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Institute
Background: Patients with cancer have an increased risk of VTE. We compared VTE rates and bleeding complications in 1) cancer patients receiving LMWH or UFH and 2) patients with or without cancer.
Patients with cancer have an increased risk of VTE. We compared VTE rates and bleeding complications in 1) cancer patients receiving LMWH or UFH and 2) patients with or without cancer.
Methods: Acutely-ill, non-surgical patients ≥70 years with (n = 274) or without cancer (n = 2,965) received certoparin 3,000 UaXa o.d. or UFH 5,000 IU t.i.d. for 8-20 days.
Results: 1) Thromboembolic events in cancer patients (proximal DVT, symptomatic non-fatal PE and VTE-related death) occurred at 4.50% with certoparin and 6.03% with UFH (OR 0.73; 95% CI 0.23-2.39). Major bleeding was comparable and minor bleedings (0.75 vs. 5.67%) were nominally less frequent. 7.5% of certoparin and 12.8% of UFH treated patients experienced serious adverse events. 2) Thromboembolic event rates were comparable in patients with or without cancer (5.29 vs. 4.13%) as were bleeding complications. All cause death was increased in cancer (OR 2.68; 95%CI 1.22-5.86). 10.2% of patients with and 5.81% of those without cancer experienced serious adverse events (OR 1.85; 95% CI 1.21-2.81).
Conclusions: Certoparin 3,000 UaXa o.d. and 5,000 IU UFH t.i.d. were equally effective and safe with respect to bleeding complications in patients with cancer. There were no statistically significant differences in the risk of thromboembolic events in patients with or without cancer receiving adequate anticoagulation.
Trial Registration: clinicaltrials.gov, NCT00451412
Event-related potentials (ERPs) are widely used in basic neuroscience and in clinical diagnostic procedures. In contrast, neurophysiological insights from ERPs have been limited, as several different mechanisms lead to ERPs. Apart from stereotypically repeated responses (additive evoked responses), these mechanisms are asymmetric amplitude modulations and phase-resetting of ongoing oscillatory activity. Therefore, a method is needed that differentiates between these mechanisms and moreover quantifies the stability of a response. We propose a constrained subspace independent component analysis that exploits the multivariate information present in the all-to-all relationship of recordings over trials. Our method identifies additive evoked activity and quantifies its stability over trials. We evaluate identification performance for biologically plausible simulation data and two neurophysiological test cases: Local field potential (LFP) recordings from a visuo-motor-integration task in the awake behaving macaque and magnetoencephalography (MEG) recordings of steady-state visual evoked fields (SSVEFs). In the LFPs we find additive evoked response contributions in visual areas V2/4 but not in primary motor cortex A4, although visually triggered ERPs were also observed in area A4. MEG-SSVEFs were mainly created by additive evoked response contributions. Our results demonstrate that the identification of additive evoked response contributions is possible both in invasive and in non-invasive electrophysiological recordings.
IL-22 is an immunoregulatory cytokine displaying pathological functions in models of autoimmunity like experimental psoriasis. Understanding molecular mechanisms driving IL-22, together with knowledge on the capacity of current immunosuppressive drugs to target this process, may open an avenue to novel therapeutic options. Here, we sought to characterize regulation of human IL22 gene expression with focus on the established model of Jurkat T cells. Moreover, effects of the prototypic immunosuppressant cyclosporin A (CsA) were investigated. We report that IL-22 induction by TPA/A23187 (T/A) or αCD3 is inhibited by CsA or related FK506. Similar data were obtained with peripheral blood mononuclear cells or purified CD3(+) T cells. IL22 promoter analysis (-1074 to +156 bp) revealed a role of an NF-AT (-95/-91 nt) and a CREB (-194/-190 nt) binding site for gene induction. Indeed, binding of CREB and NF-ATc2, but not c-Rel, under the influence of T/A to those elements could be proven by ChIP. Because CsA has the capability to impair IκB kinase (IKK) complex activation, the IKKα/β inhibitor IKKVII was evaluated. IKKVII likewise reduced IL-22 induction in Jurkat cells and peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Interestingly, transfection of Jurkat cells with siRNA directed against IKKα impaired IL22 gene expression. Data presented suggest that NF-AT, CREB, and IKKα contribute to rapid IL22 gene induction. In particular the crucial role of NF-AT detected herein may form the basis of direct action of CsA on IL-22 expression by T cells, which may contribute to therapeutic efficacy of the drug in autoimmunity.
Recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified genetic variations near the IL28B gene which are strongly associated with spontaneous and treatment-induced clearance of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Protective IL28B variations are strongly associated with on-treatment viral kinetics and approximately 2-fold increased sustained virologic response (SVR) rates in HCV genotype 1 and 4 patients. In HCV genotype 1 patients, IL28B variations were shown to be the strongest pre-treatment predictor of virologic response. In the treatment of HCV genotype 2 and 3 infected patients, IL28B variations play only a minor role. Preliminary data indicate that IL28B variations are also associated with treatment outcome of regimens, including directly acting antiviral (DAA) agents, though their impact seems to be attenuated compared to standard treatment. Here, we review these important findings and discuss possible implications for clinical decision making in the treatment of HCV infection.
Nosocomial infectious diseases (e.g. influenza, pertussis) are a threat particularly for immunocompromised and vulnerable patients. Although vaccination of healthcare workers (HCWs) constitutes the most convenient and effective means to prevent nosocomial transmissions, vaccine uptake among HCWs remains unacceptably low. Worldwide, numerous studies have demonstrated that nurses have lower vaccination rates than physicians and that there is a relationship between receipt of vaccination by HCWs and knowledge. Measures to improve vaccination rates need to be profession-sensitive as well as specific in their approach in order to achieve sustained success.
Herb induced liver injury (HILI) is a particular challenge that also applies to purported cases presumably caused by black cohosh (BC), an herb commonly used to treat menopausal symptoms. We analyzed and reviewed all published case reports and spontaneous reports of initially alleged BC hepatotoxicity regarding quality of case details and causality assessments. Shortcomings of data quality were more evident in spontaneous reports of regulatory agencies compared to published case reports, but assessments with the scale of CIOMS (Council for the International Organizations of Sciences) or its updated version revealed lack of causality for BC in all cases. The applied causality methods are structured, quantitative, and liver specific with clear preference over an ad hoc causality method or the liver unspecific Naranjo scale. Reviewing the case data and the reports dealing with quality specifications of herbal BC products, there is general lack of analysis with respect to authentication of BC in the BC products used by the patients. However, in one single regulatory study, there was a problem of BC authentication in the analysed BC products, and other reports addressed the question of impurities and adulterants in a few BC products. It is concluded that the use of BC may not exert an overt hepatotoxicity risk, but quality problems in a few BC products were evident that require additional regulatory quality specifications.
Entwicklung einer Multiplex PCR zum Nachweis von bakteriell kontaminierten Thrombozytenkonzentraten
(2011)
In der Notfallmedizin ist die rasche und effektive Sicherstellung des Atemweges einer der wichtigsten Faktoren, die das Outcome des Patienten beeinflussen. Da die endotracheale Intubation und die Maskenbeatmung einen hohen Kenntnisstand und viel Erfahrung erfordern, hat das European Resuscitation Council (ERC) alternative Beatmungsmethoden in seine aktuellen Empfehlungen zum Atemwegsmanagement aufgenommen.
Ein dort empfohlenes Hilfsmittel ist der Larynx-Tubus.
Der Larynx-Tubus Suction Disposable LTS-D wird immer häufiger vom Rettungspersonal und von Pflegekräften angewendet, um eine adäquate Ventilation während der Reanimation sicherzustellen. Bei der Anwendung der vom Hersteller empfohlenen Technik kam es jedoch immer wieder zu Fehlanlagen und zu langen Anlagezeiten.
Deswegen ist eine modifizierte Einführungstechnik (MIT) mit der Standard Einführungstechnik (SIT) verglichen worden. Hierbei ist besonderer Wert sowohl auf eine einfache und effiziente Handhabung gelegt worden als auch auf eine kurze Anlagezeit bei einer möglichst geringen Rate an Nebenwirkungen. Diese Arbeit prüft die Hypothese, dass bei Erstanwendern unter Anwendung der modifizierten Einführungstechnik die Platzierungsversuche des LTS-D, die länger als 45 sec. andauern, signifikant reduziert
werden können.
Bei 54 Patienten, die sich elektiven unfallchirurgischen oder orthopädischen Eingriffen unterzogen, ist der LTS-D von Erstanwendern randomisiert (entweder nach SIT oder MIT) angewendet worden.
In der MIT-Gruppe ist der LTS-D vor Insertion um 180° rotiert und einem Guedel-Tubus ähnlich eingeführt worden. Zusätzlich ist das Kinn des Patienten mittels Esmarch-Handgriff angehoben worden, um den retropharyngealen Raum zu vergrößern. Sobald der LTS-D den weichen Gaumen erreichte, ist der LTS-D abermals um 180° gedreht und in den Ösophagus vorgeschoben worden. Eine kurze Demonstration der Einführungstechnik ist vor Anwendung am Skilltrainer gegeben worden. Zur Bewertung der Einführungstechniken des LTS-D sind die Erfolgsrate der Platzierung (max. 2 Platzierungsversuche) und die Anlagezeit ausschlaggebend gewesen. Die Zielgröße für die Insertionszeit war der Platzierungserfolg innerhalb von 45sec..
Ergebnisse
Alle Anwender waren Erstanwender. Die Anlagezeit in der SIT-Gruppe betrug 73 ± 41sec. und 40 ± 8 sec. in der MIT-Gruppe. Innerhalb von 45 sec. konnte bei 9 von 27 Patienten der SIT-Gruppe und bei 19 von 27 Patienten der MIT-Gruppe der LTS-D platziert werden. Bei einem Patienten der SIT-Gruppe musste die Lage des LTS-D nachkorrigiert, bei einem anderen Patienten der LTS-D neu platziert werden. Bei einem weiteren Patienten der SIT-Gruppe dauerte die Anlage 195 sec..
Bei zwei Patienten der MIT-Gruppe musste die Lage des LTS-D innerhalb des Zeitfensters nachkorrigiert werden. Bei einem weiteren Patienten war die Anlage nach der modifizierten Einführungstechnik nicht möglich. Hieraus ergibt sich, dass die Einführung des LTS-D nach der modifizierten Technik signifikant schneller gelang, als in der Kontrollgruppe (p=0,0003). Unabhängig von der Einführungstechnik konnten keine Unterschiede zwischen ärztlichem und nicht-ärztlichem Personal festgestellt werden sowohl in Bezug auf die Anlagezeit als auch auf die erfolgreiche Platzierung.
Unerfahrene Anwender können unter Anwendung der modifizierten, Guedel-Tubusähnlichen Einführtechnik den LTS-D innerhalb des vorgegebenen Zeitfensters von 45 sec. signifikant häufiger zufriedenstellend platzieren als nach der alten, vom Hersteller empfohlenen Anlagetechnik. Dies gilt unabhängig vom medizinischen Ausbildungsstand der Anwender. Der MIT sollte daher in der notfallmedizinischen Ausbildung mit dem LTS-D der Vorzug gegeben werden.