150 Psychologie
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Despite the well-documented link between child maltreatment (CM) and mental health, evidence suggests substantial variability in the post-traumatic sequelae of CM across cultures. The perceived acceptability of CM in one’s community might moderate the association between CM and mental health, but little research has been conducted on it so far. This study examined how the perceived acceptability of CM may influence the relationship between CM experiences and post-traumatic symptoms in individuals from four different continents and if the pattern of associations is the same across countries. We recruited a sample of 478 adults from Cameroon (n = 111), Canada (n = 137), Japan (n = 108), and Germany (n = 122). We administered online questionnaires and performed multiple group moderation analyses for total CM, neglect, physical abuse, emotional maltreatment, sexual abuse, and exposure to domestic violence (DV). A significant positive main effect of CM on post-traumatic symptoms was found in the overall sample and in Cameroon; in Germany, only neglect and emotional maltreatment were positively associated to post-traumatic symptoms. Moderation effects were identified; the perceived acceptability of neglect in Cameroon and Germany and of exposure to DV in Cameroon had a dampening effect on the relationship between CM experiences and post-traumatic symptoms. Our findings confirm that CM experiences entail long-term post-traumatic sequelae that can vary across cultures and CM subtypes and further our understanding of this issue by showing that the perceived acceptability of CM may be an understudied moderator.
This work is based on previous studies showing that a short conversational intervention (SCI) focusing on the causes of the story events is effective in promoting the causal and mental content of children’s narratives. In these studies, however, not all the children improved their narratives after the SCI). The present study examined individual differences in the effectiveness of the SCI and investigated whether they were related to variation in the children’s executive function skills such as cognitive inhibition and flexibility. Eighty 6- to 8-year-old French-speaking children participated in the narrative task and executive function tasks. In the narrative task, they first told a story (NAR1) based on the Stone Story made up of five wordless pictures involving a misunderstanding between two characters; each child then participated in the SCI, and finally narrated the story a second time (NAR2). Then, the children were presented with executive function tasks. Cognitive inhibition was assessed by the Animal Stroop test, and cognitive flexibility was assessed by a three-criterion classification task and a local/global figure-matching task. Group results showed that the children expressed the misunderstanding between the characters in mental terms significantly more in their second than in their first narratives. Results also showed individual variation in the post-SCI improvements and indicated a significant positive relation between large improvements in the children’s post-SCI narrative and their inhibitory control skills. No significant relations were found in this study between large improvements and the two cognitive flexibility measures. These results suggest that narrative-promoting interventions should closely consider individual differences in the effectiveness of their procedures and envisage working not only on promoting narrative content but also on the skills needed to benefit from the interventions.
Ziel des vorliegenden Artikels ist es, die Verbreitung unterschiedlicher Open-Science-Praktiken in Publikationen der deutschsprachigen Sportpsychologie zu untersuchen. Dazu wurde die in den Jahren 2020 und 2021 von Arbeitsgruppen in Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz publizierte sportpsychologische Literatur analysiert. Die Ergebnisse legen nahe, dass verschiedene Open-Science-Praktiken unterschiedlich häufig genutzt werden: Während beispielsweise knapp 50 % der analysierten Artikel in Open-Access-Modellen publiziert wurden, wurde in nur 2,4 % der Artikel der zur Analyse verwendete Code mitveröffentlicht. Zukünftige Diskussionen um Open-Science-Praktiken in der Sportpsychologie und Maßnahmen zu ihrer Förderung könnten somit von einem differenzierteren Umgang mit einzelnen Praktiken profitieren, statt Bezug auf das übergeordnete Konzept „Open Science“ zu nehmen. Die vorliegenden Daten können zudem als Grundlage für weitere Diskussionen zu Open Science in der deutschsprachigen Sportpsychologie dienen sowie als Vergleichsstandard für zukünftige Entwicklungen genutzt werden.
The present study investigates the role of sense of belonging on dropout intention in teacher education with a special focus on immigrant teacher students. We present data from a survey of 925 German teacher students using two times of measurement. The results confirm the significance of sense of belonging for the dropout rate among students in teacher education and support our hypotheses that immigrant students show a lower sense of belonging and higher dropout intentions.
Background: Mental imagery (MI) may play a key role in the development of various mental disorders in adolescents. Adolescence is known to be a fragile life period, in which acceptance by one's favored peer group is extremely important, and social rejection is particularly painful. This is the first pilot study investigating MI and its relationship to social pain (SP). Method: A sample of 80 adolescents (14-20 years; 75.3% female) completed a web-based quasi-experimental design about the contents and characteristics of their spontaneous positive and negative MI and associated emotions, and were asked to complete the Social Pain Questionnaire, the Becks Depression Inventory and the Social Phobia Inventory. Results: A higher score of SP was significantly associated with increased fear, sadness, and feelings of guilt, and less control over negative MI. Characteristics of negative MI were more precisely predicted by SP scores than depression- and social anxiety scores. Adolescents with higher SP-scores more often reported negative images including social situations and were more likely to perceive negative images in a combination of field-and observer perspectives than adolescents with lower SP scores. Conclusion: SP-sensitivity seems to be linked to unique characteristics of negative MI, which reveals the strong emotional impact of social exclusion in youths. The results do not allow causal conclusions to be drawn, but raise questions about previous studies comparing each imagery perspective individually.
Attitudes toward people with dementia influence how these patients are treated. Knowledge of intercultural differences in attitudes enables specific concepts of care. We validated the Dementia Attitudes Scale (DAS) for Mandarin Chinese to gather preliminary data on differences between Germany and China. Internal consistency was good for both versions of the DAS (Cronbach’s alpha > 0.7). Principal component analysis revealed three main components in each country, along with slight differences in composition. The study revealed differences in attitudes toward people with dementia, but it is unclear whether this reflects cultural influences, differences in healthcare structures, or personal experience. Future studies should address these factors to improve care for people with dementia in a culturally sensitive manner.
We provide a framework for motivating and diagnosing the functional form in the structural part of nonlinear or linear structural equation models when the measurement model is a correctly specified linear confirmatory factor model. A mathematical population-based analysis provides asymptotic identification results for conditional expectations of a coordinate of an endogenous latent variable given exogenous and possibly other endogenous latent variables, and theoretically well-founded estimates of this conditional expectation are suggested. Simulation studies show that these estimators behave well compared to presently available alternatives. Practically, we recommend the estimator using Bartlett factor scores as input to classical non-parametric regression methods.
This cross-sectional study investigated the mental health of Italian women who gave birth during the three years of the COVID-19 pandemic. The study focused on the impact of the partner’s presence during childbirth, the time point of birth in relation to pandemic waves, hospital restrictions, and individual attitudes regarding the pandemic. In addition, the study aimed to determine potential risk or protective factors for postpartum depression. 1,636 Italian women who gave birth between 2020 and 2022 in a hospital-restricted setting were surveyed anonymously online. Standardized questionnaires were used to evaluate depression, post-traumatic stress, and psychological well-being. Women who gave birth in 2020 had the highest percentage of unaccompanied births and higher levels of depression and fear of COVID-19. Women who gave birth alone reported higher depression and post-traumatic stress and lower psychological well-being. Furthermore, they were more frightened by COVID-19 and less in agreement with pandemic restrictions than women who gave birth with their partner present. The main risk factors for postpartum depression were childbirth in 2020, high COVID-19 anxiety, discomfort with pandemic restrictions, and the partner’s absence during birth. Protective factors were the partner’s presence during childbirth and satisfaction with the partner relationship. This study emphasizes the importance of targeted support to women who give birth during crises such as the COVID-19 pandemic to reduce risk factors and enhance protective factors, particularly by strengthening the partner’s presence. Future research should focus on children born during these tumultuous periods, assessing potential impacts on their developmental trajectories and relationships with primary caregivers.
Closed-form (asymptotic) analytical power estimation is only available for limited classes of models, requiring correct model specification for most applications. Simulation-based power estimation can be applied in almost all scenarios where data following the model can be estimated. However, a general framework for calculating the required sample sizes for given power rates is still lacking. We propose a new model-implied simulation-based power estimation (MSPE) method for the z-test that makes use of the asymptotic normality property of estimates of a wide class of estimators, the M-estimators, and give theoretical justification for the approach. M-estimators include maximum-likelihood, least squares estimates and limited information estimators, but also estimators used for misspecified models, hence, the new simulation-based power modeling method is widely applicable. The MSPE employs a parametric model to describe the relationship between power and sample size, which can then be used to determine the required sample size for a specified power rate. We highlight its performance in linear and nonlinear structural equation models (SEM) for correctly specified models and models under distributional misspecification. Simulation results suggest that the new power modeling method is unbiased and shows good performance with regard to root mean squared error and type I error rates for the predicted required sample sizes and predicted power rates, outperforming alternative approaches, such as the naïve approach of selecting a discrete selection of sample sizes with linear interpolation of power or simple logistic regression approaches. The MSPE appears to be a valuable tool to estimate power for models without an (asymptotic) analytical power estimation.
The model-implied simulation-based power estimation (MSPE) approach is a new general method for power estimation (Irmer et al., 2024). MSPE was developed especially for power estimation of non-linear structural equation models (SEM), but it also can be applied to linear SEM and manifest models using the R package powerNLSEM. After first providing some information about MSPE and the new adaptive algorithm that automatically selects sample sizes for the best prediction of power using simulation, a tutorial on how to conduct the MSPE for quadratic and interaction SEM (QISEM) using the powerNLSEM package is provided. Power estimation is demonstrated for four methods, latent moderated structural equations (LMS), the unconstrained product indicator (UPI), a simple factor score regression (FSR), and a scale regression (SR) approach to QISEM. In two simulation studies, we highlight the performance of the MSPE for all four methods applied to two QISEM with varying complexity and reliability. Further, we justify the settings of the newly developed adaptive search algorithm via performance evaluations using simulation. Overall, the MSPE using the adaptive approach performs well in terms of bias and Type I error rates.
