430 Germanische Sprachen; Deutsch
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Unquestionably (or: undoubtedly), every competent speaker has already come to doubt with respect to the question of which form is correct or appropriate and should be used (in the standard language) when faced with two or more almost identical competing variants of words, word forms or sentence and phrase structure (e.g. German "Pizzas/Pizzen/Pizze" 'pizzas', Dutch "de drie mooiste/mooiste drie stranden" 'the three most beautiful/most beautiful three beaches', Swedish "större än jag/mig" 'taller than I/me'). Such linguistic uncertainties or "cases of doubt" (cf. i.a. Klein 2003, 2009, 2018; Müller & Szczepaniak 2017; Schmitt, Szczepaniak & Vieregge 2019; Stark 2019 as well as the useful collections of data of Duden vol. 9, Taaladvies.net, Språkriktighetsboken etc.) systematically occur also in native speakers and they do not necessarily coincide with the difficulties of second language learners. In present-day German, most grammatical uncertainties occur in the domains of inflection (nominal plural formation, genitive singular allomorphy of strong masc./neut. nouns, inflectional variation of weak masc. nouns, strong/weak adjectival inflection and comparison forms, strong/weak verb forms, perfect auxiliary selection) and word-formation (linking elements in compounds, separability of complex verbs). As for syntax, there are often doubts in connection with case choice (pseudo-partitive constructions, prepositional case government) and agreement (especially due to coordination or appositional structures). This contribution aims to present a contrastive approach to morphological and syntactic uncertainties in contemporary Germanic languages (mostly German, Dutch, and Swedish) in order to obtain a broader and more fine-grained typology of grammatical instabilities and their causes. As will be discussed, most doubts of competent speakers - a problem also for general linguistic theory - can be attributed to processes of language change in progress, to language or variety contact, to gaps and rule conflicts in the grammar of every language or to psycholinguistic conditions of language processing. Our main concerns will be the issues of which (kinds of) common or different critical areas there are within Germanic (and, on the other hand, in which areas there are no doubts), which of the established (cross-linguistically valid) explanatory approaches apply to which phenomena and, ultimately, the question whether the new data reveals further lines of explanation for the empirically observable (standard) variation.
Mapeamento de estudos da linguística contrastiva Português/Alemão : dados bibliográficos no Brasil
(2021)
Este trabalho tem como propósito relatar o desenvolvimento, a metodologia e os resultados de um Projeto de Iniciação Científica que propõe a construção de uma base de dados da bibliografia da linguística contrastiva Português/Alemão. De natureza documentalbibliográfica, a coletânea bibliográfica foi realizada em bases de dados brasileiras de publicações em português, e as referências compiladas no software Zotero. As buscas foram realizadas entre agosto e dezembro de 2019 e se utilizou as palavras-chave (Língua Alemã; Língua Portuguesa; Alemão; Português; Linguística; Linguística Contrastiva), assim como as grandes áreas da Linguística (Morfologia; Fonética; Fonologia; Semântica; Pragmática e Sintaxe). Foram identificadas ao todo 48 pesquisas, publicadas entre os anos de 1972 e 2019, classificadas entre Literatura Branca e Literatura Cinzenta. Os dados apontam uma prevalência de artigos publicados no periódico Pandaemonium Germanicum, da Universidade de São Paulo (USP), especialmente na década de 1990, assim como um grande número de pesquisas na área de semântica.