Open Access

In his article "The End of History?", originally published in the journal "The National Interest" in Summer 1989, Frances Fukuyama argued that 'the triumph of the West, of the Western idea, is evident first of all in the total exhaustion of viable systemic alternatives to Western liberalism.' It was in this respect that history had reached its 'end': the course of history in the sense of 'mankind's logical evolution' had arrived at 'the universalization of Western liberal democracy as the final form of human government'. [...] A look at some of the historical fiction written in the 1980s might suggest ways out of this potential imaginative impasse, offering up alternative possibilities, or 'Gegenwelten', in place of the dispiriting spectacle of history-on-repeat. Fukuyama himself does not mention literature. In fact, the historical fiction of the 1980s reveals a space in which the meaning of 'history' is still very much contested and where the threat of the 'end of history' in its more obvious sense - in the form of nuclear war or climate apocalypse - emerges as a force that speaks powerfully to the anxiety of our present moment. Two evocative novels that have much to tell us in these respects are Christa Wolf's "Kassandra" and Jeanette Winterson's "Sexing the Cherry". Published in 1984 and 1989, these two texts challenged the idea of rational progress and 'mankind's logical evolution' by raising the prospect of a distinctive feminist poetics - of 'écriture féminine' and 'what it will do' as Hélène Cixous had put it in her 1975 essay "The Laugh of the Medusa". The 'Gegenwelten' they propose suggest ways out of the macho strait jacket of violence, destruction and impending nuclear war.

This study explores literary representations of gender and sexuality in contemporary Malaysian Popular Fiction in English (MPFE) written by Malay Muslim authors that are published in between the years 2010 to 2020. It questions why gender and sexuality are considered sensitive topics and the public discussion of these topics is deemed taboo by some Malay Muslim traditionalists and contemporary scholars of Malay literature. Previous studies suggests that Islamic rules and regulations influence the Malaysian Malays worldview. Its sacred book, the Quran, has established clear-cut prohibitions against any sexual indulgence among its believers. Muslim writers must learn to restrict themselves from indulging in sexual writings in order to prevent them from intentionally or unintentionally arousing their readers’ sexual fantasies that may lead both parties to sinning. However, at the end of the twentieth century, many factors such as the impact of modernisation through scientific and industrial revolution on Malaysian society, the influence of Western Humanities theories among local intellects, and the introduction of Internet culture have contributed tremendously to the dramatic social changes in Malaysia. These changes are reflected heavily in its literary culture. In recent years, the Malay people’s awareness of their body and individuality is heightened. There is a surge of curiosity among contemporary Malay Muslims about their gender and sexuality and they would want a discussion. Following this development, the first objective of this study is to provide the latest discussion on gender and sexuality in MPFE by Malay Muslim authors. The second objective is to provide observations on how MPFE authors employ their literary strategies to approach aspects of gender and sexuality in their literary works. It pays attention to how writers express their acceptance, negotiations, and/or rejections towards the dominant “normative” or “common” values in the Malay society with regards to their body and sexuality. Using textual analysis to examine one novel and six short stories from the MPFE genre, this paper cross-examines Malay literary theories on sexual and erotic literature available in Pengkaedahan Melayu (Malay Methodology), Persuratan Baru (Genuine Literature), as well as Western theoretical approaches in Postcolonialism, Postmodernism and Feminism on gendering system and sexuality, in its aim to explain the growing interest in the topics in spite of the red-tape around sexual taboos in Malaysian literature.

This chapter explores medieval exegetical and affective characterizations of the birthplace of Christ. It focuses in particular on evocations of this birthplace as an exposed, liminal location and argues that the radical exposure endured by Christ at the moment of his birth was crucial to medieval understandings of the significance of the Incarnation. But it also points out that its condition of openness is always in a dialectical relationship with its capacity to enclose and protect.

Wie vielleicht schon die kippenden Bezüge, insbesondere des timeshifters "Now", in den ersten Versen von "Richard III" aufzuzeigen vermögen, adelt Tom Bishop (Shakespeare and the Theatre of Wonder) Shakespeare völlig zu Recht dafür, auf metatheatrale Weise die Zuschauer*innen auf das Spiel zwischen den Zeiten, auf die Gleichzeitigkeit von Ungleichzeitigem in der Performanz des Theaters aufmerksam zu machen. Shakespeares Tanz auf der Fiktionsgrenze, zwischen den Zeiten, beschränkt sich aber nicht auf Aufklärungsarbeit über die Funktionsweise des Mediums Theater. Sein Spiel mit dem schillernden "Now" ist radikaler, weil es auch die rahmende Gegenwart (der Rezeption) - die Gleichzeitigkeit - erfasst, auf der das theatertypische Spiel zwischen den Zeiten bequem aufruht. Diese These soll im Folgenden an Shakespeares Tempest knapp skizziert werden. [...] Der zweite Text, den ich einer ausführlicheren Lektüre im Hinblick auf ein unbequemes Verhältnis der Zeiten unterziehen möchte, ist so klassisch, dass die Beschäftigung mit ihm fast verzichtbar erscheint: Laurence Sternes "Tristram Shandy". Sternes Meisterwerk ist für die Frage nach der Poiesis der Un(-Gleichzeitigkeit) des Un(gleichzeitigen) aber nicht nur ein historischer Meilenstein, sondern erweist sich bei näherem Hinsehen auch als herausfordernd komplex. [...] Sternes "Tristram Shandy" stellt den Leser*innen den Zwie-gang ('di-gression') einer (Un)gleichzeitigkeit des (Un-)Gleichzeitigen vor Augen. Die sonderbare Erzählmaschine konfrontiert die Leser*innen mit ihrem bizarren, staunenerregenden und erheiternden Mechanismus - der sich zu erkennen gibt, thematisch aber nicht in die erzählte Welt rückgebunden ist. Die Maschine hat zudem außerhalb der Narration kein Korrelat, sie kann deshalb ein Kuriosum bleiben, das wenige Folgen zeitigt für die Art, wie wir 'unsere' nichtfiktive Welt ordnen und ihr Sinn geben. In just jenem Zug unterscheidet sich Sternes Roman von Marcel Prousts monumentaler "À la recherche du temps perdu", der die verbleibenden Seiten dieses Artikels gewidmet sein sollen.