BDSL-Klassifikation: 03.00.00 Literaturwissenschaft > 03.08.00 Poetik > 03.08.01 Studien
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In folk theories of art reception, readers and cinema audiences are said to experience fictional worlds vicariously 'through' characters, i.e. they 'identify' themselves with them, they partake in their experiences 'empathetically'. In the first section of my essay, I will argue that it is not character but focalization (point of view) which, on a fundamental level, guides our fictional experience, and I will exemplify several ways that characters (or similar ideas) can then in addition come into play. In the next two sections, I will discuss possible cognitive correlates of both the textual device of focalization and textual clues indicating ›persons‹. The aim is to show that what I call ›psycho-poetic effects‹ (that is, the mental representation of anthropomorphic instances) are best described as byproducts of various cognitive programs involved in the reception of narrative fiction. 'Empathy', as it is understood in the above mentioned folk theory of art reception, can then be analysed into individual algorithms of social cognition. And it can be differentiated, as is done in the last section, from other phenomena often confused with it, like emotional experience proper and emotional contagion. Also, I refer to the idea that mirror neurons provide the means to empathize with others, literary characters included. My general proposition is to revise and refine those concepts with the help of evolutionary theory and, thus, to hypothesize as cognitive correlates for textual features only programs specific enough to be correlated with a specific adaptive function which they may have performed in the process of human evolution.
Der Gedanke, dass Kunstverhalten ein Ausdruck menschlichen Spielverhaltens sei, entspricht einem alten Konsens in Philosophie und Geisteswissenschaften. Er hat erneute Plausibilisierung erfahren von Seiten der Evolutionspsychologie, die nicht nur das Postulat vom menschlichen 'Spieltrieb' als einer angeborenen Eigenschaft auf festere Füße gestellt, sondern überdies auch eine Erklärung für die offenkundige Lust am Spielen geliefert hat. Kernthema meines Beitrags wird indes nicht diese allgemeine Parallele von Kunst und Spiel sein, sondern die spezifische Ausprägung des Spielerischen in einem bestimmten Typus von Literatur. Denn wenn es korrekt ist, dass sich die Lust am Lesen der Aktivierung angeborener Verhaltensprogramme durch literarische 'Attrappen' verdankt, dann stellt sich die Frage, welche Programme dies im Einzelnen sind.