150 Psychologie
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Solving the problem of consciousness remains one of the biggest challenges in modern science. One key step towards understanding consciousness is to empirically narrow down neural processes associated with the subjective experience of a particular content. To unravel these neural correlates of consciousness (NCC) a common scientific strategy is to compare perceptual conditions in which consciousness of a particular content is present with those in which it is absent, and to determine differences in measures of brain activity (the so called "contrastive analysis"). However, this comparison appears not to reveal exclusively the NCC, as the NCC proper can be confounded with prerequisites for and consequences of conscious processing of the particular content. This implies that previous results cannot be unequivocally interpreted as reflecting the neural correlates of conscious experience. Here we review evidence supporting this conjecture and suggest experimental strategies to untangle the NCC from the prerequisites and consequences of conscious experience in order to further develop the otherwise valid and valuable contrastive methodology.
Numbers and space are two semantic primitives that interact with each other. Both recruit brain regions along the dorsal pathway, notably parietal cortex. This makes parietal cortex a candidate for the origin of numerical–spatial interaction. The underlying cognitive architecture of the interaction is still under scrutiny. Two classes of explanations can be distinguished. The early interaction approach assumes that numerical and spatial information are integrated into a single representation at a semantic level. A second approach postulates independent semantic representations. Only at the stage of response selection and preparation these two streams interact. In this study we used a numerical landmark task to identify the locus of the interaction between numbers and space. While lying in an MR scanner participants decided on the smaller of two numerical intervals in a visually presented number triplet. The spatial position of the middle number was varied; hence spatial intervals were congruent or incongruent with the numerical intervals. Responses in incongruent trials were slower and less accurate than in congruent trials. By combining across-vertex correlations (micro pattern) with a cluster analysis (macro pattern) we identified large-scale networks that were devoted to number processing, eye movements, and sensory–motor functions. Using support vector classification in different regions of interest along the intraparietal sulcus, the frontal eye fields, and supplementary motor area we were able to distinguish between congruent and incongruent trials in each of the networks. We suggest that the identified networks participate in the integration of numerical and spatial information and that the exclusive assumption of either an early or a late interaction between numerical and spatial information does not do justice to the complex interaction between both dimensions.
Ausgehend vom Freud'schen Verständnis des Unheimlichen beleuchtet Roman Widholm aus psychoanalytischer Perspektive, wie sich Autismus nicht nur für den Behandelten, sondern auch für den Behandelnden zeigt und welche Phänomene der Übertragung und Gegenübertragung dabei beobachtet werden können. Gleichzeitig wird der Fokus auf die praktischen Folgen der fast vollständigen Beseitigung der Psychoanalyse aus dem Feld der Therapie und Betreuung von Menschen mit Autismus gerichtet. Das seit Mitte der 1990er Jahre erforschte 'Affective Computing', die technische Emulation menschlicher Gefühlsbewegungen in Computermodellen, wird schließlich zum Anlass genommen, um behavioristische neurowissenschaftliche Ansätze als Techniken zu kritisieren, die vor allem dazu geeignet sind, sich Gefühlen der Angst und des Unheimlichen in der Auseinandersetzung mit Autismus zu entziehen.
Jan Niklas Howe untersucht Freuds Modell des Unheimlichen im Hinblick auf ästhetische und reale Emotionen und bezieht sich dabei auf neuere psychologische Forschungen von 'mere exposure', 'prototypicality' und 'cognitive fluency'. Das Gefühl des Unheimlichen lässt sich Howe zufolge auf Wiederholungsprozesse zurückführen und als Rekontextualisierung ästhetischer Lust beschreiben, die notwendig zu höchst realer ästhetischer Unlust führt.
Von Okkultisten und Spiritisten an- und aufgeführte 'Geister-Zitationen' waren auch Sigmund Freud nicht entgangen. Sein Begriff einer 'Technik der Magie' nimmt in mehrfacher Hinsicht, so Rupert Gaderer in seinen Überlegungen, eine zentrale Rolle für das 'dynamische' Modell des Unheimlichen ein. Einerseits ist die 'Technik der Magie' ein Referenzpunkt zum 'primitiven' Zeitalter des Animismus, andererseits kann sie als spezifische Operation verstanden werden, die ein ambivalentes Wissen über das Unheimliche entstehen lässt. Dem folgend weist Gaderer darauf hin, dass Freuds Analyse der 'Technik der Magie' die Psychoanalyse selbst hat unheimlich werden lassen.
Between 1816 and 1821, the philologist François Raynouard (1761–1836) published a "Choix des poésies originales des troubadours". His connections with Madame de Staël's cultural circle at Coppet determined the construction of the myth of courtly love as a forerunner of Romantic love. [...] Acording to this cultural tradition, Dante is an intermediate (although pre-eminent) step in the history of Western desire, a process begun in medieval Provence and revitalized by European Romanticism. When Lacan approaches Dante, it is therefore one Dante - this Dante - that he is approaching. The present essay, in which Fabio Camilletti analyses three tightly interwoven texts, explores some of the reverberations of this encounter. In 1958, Lacan published in "Critique" an article entitled 'La jeunesse d'André Gide, ou la lettre et le désir'. This text, later included in Lacan's "Écrits", was meant to be a review of a biography of the young Gide published in 1956 by Jean Delay, entitled "La jeunesse d'André Gide". In comparing Gide's life with his works of youth, Delay notably focused on Gide's novel of 1891, "Les Cahiers d'André Walter", the third text on which Camilletti focuses his inquiry. These three texts evoke in various ways the relationship between Dante and Beatrice, using it as a cultural allusion through which specific problems of sexuality (or, better, of the absence of sexuality) are conveyed. This essay aims therefore to be a study in the rhapsodic and subterranean presence of Dante and the "Vita Nova" between the end of the nineteenth and the twentieth centuries, as well as in the relationship between literature and psychoanalysis through the quartet Dante-Gide-Delay-Lacan.
Vom Überleben des Wunsches als Todestrieb : Nachträglichkeit, Subjekt und Geschichte bei Freud
(2011)
Es ist nahe liegend, sich zum Thema 'Überleben' mit Freuds Schrift 'Jenseits des Lustprinzips' von 1920 zu beschäftigen, mit der traumatischen Neurose und mit Freuds Diktum, dass das Ziel des Lebens der Tod sei. Beginnt Freud doch damit, dass er gerade durch das Leiden derer, die den Krieg (oder einen schweren Unfall) überlebt haben, dazu kommt, ein Jenseits des Lustprinzips zu postulieren, einen Todestrieb einzuführen, da der traumatische Wiederholungszwang dem Lustprinzip so sehr zu widersprechen scheint, geht es doch um die Perpetuierung des Leidens, um die Wiederholung von etwas Schrecklichem. Ich möchte jedoch im Folgenden einen Umweg beschreiten und mit einer Konstellation aus den Anfängen der Psychoanalyse beginnen, von der sich ebenfalls sagen lässt, dass sie das Überleben behandelt, allerdings in einem gänzlich anderen Kontext, dem der Konstitution des Psychischen. Die Rede ist vom Befriedigungserlebnis und dem unbewussten Wunsch - zwei Konzepte, die für Freuds Denken um 1900 zentral sind.
Numorous psychotherapeutic approaches have been put forward to better treat patients with chronic psychological problems or severe personality disorders, among them Schema Therapy (Young, Klosko & Weishaar, 2003). Within Schema Therapy, there are two important theoretical constructs: early maladaptive schemas, which are conceptualized as stable and lasting emotional, behavioral and cognitive patterns regarding ourselves, the world and other people that have their origins in childhood or adolescence and schema modes, which are current states that describe the rapid shifts in emotion, cognition and behaviour that can be seen in patients with severe personality disorders. Schema Therapy has growing popularity with clinicians in the last decade, but only a few studies have tested the empirical validity of the schema mode model. Lobbestael, van Vreeswijk, Spinhoven, Schouten & Arntz (2010) developed and evaluated the Schema Mode Inventory to assess schema modes within the framework of a questionnaire. This instrument has been translated to the German language and the psychometric properties of the instrument indicate an adequate fit to the model established in the original Dutch study (paper 1).
In Schema Therapy, on the one hand mode concepts have been proposed without a focus on one specific disorder (Young et al., 2003), but on the other hand disorder-specific concepts have been established that form the basis for manualization and research. The most popular disorder specific mode concept is that of Borderline Personality Disorder (Arntz & van Genderen, 2009). In randomized controlled trials the effectiveness of Schema Therapy for Borderline Personality Disorder in the individual setting (Giesen-Bloo, van Dyck, Spinhoven, van Tilburg, Dirksen et al., 2006) and the group setting (Farrell, Shaw & Webber, 2009) was evaluated. Whereas Schema Therapy for Borderline Personality Disorder in the individual setting has been manualized (Arntz & van Genderen, 2009), a manual for group Schema Therapy is not yet available, Therefore, particularly since this last evaluation study, there has been a need to better describe, how the Schema Therapy mode model for Borderline Personality Disorder has been applied to the group setting (papers 2 & 3) as well as how both modalities of Schema Therapy treatment, individual and group, are combined in intensive psychotherapy settings such as inpatient or day care (papers 4 & 5). Lastly the question has been put forward as to how effective Schema Therapy for Borderline Personality Disorder is in intensive treatment environments, where it is assumed that the severity of the disorders treated is even higher. It is found that a combined program of individual and group Schema Therapy for Borderline Personality Disorder is effective in the inpatient setting. Subtle variations in treatment programs in three pilot studies leave room for the discussion of possible factors influencing treatment effects (paper 6). The results of all studies are discussed on the background of Schema Therapy’s development as a new psychotherapy approach for the treatment of complex disorders.
Die Internationalisierung der deutschen Hochschulen nahm in den letzten Jahren stark zu. Umgang mit Studierenden aus unterschiedlichen Kulturen bedeutet für Lehrende längst Alltag. Nicht immer jedoch verläuft die Kommunikation zwischen Angehörigen unterschiedlicher Kulturen reibungslos. Um möglichen Schwierigkeiten entgegenzuwirken, setzen einige Universitäten interkulturelle Trainings ein zur Sensibilisierung für interkulturelle Unterschiede. Die Autoren haben im Rahmen eines hochschuldidaktischen Weiterbildungsprogramms für Lehrende ein interkulturelles Training entwickelt und eingesetzt. Über den Aufbau und die Ziele des Trainings wird im vorliegenden Artikel berichtet. Weiterhin wird ein Untersuchungsdesign vorgestellt, mit welchem der Einfluss von Kultur auf die Online-Kommunikation in der Lehre untersucht wurde.
To monitor one's speech means to check the speech plan for errors, both before and after talking. There are several theories as to how this process works. We give a short overview on the most influential theories only to focus on the most widely received one, the Perceptual Loop Theory of monitoring by Levelt (1983). One of the underlying assumptions of this theory is the existence of an Inner Loop, a monitoring device that checks for errors before speech is articulated. This paper collects evidence for the existence of such an internal monitoring device and questions how it might work. Levelt's theory argues that internal monitoring works by means of perception, but there are other empirical findings that allow for the assumption that an Inner Loop could also use our speech production devices. Based on data from both experimental and aphasiological papers we develop a model based on Levelt (1983) which shows that internal monitoring might in fact make use of both perception and production means.