes und der kirchlichen Tradition); b) innere: Latein als Schöpfung des hellenischen Geistes außer Hellas. 7.Ursachen des Verfalls der Latinität im neueren Europa: a) soziale: Kulturelle Gleichmachung); b) ästhetische: Romantisch-dekadente Neigung zum Unstetigen, Unbestimmten und Zweideutigen. 8.Was soll man heute machen, um das neue Leben dem Latein einzuflößen? – Linguistische Bemühungen (Verfassen und Publizieren der so oder so mit Lateinkenntnis verknüpften Forschungswerke und Lehrmittel in lateinischer Sprache, um damit dem Lateinstudieren ein praktisches Interesse zu geben, sowie Vorbereitung einer möglichst offenen und breiten Diskussion über das Internationalsprache-Problem) mit der ästhetisch- kulturellen Erklärung vereinen.
We present a system for the linguistic exploration and analysis of lexical cohesion in English texts. Using an electronic thesaurus-like resource, Princeton WordNet, and the Brown Corpus of English, we have implemented a process of annotating text with lexical chains and a graphical user interface for inspection of the annotated text. We describe the system and report on some sample linguistic analyses carried out using the combined thesaurus-corpus resource.
The purpose of this article is to report on the work carried out during the research project "O trabalho de tradutor como fonte para a constituição de base de dados" (The translator´s work as a source for the constitution of a database). Through the restoration, organization and digitalization of the personal glossary and part of the books containing the translations made by the deceased public translator Gustavo Lohnefink, this research project intends to construct a digital database of German – Portuguese technical terms (for the language pair), which could then be used by other translators. In order to achieve this purpose, a specific methodology had to be developed, which could be used as a starting-point for the treatment and recovery of other similarly organized data-collections.
Das ausgehende 19. und beginnende 20. Jahrhundert setzt sich von den erkenntnistheoretischen Konzepten der vorangegangenen Zeit deutlich ab:Während – stark vereinfacht – die Philosophie bis dahin die Möglichkeit der Erkenntnis entweder in der subjektiven oder objektiven Dimension zu finden glaubte,wobei die Funktion der Sprache im Erkenntnisprozess kaum hinterfragt wurde, wird zur Jahrhundertwende eine Tendenz deutlich, die einerseits die Adäquatheit der sprachlichen Vermittlung entweder in Frage stellt oder zumindest thematisiert, andererseits die tradierten Erkenntnismodi neu reflektiert oder ihnen sogar den Rücken kehrt.
The purpose of this paper is to describe the TüBa-D/Z treebank of written German and to compare it to the independently developed TIGER treebank (Brants et al., 2002). Both treebanks, TIGER and TüBa-D/Z, use an annotation framework that is based on phrase structure grammar and that is enhanced by a level of predicate-argument structure. The comparison between the annotation schemes of the two treebanks focuses on the different treatments of free word order and discontinuous constituents in German as well as on differences in phrase-internal annotation.
In ihrer neuesten Publikation befasst sich die ausgewiesene Wortbildungsexpertin Elke Donalies mit Fällen wie Wetterbeobachter, Dickhäuter, Vergissmeinnicht, zartfühlend und wieviel, deren linguistische Erfassung nach wie vor Probleme bereitet. Grund dafür dürfte zum einen sein, dass die Worthaftigkeit der untersuchten Einheiten vielfach fraglich ist (z. B. zart fühlend als syntaktische Fügung vs. zartfühlend als Wort bzw. Wortbildungsprodukt). Zum anderen ist die Analyse der Einheiten – bei Zuordnung zum Bereich Wortbildung – schwierig und im Resultat entsprechend vielfältig (z. B. Dickhäuter als Derivation, Zusammenbildung oder synthetic compound (vgl. S. 114)). Donalies hat sich also mit der Wahl derartiger "linguistischer Problemmacher" viel vorgenommen und insgesamt drei Jahre Projektzeit im Rahmen ihrer IDS-Tätigkeit dafür aufgewendet (Januar 2015–Januar 2018).
[I]n der folgenden Skizze [soll] argumentiert werden, dass eine Rückführung unterschiedlicher Lesarten auf unterschiedliche syntaktische Verhältnisse […] unangemessen ist. Vielmehr sol1 aufgezeigt werden, dass es sich um eine ausschließlich semantische Frage handelt, die syntaktische Struktur in jeder Hinsicht aber die immerselbe ist. […] Unser Gegenstandsbereich fasst somit Fälle zusammen, die unter anderen Gesichtspunkten differenziert werden. [...] Diese Gesichtspunkte, nach denen die Differenzierung erfolgt, sind semantischer Natur. Für unsere syntaktische Analyse nehmen wir in Anspruch, dass sie auf alle Adverbialstrukturen zutrifft, mit Ausnahme von Satzadverbialen und (den diesen strukturell gleichen) Adverbialsätzen. Gezeigt wird dies jedoch nur an Fallen wie oben, an Adjektiven in modaladverbialer Funktion. Diese Adjektive fassen wir im übrigen kategorial als das auf, was sie ihrer Form nach sind, nämlich unflektierte Adjektive.
Am 31. März 2017 und 01. April 2017 fand in Lyon unter Federführung des Forschungszentrums Centre d'Etudes Linguistiques (CEL – EA 1663) und unter Beteiligung des Labors Interactions, Corpus, Apprentissages, Représentations (ICAR – UMR 5191) der Universitäten Lumière Lyon 2 und der Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon ein internationaler Kongress zu Formen, Verfahren und Funktionen der Bildung lexematischer und polylexematischer Einheiten im Deutschen (Formation et préformation lexicale de l'allemand) statt. GermanistInnen aus Deutschland, Frankreich, Polen, Russland und Spanien nahmen an diesem Symposium teil.
Theories of cognition that are based on information processing and representation are reactive (Rosen, 1985) or backwards looking, not anticipatory. In a previous article (Thibault, 2005a), I looked at the reasons why humans and bonobos do not need an innate language faculty in order to be minded, languaging beings. The present article takes up some of the questions explored there, but, it asks, on the other hand, what sort of a minded agent has language and what kind of account of language and more broadly meaning do we need to explain minded, languaged agents and the activities they participate in? Following Rosen (1985), I also take up and further develop a point first raised in Thibault (2004a: 187) on language as an anticipatory system, rather than a reactively ‘representational’ one (see also Bickhard, 2005).
In the wake of Kayne's Antisymmetry Hypothesis and Linear Correspondence Axiom (LCA), there has been much fruitful research attempting to adjust syntactic analyses to those permitted by Kayne's restrictive system. In doing so, analyses which at first seem counter-intuitive may tum out to provide solutions to old problems. Two cases in point are the analysis of Malagasy involving extensive Remnant Movement [henceforth RM1 described in Rackowski & Travis (2000), Pearson (2001), and elsewhere; on the one hand, and the analysis of Hungarian and Dutch verbal clusters in Koopman & Szabolcsi (2000) [henceforth R&T, Pearson, and K&Sz].
The original motivation (in part) for examining L&Sz and subsequently R&T was that it is the extensive use of iterated RM which increases the computational complexity of languages generatable in Stabler's "Strict Minimalist Grammar" formalism over that of context-free grammars. It has also been noted that allowing extraction from complex specifiers created by Merge (as opposed to Move) increases the level of complexity even further (lens Michaelis, p.e.). Both R&T and K&Sz make extensive use of RM; R&T allow extraction from complex specifiers, while K&Sz do not. Although the specifiers in both cases are created by Move, not Merge, we nevertheless feel that there is enough intrinsic linguistic interest in trying to limit extraction possibilities to pursue the comparison of these two systems with regard to this point.
Neugriechische Wortbildung
(1988)
Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, einen Überblick über das ngr. Wortbildungssystem zu geben. und zugleich die wichtigsten Probleme, die mit der Abgrenzung der ,verschiedenen Wortbildungsverfahren voneinander im NGR. zusammenhängen, so weit wie möglich zu behandeln. Die Arbeit ist in drei Hauptteile gegliedert: der erste Teil (Kap. 2 und 3) ist allgemeinen Problemen gewidmet; die sich auf die Abgrenzung des Bereichs der Wortbildung von der Flexion sowie auf die wichtigsten Aspekte der Wortstruktur im NGR. beziehen. In den beiden .anderen Teilen (Kap. 4 und 5) werden die Wortbildungsverfahren der Ableitung und der Komposition im Bereich des Nomens und im Bereich des Verbs diskutiert. Eine ausführliche Darstellung der Präfixbildung im NGR. ist im Rahmen dieser Arbeit nicht möglich; jedoch werden die Probleme, die mit der Abgrenzung von Präfixbildungen und Komposita zusammenhängen, in Kap. 5.1 kurz besprochen. Besondere Arten der Wortbildung wie z.B. Akronymie, (Wort)Kürzung, "blending" werden nicht behandelt.
This paper examines the morpho-syntactic puzzle of case suffixes and postpositions that Hungarian displays. Although these two categories show distributional similarities, they are distinguishable from a morphological and a syntactic point of view. Moreover, this language has defective postpositions which are in complementary distribution with case suffixes. I argue that there is no real argument for lumping case suffixes together with postpositions into the same syntactic category, as has been suggested in recent linguistics studies (Trommer, 2008; Asbury, 2007). I rather propose to treat case suffixes and postpositions as two different objects: case suffixes are inflectional material on nominal heads and postpositions as well as defective postpositions are independent words subcategorizing an NP. This distinction straightforwardly accounts for morphological and syntactic differences. Finally, the shared distributional properties between case suffixes, postpositions and defective postpositions are captured by means of the use of the MARKING feature.
In this paper I argue that the syntax of Eastern Bantu does not make reference to the notion 'syntactic object'. That is, there is no linguistic category of objects that is the target of syntactic rules in Eastern Bantu languages. Instead I propose that syntactic rules broadly distinguish complements and adjuncts as well as category type of complement or adjunct. I argue that Bantu languages are typologically special in that (a) the verb complement structure can be expanded by the valency increasing applicative suffix; and (b) that the class of adjuncts can be expanded through verb concord licensing. Because of these properties, Bantu languages have a much-expanded notion of 'complement' and 'adjunct'. Namely, complements consist of (a) inherent complements (subcategorised by the lexical verb), and (b) derived complements (licensed by the applicative suffix). Adjuncts consist of (a) non-subcategorised modifying constituents in the usual sense and (b) phrases that are licensed by verb concord (i.e. Topics in Bresnan and Mchombo (1987)). I propose that most the differences in the licensing of objects in Bantu are due to two causes: (a) the unusual split in the composition of complements and adjuncts and (b) a set of typological parameter settings.
The article deals with Finnish translations of varieties of spoken language in fiction from the late 19th century to the beginning of the 2000s. It presents the central findings of a comprehensive study on the changes and developments of translational norms in Finnish literature. The study is based on a corpus consisting of 200 literary works (the original and its translations are counted as one work), representing various genres: literary fiction, young-adult fiction, as well as genre fiction (romance and crime). During this 100-year period, the use of colloquial variants in translations has strongly increased, influenced by the changing literary and linguistic norms of original Finnish literature. The norms of different literary genres, however, vary, and rich, non-standard variation can be found in translated works from different periods.
The treatment of French causatives and pronominal affixes outlined in Miller and Sag (1997) and Abeillé et al. (1998) is notable for its comprehensive coverage and analytic detail, but it relies on a number of ad hoc features and types that have little empirical justification. We sketch a new treatment of the same data set, which eliminates multiple lexical entries for the causative, as well as a number of other undesirable analytic devices. Our account builds on a long-standing observation that seeming irregularities in the system of case assignment to the causee of faire are not in fact exceptional, but determined by the general case assignment behavior of transitive verbs. This generalization, first incorporated into an HPSG analysis by Bratt (1990), was abandoned in subsequent HPSG work that sought to expand the coverage of French beyond that of Bratt's analysis. Our goal here is to show that broad coverage need not come at the expense of linguistically significant generalizations.
This article presents new experimental data on the phonetics of syllabic /l/ and syllabic /n/ in Southern British English and then proposes a new phonological account of their behaviour. Previous analyses (Chomsky and Halle 1968:354, Gimson 1989, Gussmann 1991 and Wells 1995) have proposed that syllabic /l/ and syllabic /n/ should be analysed in a uniform manner. Data presented here, however, shows that syllabic /l/ and syllabic /n/ behave in very different ways, and in light of this, a unitary analysis is not justified. Instead, a proposal is made that syllabic /l/ and syllabic /n/ have different phonological structures, and that these different phonological structures explain their different phonetic behaviours.
This article is organised as follows: First a general background is given to the phenomenon of syllabic consonants both cross linguistically and specifically in Southern British English. In §3 a set of experiments designed to elicit syllabic consonants are described and in §4 the results of these experiments are presented. §5 contains a discussion on data published by earlier authors concerning syllabic consonants in English. In §6 a theoretical phonological framework is set out, and in §7 the results of the experiments are analysed in the light of this framework. In the concluding section, some outstanding issues are addressed and several areas for further research are suggested.
While the Information Structure (IS) is most naturally interpreted as "structure of information", some may argue that it is structure of something else, and others may object to the use of the word "structure". This paper focuses on the question of whether the informational component can have structural properties such that it can be called "structure". The preliminary conclusion is that, althoughthere are some vague indications of structurehood in it, it is perhaps better understood to be a representation that encodes a finite set of information-based partitions, rather than structure.
This paper presents a dynamic semantic approach to the licensing of Polarity Sensitive Items (PSIs) and n-words of Negative Concord. We propose that PSIs are unified by the semantic scale property, which is responsible for their sensitivity to the context; we develop a semantic licensing analysis based on Fauconnier's (1975) scales and Ladusaw's (1979) notion of entailment. The first part of the paper concludes with a formalization of semantic licensing in the sense of Ladusaw (1979) within HPSG (see, e.g., Pollard & Sag (1994)) which allows for a uniform treatment of the licensing of PSIs and n-words of Negative Concord and accounts for the disambiguating nature of PSIs in scopally ambiguous sentences.
The second part of the paper is concerned with the limitations of semantic licensing, which, we claim, needs to be sensitive to the context. We present the discussions of, e.g., Heim (1984) and Israel (1996) with respect to the importance of the context in particular licensing constellations, and then turn to linearity constraints on licensing. We present data from German which may not be accounted for by linearity constraints and sketch an analysis for this data which supports the necessity of context-sensitive semantic licensing.
We aim to understand whether Greek and Italian, two null subject languages, differ in the use and interpretation of null subjects, based on evidence from both a production and a comprehension experiment. The results of the two experiments show that the two languages differ in the extent to which they comply with the Position of Antecedent Strategy as formulated by Carminati (2002). In order to account for this difference, we introduce a principle which defines prominence of sentence constituents in terms of hierarchical height, elaborating on a recent proposal by Rizzi (2018). Then we show that the prominence of subject and object constituents in Greek and Italian reflects word-order differences between the two languages (Roussou & Tsimpli 2006). In more general terms, this paper argues in favour of a multi-factorial approach to reference interpretation, in that syntactic factors interact with discourse factors, leading to a gradient variety of reference possibilities.
Torwali, a Dardic language of the Indo-Aryan family spoken in the District Swat in Pakistan, is an endangered language that lacks a literary tradition. This paper gives a background on the Torwali language and people, and describes the development of an orthography for Torwali and the establishment of Torwali-medium schools by the local organization Idara Baraye Taleem-o-Taraqi ‘institute for education and development’ (IBT). Finally, the process of adapting the Multilingual Assessment Instruments for Narratives (MAIN) to Torwali is outlined.
Deutsch im Kreis Schanfigg
(2012)
In dieser Arbeit wird unter Schanfigg nach Kessler "Schanfigg im weitern Sinne" verstanden, d.h. die Dörfer des politischen Kreises Schanfigg [...]. Da Dialekte im Gegensatz zu Hochsprachen nicht-normierte Sprachvarietäten darstellen, zeichnen sich die Ortsgrammatiken durch eine jeweils enorme Formenvielfalt in lautlicher und in morphologischer Hinsicht aus. Dies war denn auch eines der Ziele der Untersuchung: Mit Hilfe der Prager Phonologie und der auf ihr beruhenden Morphologie sollte aufgezeigt werden, wie groß die allophonische und allomorphische Bandbreite ist, derer sich die Sprecher im Gespräch unbewußt bedienen. Sehr schön läßt sich dies anhand der Verbalmorphologie bei den unregelmäßigen Verben (Kurzverben) aufzeigen. Ein weiteres Ziel der Untersuchung war es, die Stellung der Ortsdialekte des Schanfiggs und ihres Gesamts, also das Schanfigger Diasystem, innerhalb der dem Schanfigg benachbarten Mundarten darzustellen. Idealerweise hätten das Prättigau, das Churwaldner Tal und die Churer bzw. Churerrheintaler Mundarten herangezogen werden müssen. Da aber leider keine Untersuchungen zu den Verhältnissen im Prättigau und im Churwaldner Tal vorhanden sind, wurden die Schanfigger Verhältnisse mit denjenigen der Stadt Chur (vgl. Eckhardt 1991) und des Deutschen im Bezirk Imboden (vgl. Toth und Ebneter 1996) verglichen.
Das Forschungsunternehmen "Romanisch und Deutsch am Hinterrhein / GR" von Prof. Dr. Theodor Ebneter (Sprachlabor der Universität Zürich) wurde in den Jahren 1978-1992 am Phonogrammarchiv der Universität Zürich als erstes bilinguistisches Projekt durchgeführt.
Für jede der vier Talschaften des Hinterrheins waren ursprünglich zwei Bände, einer für das Deutsche und einer für das Romanische, vorgesehen. […] Da die Gewährsleute ihre jeweilige Mundart gerne mit jener von Chur vergleichen, wurde die Dissertation von Oscar Eckhardt "Die Mundart der Stadt Chur" (1991)als Band 9 veröffentlicht.
Nachdem Prof. Ebneters Leitung des Phonogrammarchivs 1992 zu Ende ging, konnte mit Unterstützung des Schweizerischen Nationalfonds Band 7 "Romanisch im Boden, in Trin und in Flims" mit seinem Umfang von 622 Seiten abgeschlossen werden, der als romanistische Ergänzung zu Urs Willis 1990 publiziertem Band 8 "Deutsch im Bezirk Imboden " die Untersuchung dieser vierten und letzten Talschaft beschliessen sollte.
Der vorliegende Band 11 der Reihe "Romanisch und Deutsch am Hinterrhein / GR" ersetzt nun Willis Band 8 und schliesst zugleich das Forschungsuntemehmen mit der germanistischen Aufarbeitung des Bodens, von Trins und von Flims ab. Dieser Band wurde von Dr. Alfred Toth und Prof. Dr. Theodor Ebneter parallel zur Herstellung von Band 10 "Die romanisch-deutsche Sprachlandschaft am unteren Hinterrhein" verfasst. Die Ersetzung von Willis Band durch den vorliegenden war auch deshalb nötig, um die die deutschen Mundarten des Bezirks Imboden betreffenden Daten in Band 10 einbauen zu können. Zu diesem Zweck wurden im Winter und Frühling 1994/95 alle Ortschaften des Bezirks Imboden mit 27 Gewährspersonen in längeren Gesprächen aufgenommen.
Band 11 orientiert sich methodisch einerseits an Band 7 über die romanistische Situation des Bezirks Imboden, dessen germanistische Ergänzung er darstellt, anderseits an Band 9 über die Mundart von Chur, der innerhalb der Reihe zum erstenmal vergleichsweise herangezogen werden konnte, nachdem alle übrigen germanistischen Bände früher erschienen waren. Aus diesem Grunde wurde der Einleitung (Kap. 1), der Phonologie (Kap. 2) und der Morphologie (Kap. 3) ein Kapitel 4 "Vergleich der Dialekte des Bezirks Imboden mit der Mundart der Stadt Chur" beigesteIlt, in dem auch Aspekte der Morphosyntax (Kap. 4.3.), der Syntax (Kap. 4.4.) sowie der Lexikologie (Kap. 4.5.) behandelt werden.
Das Ausgangsmaterial für die vorliegende Untersuchung stammt aus dem Phonetischen Normalbuch von Luzi (1903-05). Zunächst werden die beiden Ortsdialekte von Sils (Nr. 34) und Scharans (Nr. 33) miteinander verglichen (Kap. 2.2). Hernach werden beide zusammen je einer benachbarten Ortsmundart der angrenzenden Talschaften gegenübergestellt (Kap. 2.3 bis Kap. 2.7). Gewählt wurden für das äußere Domleschg Rodels (Nr. 32), für das Schams Zillis (Nr. 42), für das Albulatal Obervaz1 (Nr. 58), für den oberen Heinzenberg der heute ausgestorbene Dialekt von Flerden (Nr. 39), und für den unteren Heinzenberg der heute ebenfalls erloschene Dialekt von Cazis (Nr. 36).
Dealing with alternatives
(2006)
Traditionally, pure additive particles and scalar additive particles are both characterized by an existential presupposition. They differ insofar as the set of alternatives that is built is unordered for the former, and ordered for the latter, which carry the so-called scalar presupposition. As a result, the two characterisations cannot be cumulated, an impossibility that is at odds with the fact that several languages exhibit this combination of readings for a single item. The discussion of Italian neanche '(n)either/(not) even', an item that can both be additive and scalar, allows us to expose the connection between the oppositions non-ordered vs ordered set of alternatives and verified vs accommodated existential presupposition by adding content to the traditional view that the set of alternatives is made up of 'relevant' items in the context. The question of how to characterise this item is set against the backdrop of a more general discussion of the network of additive particles found in Italian.
Seit der Herausbildung des akademischen Faches Deutsch als Fremdsprache in den 1970er Jahren und im Anschluss an die Auseinandersetzung mit der Grundfrage nach Struktur und Konzeption des Faches in den 1990er Jahren des vorigen Jahrhunderts wird der Zusammenhang von Germanistik und Deutsch als Fremdsprache kontrovers diskutiert. Dabei stehen sich zwei Positionen gegenüber. Die erste Position deutet Germanistik und Deutsch als Fremdsprache in einer hyperonymischen Beziehung. Deutsch als Fremdsprache wird der Germanistik untergeordnet und dementsprechend als der Mediävistik, der germanistischen Linguistik und der germanistischen Literaturwissenschaft gleichberechtigt angesehen. In diesem Sinne erweist sich ein Studium des Deutschen als Fremdsprache als integraler Bestandteil einer Germanistikausbildung. Demgegenüber fasst die zweite Position Germanistik und Deutsch als Fremdsprache als zwei sich unterscheidende Fächer auf. Dabei wird Deutsch als Fremdsprache einer Fremdsprachenphilologie gleichgestellt, die im Unterschied zur Germanistik andere Erkenntnisinteressen verfolgt. Der Beitrag diskutiert im Lichte der in den 1990er Jahren geführten Strukturdebatte den komplexen Zusammenhang von Germanistik und Deutsch als Fremdsprache im Kontext des Lehrens und Lernens des Deutschen als Fremdsprache jenseits des deutschen Sprachraums. Dies wird exemplarisch am Beispiel des Studiums von Germanistik und Deutsch als Fremdsprache in Thailand gezeigt.
This paper provides a treatment of Polish Plural Comitative Constructions in the paradigm of HPSG in the tradition of Pollard and Sag (1994). Plural Comitative Constructions (PCCs) have previously been treated in terms of coordination, complementation and adjunction. The objective of this paper is to show that PCCs are neither instances of typical coordinate structures nor of typical complement or adjunct structures. It thus appears difficult to properly describe them by means of the standard principles of syntax and semantics. The analysis proposed in this paper accounts for the syntactic and semantic properties of PCCs in Polish by assuming an adjunction-based syntactic structure for PCCs, and by treating the indexical information provided by PCCs not as subject to any inheritance or composition, but as a result of applying a set of principles on number, gender and person resolution that also hold for ordinary coordinate structures.
This paper focuses on aspects of the licensing of adverbial noun phrases (AdvNPs) in the HPSG grammar framework. In the first part, empirical issues will be discussed. A number of AdvNPs will be examined with respect to various linguistic phenomena in order to find out to what extent AdvNPs share syntactic and semantic properties with non-adverbial NPs.Based on empirical generalizations, a lexical constraint for licensing both AdvNPs and non-adverbial NPs will be provided. Further on, problems of structural licensing of phrases containing AdvNPs that arise within the standard HPSG framework of Pollard and Sag (1994) will be pointed out, and a possible solution will be proposed. The objective is to provide a constraint-based treatment of NPs which describes non-redundantly both their adverbial and non-adverbial usages. The analysis proposed in this paper applies lexical and phrasal implicational constraints and does not require any radical modifications or extensions of the standard HPSG geometry of Pollard and Sag (1994).
Nominalization in French can be done by means of conversion, which is characterized by the identity between the base and the derived lexeme. Since both noun→verb and verb→noun conversions exist, this property raises directionality issues, and sometimes leads to contradictory analyses of the same examples. The paper presents two approaches of conversion: derivational and non-derivational ones. Then it discusses various criteria used in derivational approaches to determine the direction of conversion: diachronic ones, such as dates of first attestation or etymology; and synchronic ones, such as semantic relations, noun gender or verb inflection. All criteria are evaluated on a corpus of 3,241 French noun~verb pairs. It is shown that none of them enables to identify the direction of conversion in French. Finally, the consequences for the theory of morphology are discussed.
In this paper, I discuss verb to noun conversion in French. The properties of the input verb and the output noun are presented and a formal representation is proposed using the SBCG framework. The use of such a formalism based on constraints and multiple inheritance highlights the difficulties in defining what exactly is a conversion rule. I propose that the different properties of the input verb and the output noun can be thought of as different dimensions of classification, which characterize the verb to noun conversion rule.
This paper describes the revision of the Vietnamese version of the Multilingual Assessment Instrument for Narratives (LITMUS-MAIN). We first introduce the Vietnamese language and Vietnamese-speaking populations after which we describe the translation and adaptation process of the Vietnamese MAIN and present results from monolingual and bilingual children.
The earliest known extensive texts in Gullah (and perhaps African American Vernacular English as well) to appear in print were published in The Riverside Magazine for Young People in November, 1868, under the title "Negro Fables" (p. 505-507). These are four animal stories, which the editor of the magazine, Horace Elisha Scudder, described in his column only as having been "taken down from the lips of an old negro, in the vicinity of Charleston" (see Appendix for the editor´s comments and the full text of the stories).2 The Story-Teller was evidently a genuine "man of words" (Abrahams, 1983), a true raconteur who could artistically embellish a simple traditional account (perhaps further embellished by the transcriber) in a variety of ways. That he commanded a certain range of Gullah is evident from particular signature features in the texts, but the absence of other typical Gullah features and the presence of shared Gullah/African American Vernacular English usages, together with the periodic appearance of standard English forms, demonstrate that these texts provide perhaps the earliest actual documentation (apart from early tertiary comments, cited e.g. in Feagin, 1997, p. 128-129) of register variation or style/code-switching among Gullah speakers. ...
As kindergartens and schools closed down during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany, two hashtags emerged on Twitter: #CoronaEltern (#CoronaParents) and #CoronaElternRechnenAb (#CoronaParentsDocumentTheCosts). In this paper, we examine the positioning practices around both hashtags as expressions of “digital activism” (Joyce 2010: VIII). One characteristic of the hashtag campaign is that political demands are hardly ever made directly. Rather, the participants resort to five main linguistic patterns: (1) they address different target groups; (2) they refer to different protagonists; (3) in the subcorpus #CoronaEltern specifically, they constitute themselves as a collective through (4) the recurring use of first-person narratives; (5) and generalization and typification. Our findings show that #CoronaParents are not just parents in times of a pandemic: #CoronaParents are only those who see themselves as such, participating in an evolving, at times misunderstood community.
The present paper is devoted to the old and always vexing problem of the linguistical ethnogenesis of the Slavs. The theme of the fate of the Indo-Europeans ancestors of the Slavic people is by its very nature broad and complex, too broad actually for a short essay. That is the reason why we have resigned ourselves to a detailed regular treatment, while presenting only some of the more interesting results and observations based mostly on new etymological studies of words and proper names. The major purpose is to combine linguistic and ethnic history and to proceed to its (fragmentary) reconstruction. Accordingly, our purpose is as simple as it can be for such a wide scope topic: to reconstruct the form, meaning and origin of the Old Slavic lexicon and to extract, if possible, more information about the history of the Slavic people from these linguistic data. The work of reconstructing the Common Slavic lexicon is being carried out in Moscow and Cracow, as far as the major new etymological dictionaries are concerned. A considerably larger number of scholars are concerned with these problems in Russia than in other countries. A reliable reconstruction of words and meanings is the key to any reconstruction of the culture. Why did the Slavs replace the IE name of the 'harrow' by a new word? How did the Ancient Slavs get a term for the process of 'paying'? What are we to think about the case of 'the Slavs and the sea'? How did a word for 'ship' appear among the Slavs? We now know how to answer these and many other questions (we shall revert later to the case of the sea), but the motivation of many other words remains as obscure as before. Others have fallen into oblivion and survive at best on the onomastic level - hence, our keen interest for onomastics and such new works as the Dictionary of Ukrainian waternames [2] that expand our knowledge of the Old Slavic common lexicon and provide new insights into onomastics proper, e.g. the Slavic toponymic 'superdialect,' the existence of genuine Slavic waternames (i.e. those without appellative stage, e.g. *morica and its continuations in different areas of Slavic hydronymy). It is not possible to determine the earliest area the Slavs occupied or, at least, their original homeland without studying etymology and onomastics. How can this question be solved? There are straightforward ways to do it (e.g. by marking off an area with many or only purely Slavic placenames and waternames), but there must also be subtler, more accurate ways. What happened to the lexicon and the onomastics of an ancient people at the time of migration? Did it name only what it saw and knew itself? Our studies show that "a people's vocabulary transcends its actual experience" [3, p. XLVII] ; thus, it preserves not only its own fossilized experience, but a foreign "hearsay" experience as well. The Slavic written tradition begins at a relatively late date - from the IXth century. But any Slavic word or name, although unwritten, can be a record, a memento reflected at some time in another language. Thus, the personal name of a king of the Antae - rex Boz. (in Jordanes [Vlth century] usually interpreted as Bozi 'God's), reflects an early Slavic vozi or vozi, Russian dial. voz (a calque of rex = voh), learned vozd?'chief, leader', already palatalized in the IVth century (the time of the described events and of the person named) - practically an up-to-date form!
This paper examines whether gender features (masculine, feminine, neuter) in German have to be interpreted semantically, along their specific gender, or whether they allow for a gender unrelated interpretation. As to this, two experiments with two different classes of nouns (gender marked and sex marked nouns vs. gender marked and sex neutral nouns) were conducted. The first experiment supports the view that in their function as nominal predicates masculine nouns, contrary to feminine (and neuter) nouns, have the widest extension – which confirms the existence of a ‘Generic Masculine’ (Generisches Maskulinum). On the other hand, the second experiment shows that in their function as subjects masculine nouns, contrary to feminine (and neuter) nouns, are the least flexible agreement controllers – hardly allowing for gender mismatches. Thus, masculine nouns behave differently depending on whether they appear as controllers/sources of agreement or as targets of agreement. The findings are supplemented by corpus data.
On object specificity
(2001)
[W]e have demonstrated that the object specificity follows from the same principle as the subject specificity under the EMH. Furthermore, the semantic discrepancy between the realis and irrealis object shift constructions turns out to be a subcase of the more general indicative-modal asymmetry. Although our analysis presented here is nothing but conclusive, it does suggest that the EMH is a potent candidate for explaining the indicative-modal asymmetry, as well as for building a general theory of the specificity effects in question.
This paper proposes a representation for syllable structure in HPSG, building on previous work by Bird and Klein (1994), Höhle (1999), and Crysmann (2002). Instead of mapping segments into a a separate part of the sign where syllables are represented structurally, information about syllabification is encoded directly in the list of segments, the core of the PHONOLOGY value. Higher level prosodic phenomena can operate on a more abstract representation of the sequence of syllables derived from the syllabified segments list. The approach is illustrated with analyses of some word-boundary phenomena conditioned by syllable structure in French.
This paper explores the use of HPSG for modeling historical phonological change and grammaticalization, focusing on the evolution of the pronunciation of word-final consonants in Modern French. The diachronic evidence is presented in detail, and interpreted as two main transitions, first from Old French to Middle French, then from Middle French to the modern language. The data show how the loss of final consonants, originally a phonological development in Middle French, gave rise to the grammaticalized external sandhi phenomenon known as consonant liaison in modern French. The stages of development are analyzed formally as a succession of HPSG lexical schemas in which phonological representations are determined by reference to the immediately following phonological context.
An empirical overview of the properties of English prepositional passives is presented, followed by a discussion of formal approaches to the analysis of the various types of prepositional passives in HPSG. While a lexical treatment is available, the significant number of technical and conceptual difficulties encountered point to an alternative approach relying on constructional constraints. The constructional approach is argued to be the best option for prepositional passives involving adjunct PPs, and this analysis can be extended to create a hierarchy of constructions accommodating all types of prepositional passives in English, and the ordinary NP passive.
Remarks on Marking
(2002)
This paper calls for a reexamination of the Marking Theory of HPSG, which in its standard form involves a considerable amount of dedicated formal machinery, but which proves to be inapplicable for most types of grammatical marking. As an alternative, it is demonstrated that head-marker phrases can be reanalyzed as head-complement structures, with the marking element treated as the syntactic head. This approach allows the elimination of all marking-specific formal apparatus, with the exception of the attribute MARKING, which percolates as an ordinary HEAD feature, and whose function is significantly expanded.
The proposed approach allows marking elements to be related to other lexical heads (prepositions, in particular), and marking constructions are better integrated in the grammar, rather than being grouped into an exceptional class of head-marker phrases.
This paper presents a descriptive overview of liaison, giving an idea of the scope of the phenomenon and possible approaches to its analysis. As for the contextual conditions on liaison, in many cases, the traditional notions of obligatory and prohibited liaison do not reflect speakers' actual behavior. It turns out that general syntactic constraints cannot determine the systematic presence or absence of liaison at a given word boundary. At best, specific constraints can be formulated to target particular classes of constructions. To express such constraints, I propose a system of representation in the framework of HPSG. The use of EDGE features (introduced by Miller (1992) for a GPSG treatment of French) provides the necessary link between phrasal descriptions and the properties of phrase-peripheral elements.
This paper presents an overview of the adaptation of the Multilingual Assessment Instrument for Narratives in Greek, focusing on its use in Greek academic and diagnostic settings. A summary of the properties of the Greek language and the concomitant challenges these language-specific properties posed to MAIN adaptation are presented along with a summary of published studies with monolingual Greek-speaking children and bilingual children with Greek as L2, with and without Developmental Language Disorder.
Der vorliegende Artikel befasst sich mit der Problematik der Informationsvermittlung im Un-terricht und präsentiert die Ergebnisse meiner Forschungstätigkeit, die ich im Rahmen meiner zukünftigen Dissertation durchgeführt habe. Den Ausgangspunkt bildet eine Korpusanalyse, die die empirischen Daten liefert und im Zusammenhang mit dem entsprechenden theoretischen Hintergrund ihre Interpretation ermöglicht. Dies führt zur Aufstellung einer Typologie von Texten gegebener Art, deren Schwerpunkte auf den kognitiven und didaktischen Aspekten liegen und auf diese Weise mehr Licht in die Prozesse der Informations-vermittlung rücken. Die Betrachtungsperspektive, die dabei im Forschungsinteresse steht, bildet die Beziehung Textverfasser – Text ab. Die Stellungnahme zu der oben angeführten Problematik ist mit der Bestimmung der Zielsetzung der Forschungstätigkeit und zugleich mit der Festlegung des entsprechenden theoretischen Hintergrundes und methodischen Vorgehens verbunden.
Usings songs to teach aural comprehension in the intermediate-advanced foreign language classroom
(2000)
In this article, we will present an aural comprehension development technique for intermediate-advanced students of Russian which aims at expanding comprehensible input through the use of song-poems. We will argue that learning can be enhanced by expanding Krashen's notion of i+1 to i+1,2,3,4... We will discuss how the prosodic and poetic structures of song lyrics make this type of input particularly effective in the second or foreign language classroom. We will also examine the merits of this approach from the standpoint of motivating students, reducing their classroom anxiety, and encouraging the use of effective language learning strategies. Finally, we illustrate in detail the application of this method in the first author's Russian language textbook based on the songs of Bulat Okudzhava.
Transforming constituent-based annotation into dependency-based annotation has been shown to work for different treebanks and annotation schemes (e.g. Lin (1995) has transformed the Penn treebank, and Kübler and Telljohann (2002) the Tübinger Baumbank des Deutschen (TüBa-D/Z)). These ventures are usually triggered by the conflict between theory-neutral annotation, that targets most needs of a wider audience, and theory-specific annotation, that provides more fine-grained information for a smaller audience. As a compromise, it has been pointed out that treebanks can be designed to support more than one theory from the start (Nivre, 2003). We argue that information can also be added to an existing annotation scheme so that it supports additional theory-specific annotations. We also argue that such a transformation is useful for improving and extending the original annotation scheme with respect to both ambiguous annotation and annotation errors. We show this by analysing problems that arise when generating dependency information from the constituent-based TüBa-D/Z.
In diesem Aufsatz wird das mentale Lexikon als System beschrieben, in dem Lexeme aufgenommen, gespeichert und nach bestimmten Regeln geordnet und eingesetzt werden. Hierbei spielen Bedeutungsbeziehungen eine grundlegende Rolle. Die Mikrostruktur dieses Netzwerks bildet die Polysemie, die anhand von Bedeutungssternen (mit Kernbedeutung und Nebenbedeutungen einzelner Lexeme) dargestellt werden kann. Anhand von Musterübungen wird gezeigt, wie dieses Thema im muttersprachlichen Unterricht didaktisch umgesetzt werden kann.
Three quantificational approaches to the measurement of lexical descriptivity are proposed, based on: the semantic sum of the parts of a lexeme is equal to the whole, paraphrase-term and term-paraphrase congruence, explicitness of semantic elements of a construction. Combination of all possible values into tripartite sets and then into equipollent groups results in a system composed of 12 grades. This system was tested with a semantic domain of the Finnish lexicon: body-part terms. The descriptivity indices for each lexical item were correlated with natural divisions of the body, construction-motivation types (form, function, location), grammatical construction types (endo- and exocentric compounds, derived forms, metaphors), and loanwords. These comparisons result in a number of grade profiles whereby specific descriptivity grades are characteristically associated with one or more types of body section, construction motivation, and grammatical construction. Diachronic and synchronic evidence points overwhelmingly to a process of semantic narrowing in the development of descriptive words and labels from phrases or sentences.
In an earlier paper, I proposed a system for evaluating the relative descriptivity of lexical items in a consistent manner in terms of the interrelations of three metrics. The first of these, including five possible degrees of descriptivity, is based on the premise that the sum of the meaningful parts of a given form is or is not equal to the meaning of the whole. The second, also composed of five degrees, is based on paraphrase-term relations in which the logical quantifiers: all, some and no, are applied to the terms of the paraphrase in one test and to the meaningful parts of the term (linguistic form) in the reversibility test. Both tests are applied in the form of logical propositions. The third metric, with three degrees, deals with the relative explicitness of the meaningful parts of a given form: explicit, implicit or neither. […] This system was then tested in a pilot study involving the fairly limited and semantically homogeneous lexical domain of body-part terms in a specific language, Finnish. The purpose of the present paper is to subject comparable data from other languages to the same kind of analysis and compare the results in order to ascertain whether the generalizations arrived at with the Finnish data also hold for the other languages or, more specifically, which of these generalizations are more or less universal and which language or language-type specific? The additional languages to be examined here are: French, German, Ewe, Maasai and Swahili.
This paper focuses on definite descriptions. It will be shown that a definite description refers to a given discourse referent if the descriptive content is completely deaccented. But if there is a focussed element within the descriptive content it introduces a novel referent. This amounts to allowing two readings for definite descriptions without, however, allowing two readings for the definite article.
Wenn wie im Falle des Instituts für Angewandte Linguistik und Translatologie der Universität Leipzig eine mehr als zehnjährige Germanistische Institutspartnerschaft mit gleich zwei russischen Partnern – den Übersetzer-Fakultäten der Linguistischen Universitäten Moskau und Pjatigorsk – nunmehr ihren Abschluss findet, so bietet es sich natürlich an zu fragen, was die GIP-Langzeitkooperation beiden Seiten an messbaren wissenschaftlichen, wissenschaftsmethodischen und curricularen Ergebnissen, an „Zuwächsen“ im Sinne der Nachwuchsförderung, des Austauschs von Dozenten und Studierenden gebracht hat. Die Bilanz – von uns dargelegt im Jubiläumsband 52 der Dokumente & Materialien des Deutschen Akademischen Austausch Dienstes – kann sich durchaus sehen lassen und rechtfertigt nicht nur die aufgewandten Mittel, sondern auch die kontinuierliche Arbeit, den nachhaltigen Einsatz und die vielfältigen Initiativen der zahlreichen Beteiligten auf beiden Seiten.
Etymologie und Wortgeschichte bezeichnen deutlich voneinander unterschiedene Aufgabenstellungen der Linguistik. Etymologie beschreibt die erste Zuordnung eines Inhalts zu einer hierfür neugeschaffenen Lautkette. Sie hat Lexikon, Wortbildung und Motivation als Faktoren einer solchen Zuordnung darzustellen und gehört damit zur synchronen Beschreibung der Sprache. Wortgeschichte ist eine Aufgabe der historischen Sprachwissenschaft: sie registriert und deutet alles, was sich mit einer einmal geschehenen Form-Inhalt-Zuordnung im Laufe ihrer Verwendung durch die Sprecher ereignet.
Im ersten Teil wird zunächst die wenige Forschungsliteratur zum Thema Deskriptivität selbst und eng verwandten Themen vorgestellt und besprochen. Daraus soll sich im Anschluss auch eine Definition des Begriffes ergeben, die weit genug gefasst ist, um die übliche Verwendungsweise des Begriffs bei Autoren, die ihn zwar benutzen, aber nicht theoretisch behandeln, zu erfassen, die sich aber andererseits dennoch in klar definierten und nachvollziehbaren Grenzen bewegt. Dabei soll weiterhin deutlich werden, dass es sich bei Deskriptivität um ein prinzipiell in allen Sprachen anzutreffendes Phänomen handelt, dass sich aber die Frequenz deskriptiver Ausdrücke von Sprache zu Sprache stark unterscheiden kann. Dabei werde ich Daten aus ausgewählten Sprachen einbeziehen und eine quantitative Analyse des Ausmaßes, mit dem verschiedene Sprachen von deskriptiven Bildungen Gebrauch machen vorstellen. Der zweite Hauptteil der Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit folgender Frage: Wenn jede Sprache zu einem gewissen Grad von deskriptiven Benennungen Gebrauch macht, welche Mechanismen des Sprachwandels gibt es, die die Position einer Sprache auf dieser Skala in die eine oder die andere Richtung verändern können?
Hybrid robust deep and shallow semantic processing for creativity support in document production
(2004)
The research performed in the DeepThought project (http://www.project-deepthought.net) aims at demonstrating the potential of deep linguistic processing if added to existing shallow methods that ensure robustness. Classical information retrieval is extended by high precision concept indexing and relation detection. We use this approach to demonstrate the feasibility of three ambitious applications, one of which is a tool for creativity support in document production and collective brainstorming. This application is described in detail in this paper. Common to all three applications, and the basis for their development is a platform for integrated linguistic processing. This platform is based on a generic software architecture that combines multiple NLP components and on robust minimal recursive semantics (RMRS) as a uniform representation language.
In Anlehnung an das Studentenaustauschprogramm Erasmus ruft die Türkei ein neues Projekt ins Leben. Der Name des Projekts lautet "Mevlana-Austausch-Programm". Der Hochschulrat YÖK will mit diesem Projekt die Türkei auf dem Bereich der Bildung zu einem Anziehungszentrum verwandeln. In einer ersten Phase soll mit Universitäten, die nicht Teilnehmer des Erasmus Programms sind, kooperiert werden. Bisher wurden mit 32 Ländern 228 Protokolle unterzeichnet. Im Austauschprogramm befinden sich die USA, China, Russland, Japan und andere Länder.
This paper aims to determine and classify by syntactic criteria, the functions of reflexivity (reflexive pronoun kendi) in Turkish, in contrast to German.
Reflexivity in Turkish can be expressed by synthetic elements such as affixes, but also by an analytical element – the reflexive pronoun kendi. And in German it is formed by the reflexive pronoun sich. The reflexive pronoun sich in German used both in anaphorical and lexical functions, which can be distinguished from each other by certain criteria.
Establishing coherent identity patterns for literary characters in novels is a difficult task. In this respect, we assume that readers rely on pre-stored cultural models in order to construct mental models of the text content, including character identity. By significantly extending the approach by Van Dijk and Kintsch and going beyond the related accounts of Schneider and of Culpeper, we aim to clarify the constitutive role of conceptual metaphor as proposed by Lakoff et al. in processes of literary identity construction. The analysis of a corpus of three contemporary novels supports our claim that conceptual metaphors and the mapping of domains involved interact with cultural models and connect text phenomena to such prior knowledge structures. On this basis, we provide an integrated model of literary identity construction which acknowledges the constitutive value of conceptual metaphors in literary identity construction.
One kind of relative clause in Modern Hebrew is formed with a gap, as in (1a). However, in certain situations, the gap can be replaced by a resumptive pronoun, as in (1b):
(1a) ha-yeled she ra'iti
the-boy that saw-1.SG
(b) ha-yeled she ra'iti 'oto;
the-boy that saw-1.SG him;
the boy that I saw
Some previous approaches, such as (Borer 1984) and (Sells 1984), have treated gaps and resumptives with different mechanisms. This paper examines several properties that Hebrew resumptive pronouns share with gaps, motivating a more unified treatment in HPSG using non-local feature propagation for both. This machinery is then used in the analysis a variety of Hebrew relative clause phenomena, including in situ resumptive pronouns, fronted resumptive pronouns, relative clauses lacking a complementizer, bare gap relatives, and subject-verb inversion.
References
Borer, Hagit (1984). "Restrictive relative clauses in Modern Hebrew." Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 2:219-260.
Sells, Peter (1984). Syntax and Semantics of Resumptive Pronouns. Ph.D. Thesis, UMass Amherst.
Unbounded dependency constructions in Irish, such as relative clauses, can be made with both gaps, as in (1), and resumptive pronouns, as in (2) (examples from (McCloskey 1979)):
(1) an fear a dúirt mé a shíl mé a beadh _ann
the man AL said I AL thought I AL would-be _there
'the man that I said that I thought would be there'
(2) an t-úrscéal ar mheas mé gur thuig mé é
the novel AN thought I GO understood I it
'the novel that I thought I understood'
This paper will sketch an HPSG treatment of such constructions and their interactions with the distribution of the sentence-initial particles GO, AL, and AN. We focus particularly on relative clauses and constituent questions but believe that the same analysis can be extended to other gap and resumptive constructions. We analyze resumptives with a nonlocal feature RESUMP which is propagated like the SLASH feature used for gaps. This is supported by the existence of a particle pattern that marks intermediate clauses in resumptive dependencies. We also discuss some exceptional particle patterns associated with bare NP adverbials and shown how they can be incorporated into the analysis, though certain unresolved problems remain.
References
McCloskey, J. (1979). Transformational Syntax and Model-Theoretic Semantics: A Case Study in Modern Irish. Dordrecht: Reidel.
Die slowakische Germanistik erlebte nach der Wende einen großen Aufschwung. Im Zusammenhang mit der Notwendigkeit der Ausbildung fehlender Fremdsprachenlehrer kam es zur Wieder- oder Neueröffnung von germanistischen Lehrstühlen an existierenden und an neu gegründeten Universitäten. Es ergaben sich viele Möglichkeiten, an internationalen Projekten teilzunehmen, die die Lehre und die Forschung förderten. Im Rahmen dieser Projekte und der neuen wissenschaftlichen und pädagogischen Zusammenarbeit entstanden auch einige phraseologische (Ďurčo, Vajičková) und stilistische Arbeiten (Vajičková). Andere wurden dadurch angeregt (Chovan) und in weiteren kann man wiederum ein Anknüpfen an slowakische germanistische oder auch an slawistische Traditionen (Ďurčo u. a.) sehen.
Nach sehr kurzer Zeit sank leider das Interesse an der deutschen Sprache in allen Schultypen und auf allen Unterrichtsstufen, dennoch profilierten sich mehrere slowakische germanistische Sprachwissenschaftler und beschäftigten sich kontinuierlich mit interessanten phraseologischen und stilistischen oder textwissenschaftlichen germanistischen Fragestellungen . Quantitativ gesehen stehen phraseologische Arbeiten vor stilistischen, deshalb beginnen wir unsere kurze Darstellung mit den phraseologischen Arbeiten.
U radu se razmatraju svi dosada poznati rukopisni primjerci / varijante rječnika zadarskoga kanonika Ivana Tanzlinghera Zanottija, uz ponovno čitanje svih znanstvenih članaka i studija o njima i vraćanje na riječi iz njegove oporuke. Opisuje se i rad na digitalizaciji i mrežnom objavljivanju jednoga od njih. Predstavlja se još jedan rukopisni primjerak njegova rječnika koji je 2009. godine otkriven u Zadru.
Partizipien und Adjektive gehören zu Sprachmitteln, die bei der Personendarstellung zur Beschreibung des Äußeren, der Interessen und der geistigen Welt in spezifischen Textsorten (hier: in Kontaktanzeigen lesbischer Frauen im Alter über 50 Jahre) verwendet werden. Im Vergleich zum Adjektiv kann das Partizip die zeitliche Dimension einer Eigenschaft oder der Lebenserfahrung ausdrücken; auf diese Weise können Sprechende den Wert der jeweiligen Eigenschaft oder Lebenserfahrung hervorheben. Das Partizip wird in bestimmten Kontexten bevorzugt, denn es kann die persuasive und appellative Funktion des Textes intensivieren. Die Autorin dieses Beitrags analysiert Motive und Strategien des Partizip-Usus' aus pragmalinguistischer Perspektive in 100 Kontaktanzeigen in der deutschen Frauenzeitschrift 'EMMA'.
In the research field initiated by Lindblom & Liljencrants in 1972, we illustrate the possibility of giving substance to phonology, predicting the structure of phonological systems with nonphonological principles, be they listener-oriented (perceptual contrast and stability) or speaker-oriented (articulatory contrast and economy). We proposed for vowel systems the Dispersion-Focalisation Theory (Schwartz et al., 1997b). With the DFT, we can predict vowel systems using two competing perceptual constraints weighted with two parameters, respectively λ and α. The first one aims at increasing auditory distances between vowel spectra (dispersion), the second one aims at increasing the perceptual salience of each spectrum through formant proximities (focalisation). We also introduced new variants based on research in physics - namely, phase space (λ,α) and polymorphism of a given phase, or superstructures in phonological organisations (Vallée et al., 1999) which allow us to generate 85.6% of 342 UPSID systems from 3- to 7-vowel qualities. No similar theory for consonants seems to exist yet. Therefore we present in detail a typology of consonants, and then suggest ways to explain plosive vs. fricative and voiceless vs. voiced consonants predominances by i) comparing them with language acquisition data at the babbling stage and looking at the capacity to acquire relatively different linguistic systems in relation with the main degrees of freedom of the articulators; ii) showing that the places “preferred” for each manner are at least partly conditioned by the morphological constraints that facilitate or complicate, make possible or impossible the needed articulatory gestures, e.g. the complexity of the articulatory control for voicing and the aerodynamics of fricatives. A rather strict coordination between the glottis and the oral constriction is needed to produce acceptable voiced fricatives (Mawass et al., 2000). We determine that the region where the combinations of Ag (glottal area) and Ac (constriction area) values results in a balance between the voice and noise components is indeed very narrow. We thus demonstrate that some of the main tendencies in the phonological vowel and consonant structures of the world’s languages can be explained partly by sensorimotor constraints, and argue that actually phonology can take part in a theory of Perception-for-Action-Control.
The article focuses on linguistic means used by professionals when defining specific emotions in psychological texts. Based on a linguistic analysis of selected passages of text, the author describes the metaphorical concepts used in order to make it easier for recipients to understand phenomena whose perception is purely subjective. The role of metaphors in professional language is frequently neglected or underestimated.
This article focuses on the roles of temporal adverbs in the linguistic expression of emotions. Emotions are phenomena which we experience subjectively, and which we are unable to grasp without respect to time. The intersubjective linguistic expression of emotions in the novel involves the use of temporal adverbs accompanying the narrative structure of the text and helping to intensify the expression of emotions.
Prenominals in Dutch
(2003)
For modeling the internal structure of noun phrases (Pollard and Sag, 1994, 385) treats the noun as the head and classi£es its dependents in terms of a three-fold distinction, £rst proposed in Chomsky (1970), between complements, adjuncts and speci£ers. For a phrase like the expensive picture of Sandy the structure looks as follows.
In Pollard & Sag (1994) and in Ginzburg & Sag (2000) phrases are either headed or non-headed, and if they are headed, there is a relation of selection between the daughters: either the head daughter selects its non-head sister(s), as in the phrases of type 'head-complements', or the non-head daughter selects its head sister, as in the phrases of type 'head-adjunct'. In the non-headed phrases, by contrast, there is no selection; in a coordinate structure, for instance, there is no relation of selection, neither between the conjuncts nor between the conjunction and the conjuncts. The central claim of this paper is that there are also phrases which are headed but in which neither daughter selects the other. To model such phrases I propose a new type, called 'head-independent'. Its properties are spelled out and its range of application is illustrated with various examples, including asymmetric coordination and apposition.
Predicate complements
(2008)
The analysis of the copula as a semantically vacuous word in mainstream HPSG is appropriate for some of its uses, such as the progressive and the passive, but not for its use in clauses with a predicative complement. In such clauses the copula denotes a relation of coreference between the indices of the subject and the predicative complement.
Since the introduction of the X-bar principles it is commonly assumed that prepositions are heads of PPs, in the same way as nouns and pronouns are heads of NPs. However, while this is well motivated for a large majority of the pronouns and the prepositions in many languages, there are also exceptions. More specifically, Van Eynde (1999) argues that the reduced or minor pronouns of Dutch — as opposed to their full or tonic counterparts — cannot head an NP, and the purpose of this paper is to demonstrate that there are also prepositions which cannot head a PP. The first section introduces the distinction between major and minor categories. The second shows how it can be applied to the prepositions and presents a way of treating minor prepositions in HPSG. The third singles out the Dutch te(to) as a plausible candidate for a minor preposition treatment, and the fourth provides criteria for the identification of other minor prepositions. The concluding section points out the wider significance of these findings.
The Big Mess Construction
(2007)
There is a construction in English, exemplified by 'how long a bridge', which is so irregular that it has been named the Big Mess Construction (Berman 1974). This paper first sketches its main characteristics and a treatment of the internal structure of the noun phrase which serves as a background for the analysis. It then presents three ways in which the Big Mess Construction can be analysed; two of them are lexicalist and are shown to be implausible; the third is constructivist and is argued to be superior. In a next step, the discussion is extended to two other types of constructions. The first concerns the English adnominal reflexives, as in 'the children themselves', and is shown to require a constructivist analysis which is similar but not identical to the one for the Big Mess Construction. The second concerns the combination of 'such' and 'what' with the indefinite article, as in 'such a pleasure'. In spite of its obvious resemblance with the Big Mess Construction this combination does not require a constructivist analysis; instead, it fits the lexicalist mould of most of the rest of HPSG.
On the notion 'determiner'
(2003)
Following a common practice in generative grammar, HPSG treats the determiners as members of a separate functional part of speech (Det). The status of the functional parts of speech is a matter of debate and controversy. The auxiliaries, for instance, are commonly treated as members of a separate functional category (Aux or Infl) in many variants of generative grammar, including GB, MP and LFG, but in GPSG and HPSG, it is a matter of equally common practice to treat them as members of V and to reject the postulation of a separate functional category, see Pullum & Wilson (1977) and Gazdar, Pullum & Sag (1982). This text makes a similar case for the determiners; more specifically, it argues that the determiners are categorially heterogeneous, in the sense that some are members of A, whereas others are members of N. The argumentation is mainly based on inflectional morphology and morpho-syntactic agreement data. The consequences of the categorial heterogeneity are hard to reconcile with the specifier treatment of the determiners in Pollard & Sag (1994) and with the Det-as-head treatment in Netter (1994), but it can smoothly be integrated in the functor treatment of the prenominals in Allegranza (1998) and Van Eynde (2002).
Predicative complements canonically show number and/or gender agreement with their target. The most detailed proposal on how to model it in HPSG is provided in Kathol (1999). This proposal, though, chiefly deals with the predicative adjectives of the Romance languages, and turns out to be inappropriate for dealing with predicate nominals. There is an obvious way to repair it, but it cannot be fitted in the canonical HPSG treatment of clauses with a predicative complement. It can be fitted, though, in a treatment of such clauses that was proposed in Van Eynde (2009). Adopting that treatment, the agreement is modeled in terms of a constraint on the lexemes which select a predicative complement.
To model the pied piping in interrogative and exclamative clauses Ginzburg & Sag (2000) proposes a nonlocal head-driven treatment, thus emphasizing the resemblances with extraction. This treatment has a number of drawbacks: it relies on poorly motivated lexical rules and nonbranching phrase structure rules, it makes false predictions about pied piping in PPs, and it presupposes an implausible structure for NPs with predeterminers. To solve these problems I propose an alternative in which pied piping is treated as a local functor-driven dependency. Technically, the WH feature is integrated in the CATEGORY objects, and the propagation of its values is modeled by constraints which are independently needed for the treatment of other phenomena.
In Dutch V-final clauses the verbs tend to form a cluster in which the main verb is separated from its syntactic arguments by one or more other verbs. In HPSG the link between the main verb and its arguments is canonically modeled in terms of argument inheritance, also known as argument composition or generalized raising. When applied to Dutch, this treatment yields a number of problems, making incorrect predictions about the interaction with the binding principles and the passive lexical rule. To repair them this paper proposes an alternative, in which subject raising and complement raising are modeled in terms of different devices. More specifically, while subject raising is modeled in terms of lexical constraints, as for English, complement raising is modeled in terms of a more general constraint on headed phrases. This new constraint not only accounts for complement raising out of verbal complements, it also deals with complement raising out of adjectival and adpositional complements, as well as with complement raising out of PP adjuncts and subject NPs. It is, hence, a rather powerful device. To prevent overgeneration we add a number of constraints. For Dutch, the relevant constraints block complement raising out of CPs, V-initial VPs and P-initial PPs. For English, the Empty COMPS Constraint is sufficient to block complement raising entirely.
In Dutch, adpositions can be stranded, typically if their complement is an R-pronoun. The complement usually appears in the left part of the Mittelfeld or in the Vorfeld. In HPSG this is canonically modeled in terms of extraction, making use of nonlocal devices such as SLASH and BIND. This paper argues that the extraction analysis is indeed appropriate for cases in which the complement is realised in the Vorfeld, but proposes an alternative for the cases in which the complement is realised in the Mittelfeld. The new treatment is based on argument inheritance, as complement raising in the Mittelfeld involves a middle distance dependency rather than a long distance dependency.
This paper discusses aspects of direct speech in James Joyce’s story "The Sisters". The story is often analyzed with special attention to the gaps and ellipses in the utterances, which are usually read as omissions, evasions, or uncomfortable silences, and thus as indicative of some transgressive behaviour of the dead priest who is at the centre of the dialogues. In this article we explore the hypothesis that the utterances in question show features that are quite common in natural spoken language and thus may also be read as literary techniques to create authentic oral discourse. This hypothesis is not intended to invalidate previous interpretations, but to introduce an additional aspect of interpretation that has been neglected so far. In the context of a literary work, features of natural spoken language acquire new meaning, and the very attempt to narrow the gap between literary and natural spoken language appears as inauthentic, ominous and as an artistic strategy to express the unspeakable. The story thus evokes suspicion and a feeling of eeriness while also offering narrative and linguistic information that allows for a more empathic assessment of the characters. We use quantitative methods of analysis and linguistic data from corpora of (authentic) spoken language to substantiate our hypothesis. As "The Sisters" is a rather short story and the present study is, in several respects, exploratory, our claims and hypotheses need to be confirmed and validated by more exhaustive research into Joyce’s major works.
It is a typologically well-attested generalization that simple personal pronouns are avoided when the purpose is to signal semantic identity between coarguments of a predicate (Faltz, 1985; Comrie, 1999; Levinson, 2000; Haspelmath, 2008, forthcoming; Volkova & Reuland, 2014). Many linguists assume what I call the Unified View, where these pronoun disjointness effects come out as a byproduct of a single syntactic constraint, generally known as Principle B of the Binding Theory (Chomsky, 1981, 1986; Pollard & Sag, 1994; Manning & Sag, 1998; Pollard, 2005; Müller, 2021). This paper argues that the Unified View is mistaken because it is both too weak and too strong. As an alternative, I propose that pronoun disjointness effects stem from a conspiracy of three distinct factors – none of which is a syntactic universal: (i) a preference for expressing identity with coindexation rather than anchoring distinct indices to the same referent (Reinhart, 1983); (ii) a language-specific variant of HPSG’s Principle B; and (iii) a constraint on the morphosyntactic encoding of reflexive relations (Faltz, 1985; Reinhart & Reuland, 1993; König & Siemund, 2000).
The paper investigates the different productivity domains (Rainer 2005) of two Italian event denoting suffixes, -mento and -zione. These suffixes share the same eventive semantics, they are both productive and thus can be seen as rivals in the formation of event nominalizations. The aim is to obtain a better understanding of the constraints that play a role in the selection of one affix over the other. By means of a logistic regression model the contribution of different features of the base verb is investigated. The analysis is conducted on a dataset of 678 nominalizations extracted from a section of Midia, a diachronic balanced corpus explicitly built for morphological research (Gaeta 2017). Results show that the frequency, the inflectional class and the number of characters of the base verb as well as the presence of the prefix a- significantly contribute to the definition of the different domains, only partially confirming previous findings.
Corno quase nenhuma outra disciplina lingüística, a fonologia passou por uma evolução turbulenta nas duas últimas décadas. Ao contrário da abordagem cöássica da Gramática Gerativa, que se concentrou na descrição de cadeias de segmentos fonológicos e de suas transformações em virtude de regras fonológicas, a Fonologia Não-linear colocou as relações prosódicas em enunciados em primeiro plano. A sílaba foi redescoberta como unidade prosódica; muitos trabalhos foram dedicados à análise de estruturas silábicas e de relações de sonoridade. Acima da sílaba, o pé a palavra fonológica foram utilizados como unidades prosódicas relevantes para a descrição das estruturas de acento e entonação. Abaixo da sílaba, reabilitou-se a mora já conhecida a partir da Filologia Clássica. No presente artigo, descrevem-se, a partir de exemplos do alemão e de outras línguas, as duas abordagens principais da Fonologia Não-linear, a Fonologia Autosegmental e a Fonologia Métrica. Procura-se mostrar que, com esses modelos, alguns fenômenos prosódico-fonológicos que antes só podiam ser descritos com grandes dificuldades ou eram até mesmo indescritíveis podem ser analisados de maneira adequada e elegante.
O presente artigo tem por objetivo apresentar um estudo comparativo da percepção de textos multimodais, mais especificamente, anúncios publicitários impressos em revistas brasileiras e alemãs, por aprendizes brasileiros de ALE (Alemão como Língua Estrangeira) e por aprendizes alemães de PLE (Português como Língua Estrangeira), com especial atenção para a dimensão intercultural envolvida neste processo. Através da análise desenvolvida no estudo, puderam ser identificados tanto os aspectos culturais mais diretamente relacionados a usos linguísticos (uso de pronomes pessoais e formas de tratamento, por exemplo), quanto de aspectos culturais mais subjetivos (a percepção de estados emocionais, a visão de trabalho, entre outros). Este estudo também discute as implicações do vínculo entre as escolhas linguísticas e a cultura para o ensino de LCE (Língua/Cultura Estrangeira).
O cotidiano nas salas de aula de ALE nos contextos universitário e institucional extracurricular - como é o caso do projeto PALEP - Projeto Aulas de Línguas em Espaços Públicos (UERJ/UFRJ) – tem imposto desafios de várias ordens a todos os envolvidos no processo de ensino-aprendizagem. Consideramos como pressuposto da pesquisa a ideia de que professores e gestores da ensino-aprendizagem estão diante de salas de aula de natureza "multinível" e que o reconhecimento dessa natureza tem implicações político-pedagógicas que terão reflexo no papel de alunos e professores, no desenvolvimento do material didático e também nos objetivos do processo de aprendizagem. O objetivo deste artigo é, portanto, discutir aspectos teóricos da atividade de ensino-aprendizagem como uma atividade complexa e identificar três dimensões do reconhecimento da natureza "multinível" das salas de aula de ALE: a dimensão social, que engloba questões relacionadas às possibilidades de socialização e cooperação levando em conta a multiplicidade de níveis em sala de aula; a dimensão pedagógica, que impõe transformações na racionalidade didática em sala; e, por fim, a dimensão política, que nos permite compreender melhor processos de produção do fracasso e de evasão em cursos de ALE.
Im späten Mittelalter setzt sich die deutsche Sprache immer stärker als Sprache der Medizin durch. Auch wenn deutschsprachige heilkundliche Werke jener Zeit vorrangig für Praktiker ohne akademische Ausbildung bestimmt waren und als Anweisungstexte gebraucht wurden, kann man darin schon Register und Inhaltsverzeichnisse finden, also solche Orientierungsmittel, die in der modernen Zeit zum festen Bestandteil von Fachtexten wurden. Diese Mittel der Textoptimierung unterscheiden sich zwar von den heutigen noch stark, nichtsdestoweniger zeugen sie davon, dass die Autoren deutscher medizinischer Werke ihre Adressaten vor Augen hatten und bemüht waren, ihnen die Rezeption des Fachwissens zu erleichtern.
Při vyjadřování emocí v ústní komunikaci hraje hlas významnou roli. Článek se zabývá otázkou, jak je hlas v souvislosti s emocemi popisován v psaných textech, a sice německých románech. Na ukázkách z německého korpusu Cosmas II je ukázáno, jaké strategie volí spisovatelé, aby čtenáři přiblížili emoce prožívané postavami románu a která slovesa a přídavná jména používají nejčastěji při znázornění emoce "hněv".
Mit der Publikation 'Sasko-magdeburské právo na Slovensku. Krajinské právo v Žilinskej knihe' [Das sächsisch-magdeburgische Recht in der Slowakei. Landrecht im Silleiner Rechtsbuch] kommt M. Papsonová vor allem slowakischen Historikern, insbesondere Rechtshistorikern entgegen. Die Publikation stellt ihnen eine moderne slowakische Übersetzung der frühneuhochdeutschen, auf das Jahr 1378 datierten Rechtssammlung im 'Silleiner Stadtbuch' (1378-1524 bzw. 1526) als Grundlage für weitere rechtshistorische Forschung zur Verfügung.
One of the means of expressing emotional content is the naming of people. Many negative personal names are created using derivation (suffixes); the goal of this study is to determine which suffixes are frequently used and whether any German suffixes have primarily negative meanings.
Kunínský rukopis R 16 obsahuje několik významných farmaceutických textů. Obsahový a jazykový rozbor traktátu o nádorech doplņuje předcházející jiţ zveřejněné publikace k tomuto rukopisu a poukazuje na provázanost témat, která jsou pojednána v jeho jednotlivých částech.
Die vorliegende Arbeit widmet sich der phonetischen Motivation phonologischer Palatalisierungsprozesse, bei welchen Vorderzungenvokoide die Palatalisierung (bzw. Affrizierung) vorangehender Plosive bewirken. Durch akustische Analysen zu deutschen und bulgarischen stimmlosen alveolaren und velaren Verschlußlauten wird der Einfluß nachfolgender vorderer Vokoide und des tiefen Vokals /a/ auf die geräuschähnliche Phase nach der plosiven Verschlußlösung der Konsonanten untersucht. Zum Zwecke der Überprüfung einer nach universellen phonologischen Prinzipien formulierten Hierarchie der wahrscheinlichen Inputkandidaten für Palatalisierungen werden akustische Messungen zur Zeitdauer und zu den spektralen Eigenschaften des konsonantischen Segments in wortinitialen Konsonant-Vokoid-Sequenzen vorgestellt. Die Ergebnisse der Studie unterstützen nur teilweise die vorgeschlagene Hierarchiehypothese und zeigen, daß sprachspezifische Besonderheiten einen Einfluß auf die Anordnung der Elemente der Hierarchie ausüben.
This paper proposes a projectionist account of the unexpressed object alternations in HPSG. The approach is based on the two-level mapping mechanism, developed in Manning and Sag (1998) and Sag et al (2003). The proposed analysis keeps identical argument structure values in the lexeme description of both valence alternatives, while different surface valence values are related by a lexical rule.
The HPSG model is applied cross-linguistically to English and Bulgarian. Some Bulgarian-specific traits, such as the limited alternation range and the grammaticalized aspect, related to the formal characteristics of the unexpressed object alternations, are discussed and interpreted within HPSG.