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This study explores four German nominalization patterns (-ung; -erei; Ge- -X-e; nominalized infinitives) using corpus and web data. We conclude that they can be considered a word formation paradigm, as some functions depend on paradigmatic oppositions. Our case study supports gradual differences between inflectional and word formation paradigmaticity.
Besides some well-established forms like autoritär 'authoritarian'; humanitär 'humanitarian'; new coinages ending with -itär can be found in German. These adjectives are closely related to nouns ending with -ität. From an etymological point of view; these formations are morphologically transparent. Not only are the adjectives new; but -itär emerges as a new suffix.
The project WBLUX (Wortbildung des moselfränkisch-luxemburgischen Raumes) at the University of Luxembourg aims at the investigation of Luxembourgish word formation through different text sorts and genres. In order to achieve this goal the compilation of an annotated corpus is needed. This article gives an example for benefits of using a corpus with annotations like parts of speech, lemmata and word formation affixes in the analysis of productivity of some selected word formation affixes of Luxembourgish. Then it describes how one can achieve such a corpus from a technical point of view. This includes the choice of corpus format, of a database platform and the designing of programs needed for the annotation process of word formation itself. This article also suggests new corpus linguistic approaches for research of word formation like analyzing the usage of word formation bases in the entire corpus or performing context analysis in order to determine semantical functions of each suffix.
This paper provides an overview of the connection between word formation and text type linguistics. Following a brief outline of the current state of research, desiderata and weaknesses of previous research as well as perspectives of a text type oriented research on word formation will be introduced. Here, I advocate a stronger inclusion of oral (with regard to the medium) and conceptually spoken text types (cf. Koch/Oesterreicher 1985). The focus is on the analysis of word formations within the text type of battle rap, which can be classified as oral and conceptually spoken. The analysis gives an insight into my habilitation project outlined in the essay and shows how this project can be realized.
A typical characteristic of Central German dialects, especially of the Ripuarian dialect, is that it has collective nouns with ge- + -ze (cf. gesteinze) besides those with ge- + -e (cf. gesteine) corresponding to Dutch gesteente and gestene. A relationship between ge- + -ze and ge- + -te has been assumed for a long time. A corpus-based comparison is given in order to explain the genesis of these different formation types (ge- + -e, ge- + -ze, ge- + -te) and their relations. It seems likely that earlier Dutch formations influenced their Ripuarian counterparts. Rarely, the circumfix ge- + -te also occurs in Ripuarian texts and may be autochthone. One main result is that the suffic -ze in Ripuarian restores the collective formation in the circumfix ge- + -e when it was destroyed by the e-apokope. This is a rare instance where an element of word formation is replaced by another one in order to neutralize the isolation effect of sound change.
German "-isch" and English "-ish" share a common Germanic origin, which is evidenced by striking similarities concerning the derivation of ethnic adjectives "(englisch/English)" or property-denoting adjectives "(kindisch/childish)". However, after an initial period of parallel characteristics, the two languages display drastic changes, with English developing an approximative sense when attached to adjectival bases (e.g. "greenish") and expanding to a wide range of other word categories, while German "-isch" develops multiple functions and also comes to firmly occupy a morphological niche with non-native bases. The paper sheds light on the evolving divergence between German and English by presenting results from two diachronic corpus-based studies. Additionally, explanations with respect to the typological parameter of 'Boundary Permeability' are provided.
This paper investigates the spelling of compound nouns in a corpus comprised of Early New High German protocols of witch trials from the 16th and 17th century. Previous studies on the spelling of compound nouns in printed texts have found that scribes increasingly write compound nouns as one word during the 16th century. However, this paper will show that there is still much variation in handwritten texts from that time. The study focusses on identifying factors that lead scribes to write compound nouns either as one word or two, such as linking elements and the use of upper case letters. I will argue that while there is more variation in the spelling of compound nouns in the handwritten corpus than in printed texts, there still is a strong tendency to line up the boundaries of the graphemic and syntactic words.
An inventory of the Middle High German word families is still missing wheras the Old High German and New High German word families are recorded by the dictionaries of J. Splett. In this paper a semi-automatic method is represented which can help to find and analyze the Middle High German word families. By several scripts a combined list of MHG and OHG lemmata is tranformed and expanded to a table containing among other things a column with a simplified variation of Splett's word formation formulas and a column with the common base of the word family the lemma probably belongs to. In a labour-intensive last step, these proposals have to be manually checked and corrected.
Am 31. März 2017 und 01. April 2017 fand in Lyon unter Federführung des Forschungszentrums Centre d'Etudes Linguistiques (CEL – EA 1663) und unter Beteiligung des Labors Interactions, Corpus, Apprentissages, Représentations (ICAR – UMR 5191) der Universitäten Lumière Lyon 2 und der Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon ein internationaler Kongress zu Formen, Verfahren und Funktionen der Bildung lexematischer und polylexematischer Einheiten im Deutschen (Formation et préformation lexicale de l'allemand) statt. GermanistInnen aus Deutschland, Frankreich, Polen, Russland und Spanien nahmen an diesem Symposium teil.
Morphology Days is a (nearly) biennial international meeting which deals with morphology within different frameworks and in various perspectives Previous editions of this conference have taken place in Leuven (2015), Leeuwarden (2013), Leiden (2012), Nijmegen (2011), Luik (2009) and Amsterdam (2007) While the first editions of the conference were mainly addressed to researchers working on morphology in the Netherlands and in Belgium, the last editions – including this one – included international contributions The programme and the book of abstract is available at the conference’s homepage at https://morphologydays2017.wordpress.com/program/. Organized by Philippe Hiligsmann, Kristel Van Goethem, Nikos Koutsoukos and Isa Hendrikx from the Université Catholique de Louvain, and Laurent Raiser from the Université de Liège, this edition of Morphology Days hosted more than 30 researchers, among which 3 plenary speakers, coming not only from Belgium but also from France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, Spain, the United Kingdom and the United States. Although both inflection and derivation (affixation) where dealt with in the talks, this conference report will only address the studies on derivation.
This paper studies the morphological productivity of German N+N compounding patterns from a diachronic perspective. It argues that the productivity of compounds increases due to syntactic influence from genitive constructions ("improper compounds") in Early New High German. Both quantitative and qualitative productivity measures are adapted from derivational morphology and tested on compound data from the Mainz Corpus of (Early) New High German (1500–1710).
Unterm Rettungsschirm
(2018)
Macht sich die Zweideutigkeit des "Rettungsschirms" im Deutschen vor allem in Gestalt seiner visuellen und metaphorischen Figurationen bemerkbar, fällt sie im Englischen schon auf wörtlicher Ebene auf. Denn das Englische kennt zwei unterschiedliche Worte für die benannte Sache, sodass der Schirm entweder als 'umbrella' ("Regenschirm") oder als 'parachute' ("Fallschirm") auftreten muss. So finden sich denn auch beide Varianten in der englischsprachigen Berichterstattung über die Eurokrise. Die entsprechenden Formulierungen 'rescue umbrella' oder 'rescue parachute' lassen sich dabei in der Regel als Übersetzungsversuche aus dem Deutschen erkennen. Darüber hinaus finden sich beide Varianten häufig in englischsprachigen Einlassungen deutscher Krisenkommentatoren, die für diese Einrichtung werben oder sie kritisieren wollen. Viele englischsprachige Fachpublikationen, in denen explizit von 'rescue umbrella/parachute' die Rede ist, stammen auch aus der Feder deutscher Autorinnen und Autoren. Dieser Befund lässt die Vermutung zu, dass es sich bei dem Rettungsschirm um eine genuin deutsche Wortschöpfung handeln könnte. Die Vermutung lässt sich durch eine Reihe sprachwissenschaftlicher Untersuchungen bestätigen, die sich mit der Metaphorik der Finanzkrise beschäftigt haben. Das Gesamtbild der unterschiedlich angelegten empirischen Studien lässt recht klar erkennen, dass der Rettungsschirm eine der dominierenden Metaphern im deutschen Krisendiskurs und offenbar auch ein spezifisch deutsches Sprachgebilde ist.
The present paper aims to analyse the language use in the interactive field of online comments, which appeared in the online discussion site of the Siebenbürgische Zeitung Online forum. The analyse focuses on the performance of the speech act sanctioning at the linguistic level – lexical, morphological, syntactic, pragmatic. The participants to the process of interaction, who are members of the Siebenbürger Sachsen association, introduce discussion topics on the political situation in Romania or reply to others’ comments by taking a stand on the topics. The authoress takes the theoretical stance of pragmalinguistics, speech act theory and intercultural communication in assessing language facts.
The author, attracted to the Romanian poetry written during the inter-war period, tried to translate into German some of the poems wirtten by Ion Pillat and Ion Barbu. From this pursuit he could learn a lot, not only thanks to his inclination towards the original text, by interpreting it from a semantic point of view, but also by searching the lexical equivalents established in the target-language. In the magazine, there are introduced poets that belong to the younger generation and so, he managed to approach their licirical creations more as a translator, especially those written by Nichita Stănescu and Ioan Alexandru. At the same time, the author narrates some of his experiences regarding the folklore poetry, his steps concerning the translation of the ballads written originally by Transylvanian Saxons in the literary German. Moreover, he does not fail to outline the realization of a short edition from the piece of work, created in Latin by the Transylvanian humanist Christian Schesäus, the poem Istoria Anei Kendi, translated with the help of a few contributors in Romanian, Hungarian and German.
The following paper presents the 17th volume on German studies Kronstädter Beiträge zur Germanistischen Forschung 2017. The volume deals with constructions of masculinity and femininity in German culture, literature and language. Through its various articles the volume delineates the way masculinity and femininity are constructed in everyday life, as well as in literature and in language.
The fully revised, extended and updated second edition of the Variantenwörterbuch des Deutschen (German Variant Dictionary) covers hitherto not lexicographically coded peculiarities of the German language in Romania, Namibia, and Mexico and thus the present variety spectrum on the margins and far beyond the closed German language area. The dictionary points out differences and thus peculiarities of the different varieties of the German language spoken in the respective centers.
The family name Fleşer and its viariations come from the German family name and from the common noun with the same form Fleischer (Rom. „măcelar” – butcher) which is prevalent in East and Northeast of Germany today, and which in its turn appeard as the aftermath of a contraction of the compound noun Fleischhauer (Lat. macellator), initially spread in the centre and North of Germany.
The monophthongal noun Fleşer and its variant forms Fleşeru, Fleşeriu, Fleşieru and Fleşariu, formed with the suffix of German origin determining the agent -er (< lat. -arius) or with that/those of Romanian origin -ar(iu), (< lat. -arius) are concentrated mainly in Transilvania today, especially in the neighbouring counties of Alba and Sibiu.
Hence, the family name Fleşer and its variations turn out to be compelling examples of the linguistic interculturality between German and Romanian in Transilvania and in Romania, in this case demonstrated in terms of onomastic.
Wortbildungen, die im Siebenbürgisch-Sächsischen aufgrund von lateinischen Lexemen entstanden sind
(2018)
As the Reformation took place in the first half of the 16th century in Transylvania and the Germanspeaking mother regions alike, the schooling systems were restructured. Instruction in Latin language was mandatory for attendees of teachers' training institutions. Latin texts were read, Latin grammar was practiced and exercises to that effect were completed. Up to the mid of the 19th century, schools methodically practised high German in writing and reading, but oddly, not in speaking. The spoken language was the vernacular. Consequently student language developed curious constructions based on Latin vocabulary. The vernacular examples chosen are taken from the Transylvanian-Saxon Dictionary, and from vernacular and specialist literature.
The aim of this paper is to show how Grimmelshausen uses forms of addressing and which factors are important for the choice of address in the novel Simplicissimus. The research of indirect speaking in novel texts of the baroque is a desiderate in science. The result is: Often pragmatic motives of situation figure rather the choice of address then conventions of social classes. The balance between power semantic and solidary semantic as well as human affects and emotions regulate how literary characters are addressing other characters. The reason for that is that most authors refer to novel texts with members of the society’s elite. Contrary it can be argued that Grimmelshausen uses many different levels of society. Therefore, we can suppose, that our investigation makes the understanding of how politeness is working round. It is based on knowledge of a dynamic language.
The research of phraseology in fiction has gained importance from its wide potential of its application in modern literature. This creative linguistic phenomenon manifests itself primarily in the branch of “author phraseologism”. Author phraseologism indicates the phraseological units that appear in the works of a certain author; these units may occur frequently or may occur in isolated cases throughout the his/her work. Author phraseologism is regarded as a main source of creative expressions. If these creative expressions are subjected to circulation and wide usage, they develop into established phraseologisms that become well-known to the public. A renowned exemplification of this is the quotation from Hamlet “to be or not to be, that is the question”. Generally, these author phraseologisms have certain functions to fulfil; they give the literary work a semantic and aesthetic value.
Therefore, this paper attempts to explore Peter's active creative work on his poetic language since he rarely tends to use the fairly frozen idiomatic phrases that have widely been used before his time. This research paper analyses these creative phrases syntactically, semantically and metaphorically by identifying the phraseological potential, aesthetic value and poetic function in some of Peter's short stories.
The selected short stories of Peters that are analysed, are a part of the most modern literary works. This could be the reason for that his newly created phrases, have not been acknowledged as fixed phrases yet. The fact that the phrases are not repeated within the same story or in other works by himself, may be one of the reasons for that the investigated examples cannot be considered as anchored phraseologisms.
What gives this paper importance is the study of the creative language of Peters. Furthermore, this paper contributes to synchronous and documentary research of phraseology in the German literature. Peter's works has been previously studied from a literary and cultural point of view, however the linguistic aspects of his works were not given sufficient attention.