100 Philosophie und Psychologie
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Der Beitrag besteht aus Cassins Zitatsammlung, die ihrem Versuch zugrunde liegt, die Psychoanalyse, ausgehend von der antiken, von Aristoteles und Platon gleichermaßen bekämpften Sophistik, zu denken. Dabei werden vor allem die Spuren herausgearbeitet, die die Sophistik im Werk Jacques Lacans hinterlassen hat. In spielerischer Weise wird die Sophistik aus dem Schatten der aristotelischen Metaphysik hervorgeholt und die Psychoanalyse, insbesondere diejenige Lacan'scher Prägung, als radikale Setzung auf die Wirkung des Buchstabens in neuem Licht dargestellt.
Der Begriff und das Thema einer "Fröhlichen Wissenschaft" sind bei Nietzsche paradox, kämpft der Philosoph doch in vielen seiner Texte gegen die Wissenschaft. Denn dem Begehren nach Wissen haftet etwas Reaktives und somit Trauriges an. Wie wird nun eine Leserin Freuds diese Ambiguität verstehen, wenn sie sie ins Verhältnis mit der doppelseitigen und komplexen Verbindung von Todestrieb und sexuellem Trieb setzt?
The conception of the whole as a system, that is, as a totality determined by one principle or idea, has dominated the philosophical tradition from Kant and Hegel to Marxism - and, as Louis Althusser's critique of Hegelianism shows, not without implicit social, political, and ideological consequences. The possibility of breaking with the idealist tradition in all of these respects rests on the articulation of an alternative conception of the whole. Althusser advances the notion of the social whole as a complex unity that is constituted through its own effects - what he calls "overdetermination." Such overdetermination of the whole displaces the conception of the whole as totality (Hegel) in favor of Spinoza's notion of modal unity - the whole as singularity.
An ein philosophisches Fachpublikum richtete sich Blumenberg zuerst mit "Die sprachliche Wirklichkeit der Philosophie", geschrieben 1946 und veröffentlicht im Jahr darauf in der Hamburger Akademischen Rundschau. [...] Der Essay von nur vier Seiten zeugt von Blumenbergs Hadern mit allen Versuchen, die Philosophie von Grund auf neu zu errichten. Erstaunlich daran ist nun, dass Blumenberg dabei nicht als Vertreter der Phänomenologie und Anthropologie auftritt, als der er heute vor allem gelesen wird. Stattdessen erscheint er in diesem Anfangstext als Sprachtheoretiker.
Within democratic orders, it is the declared aim of a state of exception to secure or restore the endangered foundation of democracy. The provided measures are, however, undemocratic insofar they directly affect individual rights as the principle on which democracy is based: By suspending rights, the state of exception treats individuals not as members of a democratic community (demos), but as parts of a population which has to be secured. Whereas individual rights enable individuals to be part of the demos, the state of exception – by restraining rights – enforces a politics of population. In my article, I show in what way individual rights, too, are used as a strategy of governing the population. Referring to the history of individual rights in the early modern period, I describe a specific form of alienation of individual rights. I argue that this alienation consists in the separation of a private from the political component of individual rights. This alienation is the reason for a dialectical shift from demos to population which occurs in an extreme form in the state of exception. Against this background, the question of the state of exception and the question of individual rights appear in an unfamiliar but crucial relation. In order to oppose the dialectical shift and the misuse of exceptional measures, I claim it necessary to insist on the inextricable link between the private and the political component of individual rights – that is to extend the domain of democracy.
Mohammed Chris Alli is a retired Nigerian Army Major General who served as Chief of Army Staff from 1993 to 1994 under General Sanni Abacha's regime and was military governor of Plateau State Nigeria from August 1985 to 1986 during the military regime of General Ibrahim Babangida. Many years later, he was appointed interim administrator of the state during a 2004 crisis in the state following ethno-religious killings in Shendam, Yelwa Local Government. In this anthology, organized as a symposium on Mohammed Christopher Alli?s work, he is identified as one of those critical and rational thinkers, philosophers, albeit, a General in the Nigerian Army, whose work finds a befitting logical space in the contemporary African philosophical tapestry. The book also captures the elements of military misrule in Nigeria and its undue influence on the body polity; it is a critical survey of past military misadventures, and a satire against false federalism, it is a firm warning against future corruption and impunity in the military.
Die Versammlungsfreiheit war ein gesuchtes Gut, das erst einmal zu begründen und im Blick auf mögliche Beschränkungen zu untersuchen war. Die Performativität einer Versammlung – das Beieinandersein freier Individuen zu einem Zweck, der sich nicht oder nicht immer einer reglementierenden Norm verdankte – erscheint heute als Teil jener Ethik der Kohabitation, die aus der Kantischen Notwendigkeit der Koordination der Freiheitsräume als Aneinanderstoßen von Willkürgrenzen kommt und im Blick auf Gefährdungsszenarien aktualisiert ist. Doch Aktualisierungen bedürfen der Grundlage, wollen sie nicht geschichtsvergessen sein (niedergelegt in der Geschichte finden wir die Praktiken, die für die damaligen Akteure Sinn verbürgten).
The individual parameter
(2018)
The present thesis tackles the unification of two-dimensional semantic systems, which are designed to deal with context-dependency of a certain kind i.e. indexicality, with dynamic theories of meaning, designed to capture facts about anaphoricity and the distribution of definite and indefinite articles. The need for a more principled look at this unification is twofold. Firstly, there is an overlap of these two families of theories in terms of empirical data, namely third person personal pronouns, as well as definite descriptions. Both kinds of expressions have anaphoric as well as non-anaphoric usages, whereas some of the latter ones can be captured in terms of indexicality. But, on the other hand, no language, especially not German and English, the main sources of data in this thesis, seems to distinguish these two usages formally, i.e. by employing different expressions. Hence the need for a unified framework in which this sort of ambiguity can be treated. Secondly, the theoretical state is dissatisfactory in the sense that the families of theories take very disparate forms that are not easy to relate conceptually.
The overlap in empirical area of application strongly suggests that this dichotomy is an artifact of the way these theories traditionally are developed and justified. This thesis seeks to overcome this state of the field. It proceeds as follows.
The first chapter discusses the way in which theories indexicality are designed. After taking a closer look some hallmarks of these theories such as the notions of index- and context-dependency themselves, double indexing, etc., it develops a notion of index dependency that makes use of a more complex individual parameter than the one that is usually assumed in the literature. Apart from agents and addressees, the two standard components of indices that represent contexts, additional objects are assumed. This leads to a variant of the semantics of deictically used third person expression that is called ‘indexical theory of demonstratives’, which is then investigated further.
The second chapter discusses the classics of dynamic semantics: DRT, DPL, and FCS. It arrives at the common core of all of these theories that consists in the assumption of a novel sort of variable namely active variables as opposed to free and bound ones that are intended to model the behavior of (in)definite descriptions and pronouns. The projection behavior of these variables or discourse referents is described either in (discourse-)syntactic or semantic terms. The chapter also arrives at a new formulation of the uniqueness condition that is thought to be part of the semantics of definite descriptions and sketches an account of transparent negation.
The third chapter then combines the insights of the previous ones by developing the notion of representation that connects the entities of evaluation of the first chapter i.e. indices with those of the second namely sets of assignments, a.k.a. files. The formal language that emerged in the second chapter is endowed with two kinds of variables for situations to allow for double indexing within a dynamic setting. A novel interpretation mechanism for the so designed language is proposed, which is shown to capture not only those aspects that are known to exist in two-dimensional frameworks, but also certain other index-index interactions that are described in yet another body of literature.
The final chapter discusses potential flaws of the theory and sketches an account of allegedly bound indexicals that is compatible with Kaplan’s infamous ban on monsters.