Georg-Speyer-Haus
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A point mutation in the Ncr1 signal peptide impairs the development of innate lymphoid cell subsets
(2018)
NKp46 (CD335) is a surface receptor shared by both human and mouse natural killer (NK) cells and innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) that transduces activating signals necessary to eliminate virus-infected cells and tumors. Here, we describe a spontaneous point mutation of cysteine to arginine (C14R) in the signal peptide of the NKp46 protein in congenic Ly5.1 mice and the newly generated NCRB6C14R strain. Ly5.1C14R NK cells expressed similar levels of Ncr1 mRNA as C57BL/6, but showed impaired surface NKp46 and reduced ability to control melanoma tumors in vivo. Expression of the mutant NKp46C14R in 293T cells showed that NKp46 protein trafficking to the cell surface was compromised. Although Ly5.1C14R mice had normal number of NK cells, they showed an increased number of early maturation stage NK cells. CD49a+ILC1s were also increased but these cells lacked the expression of TRAIL. ILC3s that expressed NKp46 were not detectable and were not apparent when examined by T-bet expression. Thus, the C14R mutation reveals that NKp46 is important for NK cell and ILC differentiation, maturation and function.
The leukemia-associated fusion protein RUNX1/ETO is generated by the chromosomal translocation t(8;21) which appears in about 12% of all de novo acute myeloid leukemias (AMLs). Essential for the oncogenic potential of RUNX1/ETO is the oligomerization of the chimeric fusion protein through the nervy homology region 2 (NHR2) within ETO. In previous studies, we have shown that the intracellular expression of peptides containing the NHR2 domain inhibits RUNX1/ETO oligomerization, thereby preventing cell proliferation and inducing differentiation of RUNX1/ETO transformed cells. Here, we show that introduction of a recombinant TAT-NHR2 fusion polypeptide into the RUNX1/ETO growth-dependent myeloid cell line Kasumi-1 results in decreased cell proliferation and increased numbers of apoptotic cells. This effect was highly specific and mediated by binding the TAT-NHR2 peptide to ETO sequences, as TAT-polypeptides containing the oligomerization domain of BCR did not affect cell proliferation or apoptosis in Kasumi-1 cells. Thus, the selective interference with NHR2-mediated oligomerization by peptides represents a challenging but promising strategy for the inhibition of the leukemogenic potential of RUNX1/ETO in t(8;21)-positive leukemia.
The tumor necrosis factor family member Fas ligand (FasL) induces apoptosis in Fas receptor-expressing target cells and is an important cytotoxic effector molecule used by CTL- and NK-cells. In these hematopoietic cells, newly synthesized FasL is stored in specialized secretory lysosomes and only delivered to the cell surface upon activation and target cell recognition. FasL contains an 80-amino acid-long cytoplasmic tail, which includes a proline-rich domain as a bona fide Src homology 3 domain-binding site. This proline-rich domain has been implicated in FasL sorting to secretory lysosomes, and it may also be important for reverse signaling via FasL, which has been described to influence T-cell activation. Here we report the identification of the Src homology 3 domain-containing adaptor protein PSTPIP as a FasL-interacting partner, which binds to the proline-rich domain. PSTPIP co-expression leads to an increased intracellular localization of Fas ligand, thereby regulating extracellular availability and cytotoxic activity of the molecule. In addition, we demonstrate recruitment of the tyrosine phosphatase PTP-PEST by PSTPIP into FasL·PSTPIP·PTP-PEST complexes which may contribute to FasL reverse signaling.
Die aktuellen HIV Medikamente basieren sich zum größten Teil auf Substanzen, die gegen virale Proteine gerichtet sind. Ein großer Nachteil dieser Medikamente besteht darin, dass das HI-Virus durch Mutationen Resistenzen gegen diese Substanzen entwickeln kann. Zelluläre Co-Faktoren als antivirales Ziel in der HIV-Therapie zu nutzen, könnte ein neuer Lösungsansatz sein, da das menschliche Genom stabiler ist als das virale. Der Schwerpunkt dieser Arbeit konzentriert sich auf die RNA Helikase DDX3, welche als zellulärer Co-Faktor für die HIV-1 Replikation identifiziert wurde.
Im Rahmen der Dissertation wurde die RNA-Helikase DDX3 durch biochemische Untersuchungen von DDX3Wt und DDX3-Mutanten näher charakterisiert. Die Versuche zeigten, dass die konservierten Motive V und VI bei DDX3Wt für die Bindung und Hydrolyse von ATP essentiell sind. Die spezifische DDX3 Insertion wies ebenfalls eine mutmaßliche Rolle bei der ATP-Bindung und bei Ausbildung der ATP-Bindestelle auf. Ferner konnte für die spezifische Insertion von DDX3 eine Funktion bei der Bindung von viraler RNA Bindungsnachweise nachgewiesen werden. Daher bietet diese Insertion von DDX3 ein mögliches Ziel für die spezifische Modulation bzw. Manipulation der Interaktion von DDX3Wt und viralen Interaktionspartnern sein, ohne weitere RNA Helikasen zu beeinflussen.
Zusätzlich wurden weitere Eigenschaften von DDX3Wt entdeckt. Die ATPase-Aktivität von DDX3Wt konnte durch die Zugabe von ssDNA deutlicher stimuliert werden, als durch die Zugabe ssRNA. Das DDX3Wt eine höhere katalytische Effizienz durch DNA aufweist ist neu, da die meisten DEAD-box Helikasen eine Präferenz für RNA als Co-Faktor für die ATPase-Aktivität besitzen. Des Weiteren konnte erstmalig nachgewiesen werden, dass DDX3 neben der ATPase-Aktivität auch eine Exonuklease-Aktivität besitzt. Die Versuche zeigten, dass DDX3Wt in der Lage war, ssDNA und dsDNA effizient zu spalten. In der DDX3Wt AS-Sequenz wurden fünf Aminosäuresequenz-Motive, sogenannte Exonuklease-Boxen identifiziert, die mit der Exonukleaseaktivität in Verbindung gebracht werden. Die Untersuchung der Bindungseigenschaften von DDX3Wt zeigte auf, dass DDX3Wt auch ohne den zellulären Co-Faktor XPO1 in der Lage ist, virale HIV-1 RNA und DNA direkt zu binden. Diese Erkenntnisse tragen dazu bei, die Funktionen von DDX3Wt im zellulären System besser zu verstehen. Eine genaue Analyse ist Voraussetzung für die Entwicklung von spezifischen Inhibitoren, die die Interaktion von HIV-1 und DDX3Wt hemmen sollen ohne dabei zelluläre Prozesse negativ zu beeinflussen.
Durch Lokalisationsstudien konnte ein neuer relevanter Angriffspunkt für die Inhibition der HIV-1 Replikation identifiziert werden. Denn entgegen den Literaturangaben spielt das putative Leucin-reiche Exportsignal im N-Terminus von DDX3Wt eine wichtige Rolle beim Export aus dem Zellkern und somit auch für die Interaktion mit XPO1.
Mithilfe der Phagen-Display-Technologie konnte im Rahmen dieser Arbeit ein Sequenz-spezifischer Peptid-Ligand für die Insertion von DDX3 identifiziert werden, der eine Aminosäurehomologie zu dem zellulären Co-Faktor XPO1 zeigt. Das identifizierte Peptid DDX3-INS1 wurde für weitere Untersuchungen in Verbindung mit einer Proteintransduktionsdomäne synthetisiert. Das Peptid DDX3-INS1 ist in HIV-1 infizierten Zellen funktionell aktiv und inhibiert die Produktion von HI-Viren ab einer Konzentration von 20 µM ohne dabei toxische oder virolytische Effekte auszuüben. Weitere funktionelle Untersuchungen werden zeigen, ob das selektionierte Peptid DDX3-INS1 als therapeutisches Medikament für die Inhibition von HIV-1 geeignet ist.
Background: Due to the steadily increasing number of cancer patients worldwide the early diagnosis and treatment of cancer is a major field of research. The diagnosis of cancer is mostly performed by an experienced pathologist via the visual inspection of histo-pathological stained tissue sections. To save valuable time, low quality cryosections are frequently analyzed with diagnostic accuracies that are below those of high quality embedded tissue sections. Thus, alternative means have to be found that enable for fast and accurate diagnosis as the basis of following clinical decision making.
Methods: In this contribution we will show that the combination of the three label-free non-linear imaging modalities CARS (coherent anti-Stokes Raman-scattering), TPEF (two-photon excited autofluorescence) and SHG (second harmonic generation) yields information that can be translated into computational hematoxylin and eosin (HE) images by multivariate statistics. Thereby, a computational HE stain is generated resulting in pseudo-HE overview images that allow for identification of suspicious regions. The latter are analyzed further by Raman-spectroscopy retrieving the tissue’s molecular fingerprint.
Results: The results suggest that the combination of non-linear multimodal imaging and Raman-spectroscopy possesses the potential as a precise and fast tool in routine histopathology.
Conclusions: As the key advantage, both optical methods are non-invasive enabling for further pathological investigations of the same tissue section, e.g. a direct comparison with the current pathological gold-standard.
We recently described a positive feedback loop connecting c-MYC, NAMPT, DBC1 and SIRT1 that contributes to unrestricted cancer cell proliferation. Here we determine the relevance of the loop for serrated route intestinal tumorigenesis using genetically well-defined BrafV600E and K-rasG12D mouse models. In both models we show that c-MYC and SIRT1 protein expression increased through progression from hyperplasia to invasive carcinomas and metastases. It correlated with high NAMPT expression and was directly associated to activation of the oncogenic drivers. Assessing functional and molecular consequences of pharmacological interference with factors of the loop, we found that inhibition of NAMPT resulted in apoptosis and reduced clonogenic growth in human BRAF-mutant colorectal cancer cell lines and patient-derived tumoroids. Blocking SIRT1 activity was only effective when combined with a PI3K inhibitor, whereas the latter antagonized the effects of NAMPT inhibition. Interfering with the positive feedback loop was associated with down-regulation of c-MYC and temporary de-repression of TP53, explaining the anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effects. In conclusion we show that the c-MYC-NAMPT-DBC1-SIRT1 positive feedback loop contributes to murine serrated tumor progression. Targeting the feedback loop exerted a unique, dual therapeutic effect of oncoprotein inhibition and tumor suppressor activation. It may therefore represent a promissing target for serrated colorectal cancer, and presumably for other cancer types with deregulated c-MYC.
Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDSs) represent clonal disorders mainly of the elderly that are characterized by ineffective hematopoiesis and an increased risk of transformation into acute myeloid leukemia. The pathogenesis of MDS is thought to evolve from accumulation and selection of specific genetic or epigenetic events. Emerging evidence indicates that MDS is not solely a hematopoietic disease but rather affects the entire bone marrow microenvironment, including bone metabolism. Many of these cells, in particular mesenchymal stem and progenitor cells (MSPCs) and osteoblasts, express a number of adhesion molecules and secreted factors that regulate blood regeneration throughout life by contributing to hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell (HSPC) maintenance, self-renewal and differentiation. Several endocrine factors, such as erythropoietin, parathyroid hormone and estrogens, as well as deranged iron metabolism modulate these processes. Thus, interactions between MSPC and HSPC contribute to the pathogenesis of MDS and associated pathologies. A detailed understanding of these mechanisms may help to define novel targets for diagnosis and possibly therapy. In this review, we will discuss the scientific rationale of "osteohematology" as an emerging research field in MDS and outline clinical implications.
Rückschläge werfen eine neue Technologie um Jahrzehnte zurück – besonders, wenn Menschenleben zu beklagen sind. Bei der Gentherapie wird aber oft vergessen, dass sie nur bei Patienten angewendet wird, für die es keine konventionelle Therapie mehr gibt. Nach der Euphorie und den Rückschlägen der Anfangsjahre können Forscher nun die ersten Erfolge vorweisen.
Receptor tyrosine kinases of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor family regulate essential cellular functions such as proliferation, survival, migration, and differentiation but also play central roles in the etiology and progression of tumors. We have identified short peptide sequences from a random peptide library integrated into the thioredoxin scaffold protein, which specifically bind to the intracellular domain of the EGF receptor (EGFR). These molecules have the potential to selectively inhibit specific aspects of EGF receptor signaling and might become valuable as anticancer agents. Intracellular expression of the aptamer encoding gene construct KDI1 or introduction of bacterially expressed KDI1 via a protein transduction domain into EGFR-expressing cells results in KDI1·EGF receptor complex formation, a slower proliferation, and reduced soft agar colony formation. Aptamer KDI1 did not summarily block the EGF receptor tyrosine kinase activity but selectively interfered with the EGF-induced phosphorylation of the tyrosine residues 845, 1068, and 1148 as well as the phosphorylation of tyrosine 317 of p46 Shc. EGF-induced phosphorylation of Stat3 at tyrosine 705 and Stat3-dependent transactivation were also impaired. Transduction of a short synthetic peptide aptamer sequence not embedded into the scaffold protein resulted in the same impairment of EGF-induced Stat3 activation.
Recent studies have suggested increased plasticity of differentiated cells within the intestine to act both as intestinal stem cells (ISCs) and tumour-initiating cells. However, little is known of the processes that regulate this plasticity. Our previous work has shown that activating mutations of Kras or the NF-κB pathway can drive dedifferentiation of intestinal cells lacking Apc. To investigate this process further, we profiled both cells undergoing dedifferentiation in vitro and tumours generated from these cells in vivo by gene expression analysis. Remarkably, no clear differences were observed in the tumours; however, during dedifferentiation in vitro we found a marked upregulation of TGFβ signalling, a pathway commonly mutated in colorectal cancer (CRC). Genetic inactivation of TGFβ type 1 receptor (Tgfbr1/Alk5) enhanced the ability of KrasG12D/+ mutation to drive dedifferentiation and markedly accelerated tumourigenesis. Mechanistically this is associated with a marked activation of MAPK signalling. Tumourigenesis from differentiated compartments is potently inhibited by MEK inhibition. Taken together, we show that tumours arising in differentiated compartments will be exposed to different suppressive signals, for example, TGFβ and blockade of these makes tumourigenesis more efficient from this compartment.