Refine
Year of publication
Document Type
- Article (31540)
- Part of Periodical (11974)
- Book (8341)
- Doctoral Thesis (5744)
- Part of a Book (3973)
- Working Paper (3395)
- Review (2947)
- Contribution to a Periodical (2369)
- Preprint (2359)
- Conference Proceeding (1749)
Language
- German (43384)
- English (30475)
- French (1071)
- Portuguese (843)
- Multiple languages (320)
- Spanish (309)
- Croatian (302)
- Italian (198)
- mis (174)
- Turkish (168)
- Latin (140)
- dut (48)
- cze (20)
- Russian (17)
- Polish (14)
- Hebrew (12)
- Yiddish (12)
- Danish (11)
- Ukrainian (10)
- slo (7)
- Romanian (5)
- Catalan (4)
- Swedish (4)
- Dutch (3)
- Norwegian Bokmål (3)
- Bosnian (2)
- Hungarian (2)
- Slovenian (2)
Keywords
- Deutsch (1085)
- Literatur (879)
- taxonomy (771)
- Deutschland (553)
- Rezension (515)
- new species (457)
- Rezeption (354)
- Frankfurt <Main> / Universität (341)
- Übersetzung (329)
- Geschichte (302)
Institute
- Medizin (7832)
- Präsidium (5245)
- Physik (4815)
- Extern (2742)
- Wirtschaftswissenschaften (2719)
- Gesellschaftswissenschaften (2379)
- Biowissenschaften (2209)
- Biochemie und Chemie (1982)
- Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies (FIAS) (1888)
- Informatik (1729)
Der Themenschwerpunkt des vorliegenden Heftes der Slowakischen Zeitschrift für Germanistik zielt darauf ab, das vermeintlich altbekannte Phänomen des Literaturkanons genauer unter die Lupe zu nehmen. Zu diesem Zweck werden zweierlei Aspekte ins Auge gefasst. Zum einen wird darauf fokussiert, wie das Phänomen selbst zustande kommt, welche Formen es annimmt, welche Strukturen es entwickelt und welche Funktionen es erfüllt, zweitens wird die Kanonforschung zum Gegenstand der Untersuchung im Sinne einer literaturwissenschaftlichen Selbstreflexion. Der Schwerpunkt liegt in allen Beiträgen auf der literaturwissenschaftlichen Germanistik. Gerade in Deutschland werden seit den 1990er Jahren in der literaturwissenschaftlichen Praxis verstärkt Fragen der Kanonbildung diskutiert. Angesichts der großen Komplexität dieser Fragen differenziert sich auch der wissenschaftliche Diskurs bald aus und nimmt immer deutlichere Konturen an. Es werden zunächst einmal Fragen nach dem Sinn bzw. der Notwendigkeit des literarischen Kanons aufgeworfen, es wird demgegenüber auch oft auf seine Schädlichkeit hingewiesen, darüber hinaus wird auf die Geschichtlichkeit des Kanons und dessen damit verbundenen Wandelbarkeit eingegangen und im Zusammenhang damit Prozesse der Dekanonisierung und Rekanonisierung reflektiert etc.
Filme üben immer noch eine Faszination auf Lernende aus. Wenn der Unterricht als trocken und abstrakt wahrgenommen wird, dann versprechen Filme aus Sicht der Lernenden eine kurzweilige und damit willkommene Abwechslung. Man kann davon ausgehen, dass die Situation in der Slowakei in dieser Hinsicht nicht recht viel anders ist als in Deutschland. Doch oft führt die erste Freude, die sich einstellt, wenn der Lehrende die entsprechende Ausrüstung aufbaut, zu Ernüchterung. Besonders dann, wenn die Lernenden (Studierende oder Schülerinnen bzw. Schüler) feststellen, dass sie wenig oder nichts verstehen, der Handlung nicht folgen können und der Lehrende den erhofften Filmgenuss mit Fragen "stört". In deutschen Klassenzimmern erntet man teilweise sogar wütenden Protest, wenn man es als Lehrer wagt, den Film zu unterbrechen. Damit wird, abgesehen vom offensichtlich mangelnden Respekt bei manchen Lernenden gegenüber den Lehrenden vor allem eine dramatische Misskonzeption des Ausdrucks Filmschauen deutlich. Im didaktischen Kontext, sprich an Schule oder Universität, geht es anders als im Kino nicht um ein cineastisches Gesamterlebnis. Das liegt zum einen daran, dass Lehrfilme eine grundsätzlich andere Zielsetzung verfolgen als eine Hollywoodproduktion oder als andere filmische Subgenres, die im Kino, im Fernsehen oder auf legalen oder illegalen Online-Plattformen verfügbar sind.
Das Ziel der folgenden Studie liegt darin, die Erinnerungsbilder ausgewählter deutschsprachiger Zeitungen und Zeitschriften unter die Lupe zu nehmen und an zwei konkreten Beispielen zu zeigen, wie die Periodika durch Vergegenwärtigung der Vergangenheit das kollektive Selbstbild der deutschsprachigen Einwohner Bratislavas nach 1918 zu prägen versucht haben. Wie hängen aber Erinnerung, Kontinuitätsbruch und kollektives Selbstbild zusammen?
Kollokationen als mehr oder weniger feste Wortverbindungen auf lexikalischer wie auf morphologischer Ebene sind Phänomene, bei denen sich die seit vorigem Jahrhundert geführten Diskussionen über die Art der Syntax-Semantik-Grenze in der Linguistik niederschlagen. Bei den Kollokationen handelt es sich um Strukturierungen innerhalb des Wortschatzes, deswegen werden sie stark im Bereich der Lexikologie und auch Phraseologie untersucht. [...] Für unsere empirische Analyse haben wir vier unterschiedliche online Wörterbücher gewählt – Digitales Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache (DWDS-W), das Wörterbuch Duden online (DUW), Festen Wortverbindungen des Deutschen – Kollokationswörterbuch für den Alltag (KW), Lingea – Deutsch-Slowakisches praktisches Wörterbuch (D-SW), um zu erfahren, wie variabel ein Stichwort, in unserem Fall das Substantiv Dienst durch Kollokationen präsentiert und nach der Bedeutung aufgegliedert wird. Die Problematik der lexikographischen Kodifizierung von Kollokationen als sprachlichen Einheiten in den Wörterbüchern ist von mehreren Perspektiven zu klären oder zu untersuchen. Unser Interesse orientiert sich auf die Informationen über Kollokationen in den Wörterbuchaußentexten, Auswahl der Kollokationen, Position der Kollokationen und Aufführung von Angaben.
Der Beitrag bezieht sich auf die Ideen, die Professor Ilpo Tapani Piirainen in einer seiner ersten Veröffentlichungen entwickelt hat. Es geht um die Monographie 'Textbezogene Untersuchungen über "Katz und Maus" und "Hundejahre" von Günter Grass', die 1966 als Laudatur-Arbeit im Fach Ästhetik an der Historisch-Philologischen Sektion der Philosophischen Fakultät der Universität Helsinki angenommen worden war. Seit diesem Ereignis sind 50 Jahre vergangen (Piirainen 1968). Diese Arbeit scheint von Wert zu sein durch ihr tiefes Eindringen in die Fragestellungen der Sprachwissenschaft und Literaturwissenschaft in ihren Zusammenhängen, die auch heute aktuell bleiben, sowie durch ihr methodisches Verfahren, das es erlaubt, die Stilzüge literarischer Texte aus der Sicht der Linguistik zu interpretieren. Aufgaben dieser Art entstehen immer wieder, wenn neue literarische Produkte erscheinen, die durch ihre Sprache als Idiolekt eines Textverfassers die besondere Aufmerksamkeit der Linguisten auf sich ziehen. [...] In der deutschen Gegenwartsliteratur finden sich mehrere Autoren, die Konjunktiv I-Formen in ihren literarischen Werken gern benutzen und seine variable Einsatzmöglichkeiten bei der Vertextung zum Vorschein bringen. Gegenstand des vorliegenden Beitrags ist die Verwendung des Konjunktivs I im Roman "Die Vermessung der Welt" von Daniel Kehlmann. Auffallend ist der reichliche Gebrauch des K I in diesem Roman. Seine starke Präsenz verleiht dem Text eine eigenartige stilistische Prägung unter den anderen Werken der modernen deutschen Literatur, auch unter denen, die zur aktiven Verwendung der K I-Formen neigen.
Der vorliegende Aufsatz behandelt eines von mehreren Desiderata der sprachgeschichtlichen Forschung in der Slowakei, welchen bis jetzt kaum Beachtung geschenkt wurde. Aufgrund dessen wird
versucht, einige syntaktische Eigenheiten des Frühneuhochdeutschen in der Slowakei zu erfassen und dadurch die bestehenden Untersuchungslinien zu präsentieren. Die syntaktische Darstellung kausaler Relationen wird neben der traditionellen Funktionalität um die pragmatische Modalität bereichert, wodurch der aktuelle Ansatz sprachgeschichtlicher Forschung deutscher Konnektoren reflektiert wird.
Kompetenzen ohne Kanon?
(2015)
Das Thema literarischer Kanon, um das es eigentlich gehen soll, rückt erst im letzten Drittel meines Aufsatzes ins Zentrum meiner Ausführungen. Das wirkt auf den ersten Blick wie eine Themenverfehlung, ist aber keine. Die klassische Kanon-Frage "Was sollen Schüler/innen in der Sekundarstufe II lesen?" ist im Bildungsdiskurs der Gegenwart so sehr an den Rand gerückt, dass sie fast nicht mehr auffindbar ist. Daher spiegelt die thematische Struktur meines Aufsatzes die Struktur einer Schulwirklichkeit, der die Inhalte abhandenkommen, weil sie nur mehr nach "brauchbaren" Fähigkeiten und Fertigkeiten fragt und dabei zu vergessen scheint, dass diese Fähigkeiten und Fertigkeiten nicht durch beliebige Inhalte zu erwerben sind – und wenn, dann bestenfalls als billige, allzu leichtgewichtige Imitate jener "Kompetenzen", die tatsächlich diesen Namen verdienen würden. Ich erläutere zunächst den dominanten Stellenwert des Begriffs "Kompetenz" in der gegenwärtigen Bildungspolitik, gebe dann bildungstheoretischen Positionen Raum, die den herrschenden Kompetenzbegriff kritisieren, erörtere in einem dritten Teil die Relevanz von Kompetenzen für die Ziele und Arbeitsweisen des Deutschunterrichts und widme mich erst im vierten und fünften Abschnitt der Frage, welche Auswirkungen die "Kompetenzorientierung" für den Literaturunterricht im Allgemeinen und die Kanonfrage im Besonderen hat und in näherer Zukunft haben könnte.
Deutschland und auch Österreich sind Einwanderungsländer, die sich zu echten Einwanderungsgesellschaften entwickeln. Das bedeutet, "Vielfalt und gleichberechtigte Teilhabe als gelebte Selbstverständlichkeit zu begreifen. Dazu gehört auch, Diskriminierung und Benachteiligung entgegenzutreten" (Einwanderungsland Deutschland 2016:17). Alle Menschen in Deutschland und Österreich müssen "die Chance haben, ihren Platz zu finden und sich einzubringen – in der Schule" und am Arbeitsmarkt sowie in allen Bereichen des gesellschaftlichen Lebens (ebd.). In unserem Kontext von erheblicher Relevanz ist die Tatsache, dass die in Deutschland und Österreich lebenden Personen mit Migrationshintergrund ein deutlich anderes Bildungsprofil aufweisen als die Bevölkerung ohne Migrationshintergrund. Zugewanderte sind nämlich in den höchsten und niedrigsten Bildungsschichten überproportional vertreten, während die inländische Bevölkerung überdurchschnittlich häufig die mittlere Bildungsebene (Lehr und Fachschulausbildung) besetzt. Das ist in Österreich noch ausgeprägter als in Deutschland.
Systemtheorie als Instrument zur Beobachtung von Kanonisierungsprozessen im literarischen System
(2015)
In der Literaturwissenschaft derdeutschsprachigen Länder intensiviert sich in den 1980er Jahren die Erforschung der Mechanismen des literarischen Kanons, dessen historische Kontexte und sein Status in der Gegenwart. Es gibt einen Konsens in der Ansicht, dass die Bildung des Kanons nicht allein durch das Prisma der ästhetischen Qualität der Werke erklärt werden kann. Im Gegenteil, den Fluchtpunkt derKanon-Diskussion stellt die Überzeugung dar, dass der Kanon vielmehr durch gesellschaftliche Prozesse geregelt wird. Die Modellierung des Kanons auf der Grundlage gesellschaftlicher Prozesse hat verschiedene Facetten (postcolonial, gender, social, discourseanalytic). In vielen Fällen werden textuelle Aspekte nur wenig berücksichtigt, was auch auf die systemtheoretische Literaturwissenschaft im Allgemeinen zutrifft, die ich unter diesem Aspekt beleuchten will. Meine Überlegungen sind demnach systemtheoretisch an Niklas Luhmann orientiert und an den Anwendungen seiner Systemtheorie auf das autopoietische System der Literatur. Die Systemtheorie bietet erklärtermaßen eine gute Möglichkeit, Kommunikation als Prinzip der Selbstorganisation sozialer Systeme zu modellieren. Sie stellt ein Instrumentarium zur Beobachtung von Mechanismen und Prinzipien der Konstruktion sozialer Realität bereit, die sich in Kommunikationsakten manifestieren. Einer systematischen Erforschung von Kanonisierungsprozessen im deutschsprachigen Raum stand bis in die 1980er Jahre die traditionelle Auffassung von Kanon und die daraus abgeleitete Vorstellung im Wege, dass der Kanon immer die wertvollsten Werke erfasst. Seit diese Vorstellung als problematisch erkannt wurde, differenziert sich auch die Kanonforschung im Rahmen der Literaturwertung.
Definitionen von Kinder- und Jugendliteratur (KJL) enthalten zumindest ansatzweise Kriterien, nach denen sie beurteilt werden soll und welches der Werke potentiell in den Klassiker-Kanon der KJL kommt und welches nicht dazu eignet. Beurteilt werden diese Werke von Personen, die jeweils unterschiedliche Kontexte und Interessen repräsentieren, die sich wiederum durch die Zeiten wandeln. Somit wandelt sich auch die ästhetische Wahrnehmung dieser Werke. Das ist an sich nicht die Problematik der Kanonbildung im Bereich der KJL, bzw. es kommen weitere Aspekte zusätzlich hinzu. Die Berücksichtigung der ästhetischen Qualität der KJL wird immer wieder als ein Desiderat formuliert. Ein anderer Aspekt, der allerdings mit den ästhetischen Qualitäten der KJL zusammenhängt, ist die Berücksichtigung der kognitiven Fähigkeiten des Lesepublikums. Angesichts der Altersgemäßheit werden allgemein ästhetische Maßstäbe der Beurteilung modifiziert. So betrachtet bekommen Werke wie E. T. A. Hoffmanns "Das fremde Kind" oder "Nussknacker und Mausekönig" eine zusätzliche Bedeutung. Ein spezieller Fall ist Erich Kästner, der nicht zum allgemeinen Literaturkanon gehört, dennoch kommt er regelmäßig in den Literaturgeschichten vor. Daran ist der Klassikerstatus seiner Kinderbücher maßgeblich beteiligt. Der Begriff der KJL weist heute also viele Aspekte auf, die in den betreffenden Diskursen unter besonderer Gewichtung zum Tragen kommen. [...] Eine ausgesprochen aktive Aufnahme des Prototextes "Bambi" fand so gut wie nie statt und sie tut es auch heute nicht. Alles, was mit Bambi in Verbindung gebracht wird, rekurriert auf diemAdaption durch Walt Disney aus dem Jahr 1942. Die fehlende aktive Rezeption von "Bambi" verhindert auch dessen Eingang in die literaturwissenschaftliche Auseinandersetzung mit den ästhetischen Qualitäten des Originals.
Rezension zu Dentschewa, Emilia; Razbojnikova-Rateva, Maja; Baschewa, Emilia et al.(Hrsg.): Traditionen, Herausforderungen und Perspektiven in der germanistischen Lehre und Forschung. 90 Jahre Germanistik an der St.-Kliment-Ochridski-Universität Sofia. Akten der Jubiläumskonferenz der Fachrichtung Deutsche Philologie, 11.-12. Oktober 2013. Sofia: Universitätsverlag, „St. Kliment Ochridski“ 2015. ISBN 978-954-07-3684-6
Im Folgenden soll [...] – im Rahmen der hier gebotenen Kürze – zunächst der Zusammenhang von Werbe-, Kunst- und Kulturgeschichte näher beleuchtet werden (Kap. 2), denn ohne Kenntnis der historischen Kontexte können auch die Veränderungen der letzten Jahre nicht angemessen analysiert werden. Das dritte Kapitel beschäftigt sich mit Kreativität und das vierte mit Kunst und Kultur (in) der Werbung. Im Weiteren werden dann – im Zusammenhang mit den vorher dargestellten Aspekten – einige Anregungen (nicht nur) für den Deutschunterricht gegeben (Kap. 5). Das abschließende Kapitel zeigt einige Desidarate der Forschung auf und bietet damit Perspektiven für weitere Untersuchungen (Kap. 6).
Die Forderung, Kultur und Kunst stärker in den Deutschunterricht und ins germanistische Studium einzubeziehen, wiederholt sich zyklisch seit Jahren, obwohl die Unterrichtsbedingungen sich im Laufe der Zeit veränderten und unterschiedliche didaktische Ansätze verschiedene Schwerpunkte präferierten. Dabei wird die Kultur in germanistischen Kreisen in ihren beiden Bedeutungen erörtert – als Hochkultur, als Kunst, die den Zeitgeist reflektiert und Anregungen für die Weiterentwicklung der Kulturen gibt, sowie als anthropologischer Begriff, der sich auf eine soziale Gruppe bezieht, ihre Artefakte, Praktiken, Normen und Werte umfasst.
Im Hinblick auf die neue Situation im Fremdsprachenlernen wird im Artikel auf die wichtige Rolle der Kultur und der Kunst im Lernprozess hingewiesen und die Frage erörtert, ob der Fremdsprachenunterricht zu Änderungen und einer Weiterentwicklung in den Intentionen der humanistischen Pädagogik und der interkulturellen Fremdsprachendidaktik beiträgt oder dazu tendiert, vorhandene Wissensinhalte und Einstellungen eher stereotypisch zu vermitteln.
Das Gebiet des historischen Oberungarn wurde durch den Einfluss mehrerer Kulturen gekennzeichnet. Ungarische, deutsche, slowakische, jüdische und andere Bevölkerungsteile bewohnten diesen Raum gemeinsam, was zu wirtschaftlichen, sprachlichen und kulturellen Transferprozessen führte. Im vorliegenden Beitrag werden speziell die möglichen Interaktionen zwischen den sich langsam formierenden Frauengemeinschaften des ausgehenden 19. Jahrhunderts aus unterschiedlichen Sprachgruppen der Region bearbeitet. Einer der Bereiche, der eine Möglichkeit zur gegenseitigen Wahrnehmung oder auch aktiven Zusammenarbeit zwischen den verschiedenen Teilen der Öffentlichkeit bietet, ist die periodische Presse. Um Beziehungen zwischen unterschiedlichen Sprachgruppen zu untersuchen, erfolgte ein inhaltlicher Vergleich, der ersten beiden, an Frauen gerichteten Periodika auf Deutsch und Slowakisch aus Oberungarn: "Schrattenthal's Frauen-Zeitung" und Almanache des Frauenvereins "Živena". Die Analyse konzentrierte sich auf folgende Fragen: Welche Informationen waren in Oberungarn besonders für Frauen bestimmt? Kann man zwischen diesen zwei Druckwerken gemeinsame Themen oder sogar Wechselwirkungen feststellen? Inwieweit wird über die Frauenbewegungen in anderen Staaten berichtet? Welche Genderbilder entstehen auf den Seiten dieser Medien?
Im Folgenden sollen zuerst beide Magazine vorgestellt werden, wobei ich "Schrattenthal's Frauen-Zeitung" mehr Platz widme, zumal sie bisher in der slowakischen Forschung nicht beachtet wurde. Dann möchte ich die kongruenten Inhalte und ihre Behandlung beschreiben, und schließlich den Aufbau der näher betrachteten Erzählungen erläutern.
Literatur im Rahmen des DaF-Unterrichts, der literarischen Kommunikation, Kindheitsbilder, Märchen. So klingt die Hierarchie der Begriffe, von denen man in dieser Studie ausgeht und die an dieser Stelle auszulegen ist, um zur Rolle der Kunst, bzw. der Literatur im Fremdsprachenerwerb zu kommen. Umgang mit fremdsprachiger Literatur, ihr praktisches Antasten werden hier als eine spezifische Art literarisch-pädagogischer Kommunikation aufgefasst, in der das Ästhetische und Appellative Hand in Hand in die Richtung die Lerner gehen, die zugleich in der Rolle der Leser auftreten. DaF-Unterricht ist in diesem Fall nicht als klassischer Spracherwerb innerhalb einer schulischen Institution zu verstehen, sondern als eine Begegnung mit einer Fremdsprache und einer oder mehreren Zielkulturen, mit denen diese oder jene konkrete unterrichtete Fremdsprache verbunden ist. Aus dieser Sicht gehört zum DaF-Unterricht auch die Kunst, deren Rolle man nicht unterschätzen darf.
This paper deals with the problem of usage of music in the foreign language teaching especially German language. There are outlined basic theoretical principles, where the definition of basic concepts in this area is not easy. It is therefore important to grasp the existing knowledge, consolidate and create theoretical basis for application in practice. The second part of this paper demonstrates practical example how to use the opera Hänsel und Gretel composed by Engelbert Humperdinck in the foreign language teaching.
This paper, in the context of multilingual MT, proposes the use of ICONS (Individual CONstraintS) to add a representation of information structure to MRS. The value of ICONS is a list of objects of type info-str, each of which has the features CLAUSE and TARGET. The subtypes of info-str indicate which information structural role is played by the TARGET with respect to the CLAUSE. This proposal is designed to support both the calculation of focus projection from underspecified representations and the handling of multiclausal sentences.
Improved measurement of the decays η′ → π⁺π⁻π⁺⁽⁰⁾π⁻⁽⁰⁾ and search for the rare decay η′ → 4π⁰
(2024)
Using a sample of 10 billion J/ψ events collected with the BESIII detector, the decays η′→π+π−π+π−, η′→π+π−π0π0 and η′→4π0 are studied via the process J/ψ→γη′. The branching fractions of η′→π+π−π+π− and η′→π+π−π0 π0 are measured to be (8.56±0.25(stat.)±0.23(syst.))×10−5 and (2.12±0.12(stat.)±0.10(syst.))×10−4, respectively, which are consistent with previous measurements but with improved precision. No significant η′→4π0 signal is observed, and the upper limit on the branching fraction of this decay is determined to be less than 1.24×10−5 at the 90% confidence level. In addition, an amplitude analysis of η′→π+π−π+π− is performed to extract the doubly virtual isovector form factor α for the first time. The measured value of α=1.22±0.33(stat.)±0.04(syst.), is in agreement with the prediction of the VMD model.
A system of two coumarin-based caging groups is presented – one absorbing in the blue (400–450 nm) and the other absorbing in the green (480–550 nm) part of the visible spectrum. Together they form a pair, which allows to selectively photoactivate the one or the other in oligonucleotides. A numerical characterization defining the term “chromatic selectivity” was proposed, and it was shown how chromatically selective uncaging can literally be titrated in a kinetic reaction scheme.
Using e+e− collision data collected with the BESIII detector operating at the BEPCII collider, the Born cross sections of e+e−→Λ+cΛ¯c(2595)−+c.c. and e+e−→Λ+cΛ¯c(2625)−+c.c. are measured for the first time at center-of-mass energies of s√=4918.0 and 4950.9 MeV. Non-zero cross sections are observed very close to the production threshold. The measured Born cross sections of e+e−→Λ+cΛ¯c(2625)−+c.c. are about 2∼3 times greater than those of e+e−→Λ+cΛ¯c(2595)−+c.c., thereby indicating that the exotic structure potentially exists in the excited charmed baryons. The Born cross sections are 15.6±3.1±0.9 pb and 29.4±3.7±2.7 pb for e+e−→Λ+cΛ¯c(2595)−+c.c., and are 43.4±4.0±4.1 pb and 76.8±6.5±4.2 pb for e+e−→Λ+cΛ¯c(2625)−+c.c. at s√=4918.0 and 4950.9 MeV, respectively. Based on the polar angle distributions of the Λ¯c(2625)− and Λc(2625)+, the form-factor ratios |GE|2+3|GM|2−−−−−−−−−−−−√/|GC| are determined for e+e−→Λ+cΛ¯c(2625)−+c.c. for the first time, which are 5.95±4.07±0.15 and 0.94±0.32±0.02 at s√=4918.0 and 4950.9 MeV, respectively. All of these first uncertainties are statistical and second systematic.
Yatabe (2021) presents a theory according to which the meaning of a word like 'different' in a sentence like 'Anna and Bill like different films' contains the meaning of a reciprocal pronoun. Since the postulated reciprocal meaning inside the meaning of a word like 'different' requires the presence of a semantic antecedent, the theory entails that the apparent internal reading of a sentence like 'John saw and reviewed different films', which does not contain a plural DP that could serve as the semantic antecedent of the postulated reciprocal meaning, must be licensed in a way that is entirely different from the way in which the internal reading of a sentence like 'Anna and Bill like different films' is licensed. In the present paper, I adduce additional pieces of evidence for this theory. In order to enhance the plausibility of the proposed theory, I also show how the collective interpretation of reciprocals and the interaction of reciprocals and cumulative interpretation can be accounted for within the theory.
Using e+e− collision data collected with the BESIII detector operating at the BEPCII collider, the Born cross sections of e+e−→Λ+cΛ¯c(2595)−+c.c. and e+e−→Λ+cΛ¯c(2625)−+c.c. are measured for the first time at center-of-mass energies of s√=4918.0 and 4950.9 MeV. Non-zero cross sections are observed very close to the production threshold. The measured Born cross sections of e+e−→Λ+cΛ¯c(2625)−+c.c. are about 2∼3 times greater than those of e+e−→Λ+cΛ¯c(2595)−+c.c., thereby indicating that the exotic structure potentially exists in the excited charmed baryons. The Born cross sections are 15.6±3.1±0.9 pb and 29.4±3.7±2.7 pb for e+e−→Λ+cΛ¯c(2595)−+c.c., and are 43.4±4.0±4.1 pb and 76.8±6.5±4.2 pb for e+e−→Λ+cΛ¯c(2625)−+c.c. at s√=4918.0 and 4950.9 MeV, respectively. Based on the polar angle distributions of the Λ¯c(2625)− and Λc(2625)+, the form-factor ratios |GE|2+3|GM|2−−−−−−−−−−−−√/|GC| are determined for e+e−→Λ+cΛ¯c(2625)−+c.c. for the first time, which are 5.95±4.07±0.15 and 0.94±0.32±0.02 at s√=4918.0 and 4950.9 MeV, respectively. All of these first uncertainties are statistical and second systematic.
Semantic Representations become useful resources for various multilingual NLP applications such as Machine Translation, Multilingual Generation, cross Lingual QA, to name a few. No Semantic Representation, to our knowledge, adopts vivakṣā (Speaker's intention) as a guiding principle for the representation. This motivates us to develop a new Semantic Representation system – "Universal Semantic Representation (USR)" – following Indian Grammatical Tradition (IGT) and Paninian grammar. Since USR is designed to be language-independent, we have currently taken up the task of generating English, Hindi, Tamil and Bangla from the USR. For English generation, the USR is mapped to ERG meaning representation (Flickinger, D. 1999) which is couched in Minimal Recursion Semantics (MRS). We use an off-the-shelf ACE generator that uses ERG as a resource-grammar for generating English. While designing the transfer module from USR to ERG-based MRS, we came across various Abstract Predicates (APs) in MRS representation as described in ErgSemantics_Basic (Flickinger et al., 2014). These APs are used to represent the semantic contribution of grammatical constructions or more specialized lexical entries such as compounding or the comparative use of more and so on. This paper presents the strategy for postulating the APs from the information given in USR and then reports the implementation of the transfer module keeping the focus on the postulation of APs. We get around 95% accuracy in postulating APs from USRs.
Soranî Kurdish can reference up to two arguments morphologically, a subject agreement marker and an incorporated object pronoun. One of the argument referencing morphs is verb-bound and occurs in a fixed position in the verb template (after the stem), while the other is a mobile morph that can occur either verb-internally (in second or last position) or verb externally. Either the subject agreement marker or the object incorporated pronoun can be verb bound or mobile morphs, depending on the tense and presence of an NP complement. Previous literature has analyzed mobile morphs as (VP) endoclitics. We argue that this is not the case as verb-external mobile morphs occur at the end of the last word of the least oblique NP complement and cannot attach to the last word of VP-internal PPs. We provide an edge-feature based analysis of verb-external mobile morphs and show that the same realizational rules account for the exponents of mobile morph features whether they occur verb-internally or verb-externally. We furthermore suggest that the dissociation between paradigm class (verb-bound or mobile morph) and syntactic status (subject or object; agreement marker vs. incorporated pronoun) challenges views that treat morphological structure as isomorphic to syntactic structure.
Using e+e− collision data collected with the BESIII detector operating at the BEPCII collider, the Born cross sections of e+e−→Λ+cΛ¯c(2595)−+c.c. and e+e−→Λ+cΛ¯c(2625)−+c.c. are measured for the first time at center-of-mass energies of s√=4918.0 and 4950.9 MeV. Non-zero cross sections are observed very close to the production threshold. The measured Born cross sections of e+e−→Λ+cΛ¯c(2625)−+c.c. are about 2∼3 times greater than those of e+e−→Λ+cΛ¯c(2595)−+c.c., thereby indicating that the exotic structure potentially exists in the excited charmed baryons. The Born cross sections are 15.6±3.1±0.9 pb and 29.4±3.7±2.7 pb for e+e−→Λ+cΛ¯c(2595)−+c.c., and are 43.4±4.0±4.1 pb and 76.8±6.5±4.2 pb for e+e−→Λ+cΛ¯c(2625)−+c.c. at s√=4918.0 and 4950.9 MeV, respectively. Based on the polar angle distributions of the Λ¯c(2625)− and Λc(2625)+, the form-factor ratios |GE|2+3|GM|2−−−−−−−−−−−−√/|GC| are determined for e+e−→Λ+cΛ¯c(2625)−+c.c. for the first time, which are 5.95±4.07±0.15 and 0.94±0.32±0.02 at s√=4918.0 and 4950.9 MeV, respectively. All of these first uncertainties are statistical and second systematic.
The paper examines borrowed instances of what we call emphatic superlative ever (ES-ever) into two Germanic languages (Dutch and German) and two Romance languages (French and Spanish). We base our study on extensive corpus data. We model the data in three stages ranging from constructional borrowing (Stage-1: el coolest job ever 'the coolest job ever'), via diaconstructions (Stage-2: la mejor canción ever 'the best song ever'), up to lexical borrowing (Stage-3: las portadas más photoshopeadas ever 'the most photoshoped portals ever'). We extend an earlier approach to social meaning in HPSG to borrowing.
How things become red in Mandarin Chinese? A case study of deadjectival change of state predicates
(2023)
This paper provides an HPSG analysis for the morphosyntax and the semantics of deadjectival change of state (CoS) verbs in Mandarin Chinese. We first show that adjectives are a distinct word class from verbs in Mandarin Chinese and argue for the derivation of CoS verbs from property concept adjectives. We then model this derivation with a lexical rule. Finally, since CoS verbs can be combined with another verb to form a resultative verb compound (RVC) to express caused CoS, we also propose a lexical rule to account for RVCs.
Maliseet-Passamaquoddy (Algonquian, New Brunswick and Maine, MP) employs a set of enclitic particles to express tense, aspect, and various adverbial notions. These occupy second position in a clause: they follow either the first word in the clause or the first constituent. Johnson and Rosen (2015) propose an analysis of clitic placement in Menominee (Algonquian, Wisconsin) that takes clitics to occupy a functional head in the left periphery, postulating movement of one item into a specifier position to the left of this functional head, thus leaving the clitics in second position. Here I propose an alternative account for MP in the framework of Sign-Based Phrase Structure Grammar (Sag 2012) that makes no use of functional heads and postulates no movement operations. Instead, clitic positions are determined by a small number of maximally simple constructional statements.
Murrinh-Patha, a polysynthetic Non-Pama-Nyungan language of Australia features competition of subject and object agreement markers for a particular position (i.e. slot 2), meaning that certain subject agreement markers are realised in this position, unless already occupied by overt object agreement markers. In their typology of variable morphotactics, Crysmann & Bonami (2016) cite the case of Murrinh-Patha as an instance of misaligned, conditioned placement. I shall propose a formal account of this positional competition in Murrinh-Patha within Information-based Morphology. To this end, I shall generalise the "pivot" features previously proposed for placement relative to the stem (Italian; Crysmann & Bonami, 2016) or the edge (Soranî Kurdish; Bonami & Crysmann, 2013; Salehi & Koenig, 2023) and show how this will facilitate the treatment of conditioned placement in Murrinh-Patha.
A number of types of Welsh subordinate clause are introduced by what looks like the preposition 'i' 'to', 'for'. Earlier research has shown that there are three different lexemes here. It is not unusual for a language to have homophonous lexemes, but these lexemes share a variety of properties, and also share properties with the preposition 'i'. The similarities and the differences among these lexemes can be captured if they are grouped together as four different realisations of a single 'super-lexeme' within the hierarchical lexicon.
The theory of respectively interpretation proposed in Yatabe and Tam (2021) "In defense of an HPSG-based theory of non-constituent coordination" (Linguistics and Philosophy 44, pp. 1-77) entails that Binding Conditions A and B need to be formulated as constraints on the form of semantic representations. It is possible to formulate the two binding conditions as such constraints if anaphoric relations are encoded in semantic representations in a way analogous to the way they are encoded in Discourse Representation Theory.
How to be a ham sandwich or an eel: The English deferred equative and the Japanese eel sentence
(2022)
In some languages including English and Japanese, a nominal predicate construction (NPC; "NP1 is NP2") has a marked variety—"open-ended-relation NPCs" (ONPCs), to label it—where the referents of the subject NP and the predicate NP are understood to be in some pragmatically prominent relation other than identity or inclusion (e.g. I'm the ham sandwich 'I'm the customer who ordered the ham sandwich'). The Japanese ONPC has been called the "eel sentence (eel construction)", after an oft-cited example involving unagi 'eel' as its predicate NP. The English ONPC is discussed in good detail by Ward (2004; "Equatives and deferred reference", Language 80) under the rubric of the "deferred equative". The ONPCs in the two languages can be naturally used only under limited discourse configurations, with the English one being more severely constrained than the Japanese one. This work develops semantic analyses of the two ONPCs that improve on previous accounts.
Determination of U-spin breaking parameters with an amplitude analysis of the decay D⁰ → K⁰Lπ⁺π⁻
(2022)
We present a study of the resonant structure of the decay D0→K0Lπ+π−, using quantum-correlated D0D¯0 data produced at s√=3.773 GeV. The data sample was collected by the BESIII experiment and corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 2.93 fb−1. This study is the first amplitude analysis of a decay mode involving a K0L, which also results in the first measurement of the complex U-spin breaking parameters (ρ^) related to various CP-eigenstate resonant modes through which the three-body decay proceeds. The moduli of the ρ^ parameters have central values in a wide range from 0.4 to 12.1, which indicates substantial U-spin symmetry breaking. We present the fractional resonant contributions and average strong-phase parameters over regions of phase space for both K0Sπ+π− and K0Lπ+π− modes. We also report the ratio of the branching fractions between K0Lπ+π− and K0Sπ+π− decay modes and the CP-even fraction of the K0Lπ+π− state calculated using the U-spin breaking parameters.
Using 7.33 fb−1 of e+e− collision data collected by the BESIII detector at center-of-mass energies between 4.128 and 4.226~GeV, we observe for the first time the decay D±s→ωπ±η with a statistical significance of 7.6σ. The measured branching fraction of this decay is (0.54±0.12±0.04)%, where the first uncertainty is statistical and the second is systematic.
Using e+e− annihilation data corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 2.93 fb−1 taken at a center-of-mass energy of 3.773 GeV with the BESIII detector, we report the first measurements of the branching fractions of the inclusive decays D0→π+π+π−X and D+→π+π+π−X, where pions from K0S decays have been excluded from the π+π+π− system and X denotes any possible particle combination. The branching fractions of D0(D+)→π+π+π−X are determined to be B(D0→π+π+π−X)=(17.60±0.11±0.22)% and B(D+→π+π+π−X)=(15.25±0.09±0.18)%, where the first uncertainties are statistical and the second systematic.
Measurements of the electric and magnetic form factors of the neutron for timelike momentum transfer
(2023)
We present the first measurements of the electric and magnetic form factors of the neutron in the time-like (positive q2) region as function of four-momentum transfer. We explored the differential cross sections of the reaction e+e−→n¯n with data collected with the BESIII detector at the BEPCII accelerator, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 354.6 pb−1 in total at twelve center-of-mass energies between s√=2.0−2.95 GeV. A relative uncertainty of 18% and 12% for the electric and magnetic form factors, respectively, is achieved at s√=2.3935 GeV. Our results are comparable in accuracy to those from electron scattering in the comparable space-like (negative q2) region of four-momentum transfer. The electromagnetic form factor ratio Rem≡|GE|/|GM| is within the uncertainties close to unity. We compare our result on |GE| and |GM| to recent model predictions, and the measurements in the space-like region to test the analyticity of electromagnetic form factors.
The first direct measurement of the absolute branching fraction of Σ+→Λe+νe is reported based on an e+e− annihilation sample of (10087±44)×106 J/ψ events collected with the BESIII detector at s√=3.097 GeV. The branching fraction is determined to be B(Σ+→Λe+νe)=[2.93±0.74(stat)±0.13(syst)]×10−5, which is the most precise measurement obtained in a single experiment to date and also the first result obtained at a collider experiment. Combining this result with the world average of B(Σ−→Λe−ν¯e) and the lifetimes of Σ±, the ratio, Γ(Σ−→Λe−ν¯e)Γ(Σ+→Λe+νe), is determined to be 1.06±0.28, which is within 1.8 standard deviations of the value expected in the absence of second-class currents that are forbidden in the Standard Model.
Using data samples of e+e− collisions collected with the BESIII detector at eight center-of-mass energy points between 3.49 and 3.67 GeV, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 670 pb−1, we present the upper limits of Born cross sections and the effective form factor for the process e+e−→Ω−Ω¯+. A fit to the cross sections using a pQCD-derived energy dependent function shows no significant threshold effect. The upper limit on the measured effective form factor is consistent with a theoretical prediction within the uncertainty of 1σ. These results provide new experimental information on the production mechanism of Ω.
A determination of the CP-even fraction F+ in the decay D0→K+K−π+π− is presented. Using 2.93 fb−1 of e+e−→ψ(3770)→DD¯ data collected by the BESIII detector, one charm meson is reconstructed in the signal mode and the other in a CP eigenstate or the decay D→K0S,Lπ+π−. Analysis of the relative rates of these double-tagged events yields the result F+=0.730±0.037±0.021, where the first uncertainty is statistical and the second is systematic. This is the first model-independent measurement of F+ in D0→K+K−π+π− decays.
A determination of the CP-even fraction F+ in the decay D0→K+K−π+π− is presented. Using 2.93 fb−1 of e+e−→ψ(3770)→DD¯ data collected by the BESIII detector, one charm meson is reconstructed in the signal mode and the other in a CP eigenstate or the decay D→K0S,Lπ+π−. Analysis of the relative rates of these double-tagged events yields the result F+=0.730±0.037±0.021, where the first uncertainty is statistical and the second is systematic. This is the first model-independent measurement of F+ in D0→K+K−π+π− decays.
A determination of the CP-even fraction F+ in the decay D0→K+K−π+π− is presented. Using 2.93 fb−1 of e+e−→ψ(3770)→DD¯ data collected by the BESIII detector, one charm meson is reconstructed in the signal mode and the other in a CP eigenstate or the decay D→K0S,Lπ+π−. Analysis of the relative rates of these double-tagged events yields the result F+=0.730±0.037±0.021, where the first uncertainty is statistical and the second is systematic. This is the first model-independent measurement of F+ in D0→K+K−π+π− decays.
Biological drug substance (DS) is often frozen to enhance storage stability, prolong shelf life, and increase flexibility during manufacturing. However, the freezing and thawing (F/T) of bulk DS at the manufacturing scale can impact product quality as a result of various critical conditions, including cryo-concentration during freezing, which are influenced, among other things, by product-independent process parameters (e.g., container type, fill level, F/T equipment, and protocols). In this article, we report the optimization of two major methodologies to study product-independent process parameters in DS bottles at the manufacturing scale, namely the recording of temperature profiles and liquid sampling after thawing to quantify the concentration gradients in the solution. We report experimentally justified measuring positions for temperature recordings, especially for the selection of the last point to freeze position, and highlight the implementation of camera-assisted inspection to determine the last point to thaw and the actual thawing time. In particular, we provide, for the first time, a detailed description of the technical implementation of these two measuring set-ups. Based on the reported case studies, we recommend choosing relevant measuring positions as a result of initial equipment characterization, resulting in a resource-conscious study set-up.
The small GTPases H, K, and NRAS are molecular switches indispensable for proper regulation of cellular proliferation and growth. Several mutations in the genes encoding members of this protein family are associated with cancer and result in aberrant activation of signaling processes caused by a deregulated recruitment of downstream effector proteins. In this study, we engineered variants of the Ras-binding domain (RBD) of the C-Raf proto-oncogene, Ser/Thr kinase (CRAF). These variants bound with high affinity with the effector-binding site of Ras in an active conformation. Structural characterization disclosed how the newly identified RBD mutations cooperate and thereby enhance affinity with the effector-binding site in Ras compared with WT RBD. The engineered RBD variants closely mimicked the interaction mode of naturally occurring Ras effectors and acted as dominant-negative affinity reagents that block Ras signal transduction. Experiments with cancer cells showed that expression of these RBD variants inhibits Ras signaling, reducing cell growth and inducing apoptosis. Using these optimized RBD variants, we stratified patient-derived colorectal cancer organoids with known Ras mutational status according to their response to Ras inhibition. These results revealed that the presence of Ras mutations was insufficient to predict sensitivity to Ras inhibition, suggesting that not all of these tumors required Ras signaling for proliferation. In summary, by engineering the Ras/Raf interface of the CRAF-RBD, we identified potent and selective inhibitors of Ras in its active conformation that outcompete binding of Ras-signaling effectors.
Highlights
• Executive functions contribute to problem-solving in six- to eight-year-olds.
• Working memory and cognitive flexibility contribute to problem-solving.
•Inhibition does not significantly contribute to problem-solving.
Abstract
Previous research has shown that executive functions can contribute to successful problem-solving in preschool and elementary school children. However, most studies did not simultaneously assess the role of different specific aspects of executive functions. Therefore, the aim of our study was to investigate the individual contribution of inhibition, working memory, and cognitive flexibility to science problem-solving performance in elementary school children. A total of 478 children from first and second grades (Mage = 7.44 years) participated in our study. They performed a Go/No-go task (inhibition), a Corsi blocks backward task (working memory), a flexible item selection task (cognitive flexibility), and three science problem-solving tasks, including two gear turning tasks and one stabilization task. Structural equation modeling showed that working memory and cognitive flexibility individually contributed to problem-solving performance, whereas inhibition did not. We conclude that maintaining task requirements and dynamic object relations (working memory) and switching between different problem-solving phases (cognitive flexibility) are essential components of successful science problem-solving in elementary school children. Inhibitory processes may be more relevant in tasks involving a higher degree of interference at the task or response level.
Delegated online search
(2024)
In a delegation problem, a principal P with commitment power tries to pick one out of 𝑛 options. Each option is drawn independently from a known distribution. Instead of inspecting the options herself, P delegates the information acquisition to a rational and self-interested agent A. After inspection, A proposes one of the options, and P can accept or reject. Delegation is a classic setting in economic information design with many prominent applications, but the computational problems are only poorly understood. In this paper, we study a natural online variant of delegation, in which the agent searches through the options in an online fashion. For each option, he has to irrevocably decide if he wants to propose the current option or discard it, before seeing information on the next option(s). How can we design algorithms for P that approximate the utility of her best option in hindsight? We show that in general P can obtain a Θ(1∕𝑛)-approximation and extend this result to ratios of Θ(𝑘∕𝑛) in case (1) A has a lookahead of 𝑘 rounds, or (2) A can propose up to 𝑘 different options. We provide fine-grained bounds independent of 𝑛 based on three parameters. If the ratio of maximum and minimum utility for A is bounded by a factor 𝛼, we obtain an Ω(loglog 𝛼∕ log 𝛼)- approximation algorithm, and we show that this is best possible. Additionally, if P cannot distinguish options with the same value for herself, we show that ratios polynomial in 1∕𝛼 cannot be avoided. If there are at most 𝛽 different utility values for A, we show a Θ(1∕𝛽)-approximation. If the utilities of P and A for each option are related by a factor 𝛾, we obtain an Ω(1∕ log 𝛾)- approximation, where 𝑂(log log 𝛾∕ log 𝛾) is best possible.
Highlights
• Extreme weather events (floods, droughts, extreme heat) impact freshwater ecosystems.
• Effects of extreme events are site-specific, varying by organism traits and site hydrography.
• Cumulative impact of events is more significant than single events' magnitude.
• Temporal dynamics and biological characteristics are crucial for evaluating impacts.
• Freshwater ecosystem resilience depends on complex factors, not just event severity.
Abstract
Understanding the impacts of extreme weather events on freshwater ecosystems is imperative during a time when a multitude of challenges compromises these environments' health. Exploring how such events affect macroinvertebrate communities in rivers sheds light on the resilience of freshwater ecosystems, which is essential for human well-being and biodiversity conservation. In this study, long-term time series of benthic macroinvertebrate communities from four sites along three freshwater streams within the Rhine-Main-Observatory Long-Term Ecological Research site in Germany were analyzed. Each of them was sampled annually over a span of ~20 years to assess the impacts of extreme weather events (floods, droughts, and extreme heat) on macroinvertebrate communities. The findings reveal that the effects of extreme events are site-specific, suggesting that the impacts of an extreme event can vary based on several potential factors, including the life history traits of the organisms within the community and, among others, the hydrography of the site. Moreover, the analysis highlights that the cumulative impact of these events over time is more significant than the impact of a single event's magnitude, while following distinct temporal dynamics. This underscores the importance of considering both the temporal dynamics and the biological characteristics of communities when evaluating the consequences of extreme weather events on biodiversity, illustrating that the resilience of freshwater ecosystems and their biodiversity under such conditions depends on a complex interplay of factors rather than the severity of individual events.
By linearly parameterizing the QCD Landau free energy near the critical point in the baryon chemical potential and temperature plane, we study the fluctuations of the QCD chiral order parameter field (the σ field) in the equilibrium case and dynamical phase transition, respectively. By setting the system size to the typical size of the QGP fireball (≈103 fm3), we show that in the equilibrium case, the discontinuity of the order parameter in the first order phase transition region is replaced by smooth crossover, and the corresponding fluctuations are broadened. Meanwhile, the quartic cumulant κ4 of the σ field is generally negative near the phase transition line. We further derive the dynamical evolution of the QCD Landau free energy in the Fokker-Plank framework, based on which we deduce the dynamical cumulants of the σ field. Assuming the temperature decreases as a known function of time, we numerically evaluate the dynamical cumulants and confirm that the cumulants present clear memory effects. Moreover, the memory effects on the first order phase transition side is stronger than that on the crossover side, and the dynamical cumulants at the hypothetical freeze-out line present rich non-monotonic structures.
Plants and insects often use the same compounds for chemical communication, but not much is known about the genetics of convergent evolution of chemical signals. The terpene (E)-β-ocimene is a common component of floral scent and is also used by the butterfly Heliconius melpomene as an anti-aphrodisiac pheromone. While the biosynthesis of terpenes has been described in plants and microorganisms, few terpene synthases (TPSs) have been identified in insects. Here, we study the recent divergence of 2 species, H. melpomene and Heliconius cydno, which differ in the presence of (E)-β-ocimene; combining linkage mapping, gene expression, and functional analyses, we identify 2 novel TPSs. Furthermore, we demonstrate that one, HmelOS, is able to synthesise (E)-β-ocimene in vitro. We find no evidence for TPS activity in HcydOS (HmelOS ortholog of H. cydno), suggesting that the loss of (E)-β-ocimene in this species is the result of coding, not regulatory, differences. The TPS enzymes we discovered are unrelated to previously described plant and insect TPSs, demonstrating that chemical convergence has independent evolutionary origins.
Behaviorally irrelevant feature matching increases neural and behavioral working memory readout
(2024)
There is an ongoing debate about whether working memory (WM) maintenance relies on persistent activity and/or short-term synaptic plasticity. This is a challenging question, because neuroimaging techniques in cognitive neuroscience measure activity only. Recently, neural perturbation techniques have been developed to tackle this issue, such as visual impulse perturbation or “pinging”, which reveals (un)attended WM content during maintenance. There are contrasting explanations of how pinging reveals WM content, which is central to the debate. Pinging could reveal mnemonic representations by perturbing content-specific networks or by increasing the neural signal-to-noise ratio of active neural states. Here we tested the extent to which the neural impulse response is patterned by the WM network, by presenting two different impulse stimuli. If the impulse interacts with WM networks, the WM-specific impulse response should be enhanced by physical overlap between the initial memory item and the subsequent external perturbation stimulus. This prediction was tested in a delayed orientation match-to-sample task by matching or mismatching task-irrelevant spatial frequencies between memory items and impulse stimuli, as well as probes. Matching probe spatial frequency with memory items resulted in faster behavioral response times and matching impulse spatial frequency with memory items increased the specificity of the neural impulse response as measured from EEG. Matching spatial frequencies did neither result in globally stronger neural responses nor in a larger decrease in trial-to-trial variability compared to mismatching spatial frequencies. The improved neural and behavioural readout of irrelevant feature matching provide evidence that impulse perturbation interacts directly with the memory representations.
The activity-silent framework of working memory (WM) posits that the neural activity during object perception and encoding leaves behind patterned, “activity-silent” neural traces that enable WM maintenance without the need for continuous, memory-specific neural activity. The presence of such traces in the memory network subsequently patterns its responses to external stimulation, which can be used to readout the contents of WM using an impulse perturbation or “pinging” approach. The extent to which the neural impulse response is patterned by the WM network should be modulated by the physical overlap between the initial memory item and the subsequent external perturbation stimulus, with higher overlap increasing WM readout. Here we tested this prediction in a delayed orientation match-to-sample task, by either matching or mismatching task-irrelevant spatial frequencies between memory items and impulse stimuli, and between memory items and probes. Matching frequencies resulted in faster behavioral response times, and increased the WM-specificity of the neural impulse response as measured from the EEG signal. We found no evidence that matching spatial frequencies resulted in globally stronger or different neural responses, but rather in distinct neural activation patterns. The beneficial effects of feature matching in our task support the tenets of the activity-silent framework of WM, and confirm that impulse perturbation interacts directly with the representations that are held in memory.
The activity-silent framework of working memory (WM) posits that the neural activity during object perception and encoding leaves behind patterned, “activity-silent” neural traces that enable WM maintenance without the need for continuous, memory-specific neural activity. The presence of such traces in the memory network subsequently patterns its responses to external stimulation, which can be used to readout the contents of WM using an impulse perturbation or “pinging” approach. The extent to which the neural impulse response is patterned by the WM network should be modulated by the physical overlap between the initial memory item and the subsequent external perturbation stimulus, with higher overlap increasing WM readout. Here we tested this prediction in a delayed orientation match-to-sample task, by either matching or mismatching task-irrelevant spatial frequencies between memory items and impulse stimuli, and between memory items and probes. Matching frequencies resulted in faster behavioral response times, and increased the WM-specificity of the neural impulse response as measured from the EEG signal. We found no evidence that matching spatial frequencies resulted in globally stronger or different neural responses, but rather in distinct neural activation patterns. The beneficial effects of feature matching in our task support the tenets of the activity-silent framework of WM, and confirm that impulse perturbation interacts directly with the representations that are held in memory.
The dynamic process of membrane shaping and remodeling plays a vital role in cellular functions, with proteins and cellular membranes interacting intricately to adapt to various cellular needs and environmental cues. Ubiquitination—a posttranslational modification—was shown to be essential in regulating membrane structure and shape. It influences virtually all pathways relying on cellular membranes, such as endocytosis and autophagy by directing protein degradation, sorting, and oligomerization. Ubiquitin is mostly known as a protein modifier; however, it was reported that ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like proteins can associate directly with lipids, affecting membrane curvature and dynamics. In this review, we summarize some of the current knowledge on ubiquitin-mediated membrane remodeling in the context of endocytosis, autophagy, and ER-phagy.
The singly Cabibbo-suppressed decay Λ+c→nπ+ is observed for the first time with a statistical significance of 7.3σ by using 3.9 fb−1 of e+e− collision data collected at center-of-mass energies between 4.612 and 4.699 GeV with the BESIII detector at BEPCII. The branching fraction of Λ+c→nπ+ is measured to be (6.6±1.2stat±0.4syst)×10−4. By taking the upper limit of branching fractions of Λ+c→pπ0 from the Belle experiment, the ratio of branching fractions between Λ+c→nπ+ and Λ+c→pπ0 is calculated to be larger than 7.2 at the 90% confidence level, which disagrees with the current predictions of available phenomenological models. In addition, the branching fractions of the Cabibbo-favored decays Λ+c→Λπ+ and Λ+c→Σ0π+ are measured to be (1.31±0.08stat±0.05syst)×10−2 and (1.22±0.08stat±0.07syst)×10−2, respectively, which are consistent with previous results.
The singly Cabibbo-suppressed decay Λ+c→nπ+ is observed for the first time with a statistical significance of 7.3σ by using 3.9 fb−1 of e+e− collision data collected at center-of-mass energies between 4.612 and 4.699 GeV with the BESIII detector at BEPCII. The branching fraction of Λ+c→nπ+ is measured to be (6.6±1.2stat±0.4syst)×10−4. By taking the upper limit of branching fractions of Λ+c→pπ0 from the Belle experiment, the ratio of branching fractions between Λ+c→nπ+ and Λ+c→pπ0 is calculated to be larger than 7.2 at the 90% confidence level, which disagrees with the current predictions of available phenomenological models. In addition, the branching fractions of the Cabibbo-favored decays Λ+c→Λπ+ and Λ+c→Σ0π+ are measured to be (1.31±0.08stat±0.05syst)×10−2 and (1.22±0.08stat±0.07syst)×10−2, respectively, which are consistent with previous results.
The singly Cabibbo-suppressed decay Λ+c→nπ+ is observed for the first time with a statistical significance of 7.3σ by using 3.9 fb−1 of e+e− collision data collected at center-of-mass energies between 4.612 and 4.699 GeV with the BESIII detector at BEPCII. The branching fraction of Λ+c→nπ+ is measured to be (6.6±1.2stat±0.4syst)×10−4. By taking the upper limit of branching fractions of Λ+c→pπ0 from the Belle experiment, the ratio of branching fractions between Λ+c→nπ+ and Λ+c→pπ0 is calculated to be larger than 7.2 at the 90% confidence level, which disagrees with the current predictions of available phenomenological models. In addition, the branching fractions of the Cabibbo-favored decays Λ+c→Λπ+ and Λ+c→Σ0π+ are measured to be (1.31±0.08stat±0.05syst)×10−2 and (1.22±0.08stat±0.07syst)×10−2, respectively, which are consistent with previous results.
Objective: The aim of the study was to find out whether it is possible to successfully convert a communication course for around 400 students to a blended-learning format (asynchronous theoretical course/synchronous digital practical course). The main focus thereby was on assessing subjective learning progress and the extent to which the importance of communication and doctor-patient communication can be conveyed online. The study is based on the results of an evaluation of the opinions of both the students and the lecturers that participated in the course.
Methods: The students, who were in their fourth preclinical semester in 2020, were asked to fill in a self-assessment sheet at the beginning of the course, and following its completion. The feedback provided by the lecturers was also assessed. In order to compare the results and identify possible discrepancies, the corresponding self-assessment and evaluation results for the past 10 years (stemming from traditional classroom courses) were also taken into account.
Results: Participants in the online courses reported distinct subjective learning progress, and greater progress than was reported for traditional courses in previous years. The suitability of the online format was viewed critically by both students and lecturers, while the course atmosphere was seen positively. The relevance of doctor-patient communication was assessed particularly highly in the online format.
Conclusion: Based on the results of the evaluation, the experience gained from the blended-learning format will be included into future iterations of the communication course at Goethe University Frankfurt. The results have shown that doctor-patient communication can be learned well online. This format can therefore be recommended for new learning concepts in the future.
The cross sections of the e+e−→ϕη′ process at center-of-mass energies from 3.508 to 4.951 GeV are measured with high precision using 26.1 fb−1 data collected with the BESIII detector operating at the BEPCII storage ring. The cross sections are of the order of a few picobarn, and decrease as the center-of-mass energy increases as s−n/2 with n=4.35±0.14. This result is in agreement with the Nambu-Jona-Lasinio model prediction of n=3.5±0.9. In addition, the charmless decay ψ(3770)→ϕη′ is searched for by fitting the measured cross sections, yet no significant signal is observed. The upper limit of B(ψ(3770)→ϕη′) at the 90\% confidence level is determined to be 2.3×10−5.
The cross sections of the e+e−→ϕη′ process at center-of-mass energies from 3.508 to 4.951 GeV are measured with high precision using 26.1 fb−1 data collected with the BESIII detector operating at the BEPCII storage ring. The cross sections are of the order of a few picobarn, and decrease as the center-of-mass energy increases as s−n/2 with n=4.35±0.14. This result is in agreement with the Nambu-Jona-Lasinio model prediction of n=3.5±0.9. In addition, the charmless decay ψ(3770)→ϕη′ is searched for by fitting the measured cross sections, yet no significant signal is observed. The upper limit of B(ψ(3770)→ϕη′) at the 90\% confidence level is determined to be 2.3×10−5.
Using a data sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 2.93 fb−1 collected at a center-of-mass energy of 3.773~GeV with the BESIII detector at the BEPCII collider, we search for a scalar partner of the X(3872), denoted as X(3700), via ψ(3770)→γηη′ and γπ+π−J/ψ processes. No significant signals are observed and the upper limits of the product branching fractions B(ψ(3770)→γX(3700))⋅B(X(3700)→ηη′) and B(ψ(3770)→γX(3700))⋅B(X(3700)→π+π−J/ψ) are determined at the 90\% confidence level, for the narrow X(3700) with a mass ranging from 3710 to 3740 MeV/c2, which are from 0.8 to 1.8 (×10−5) and 0.9 to 3.4 (×10−5), respectively.
Using a data sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 2.93 fb−1 collected at a center-of-mass energy of 3.773~GeV with the BESIII detector at the BEPCII collider, we search for a scalar partner of the X(3872), denoted as X(3700), via ψ(3770)→γηη′ and γπ+π−J/ψ processes. No significant signals are observed and the upper limits of the product branching fractions B(ψ(3770)→γX(3700))⋅B(X(3700)→ηη′) and B(ψ(3770)→γX(3700))⋅B(X(3700)→π+π−J/ψ) are determined at the 90\% confidence level, for the narrow X(3700) with a mass ranging from 3710 to 3740 MeV/c2, which are from 0.8 to 1.8 (×10−5) and 0.9 to 3.4 (×10−5), respectively.
Using a data sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 2.93 fb−1 collected at a center-of-mass energy of 3.773~GeV with the BESIII detector at the BEPCII collider, we search for a scalar partner of the X(3872), denoted as X(3700), via ψ(3770)→γηη′ and γπ+π−J/ψ processes. No significant signals are observed and the upper limits of the product branching fractions B(ψ(3770)→γX(3700))⋅B(X(3700)→ηη′) and B(ψ(3770)→γX(3700))⋅B(X(3700)→π+π−J/ψ) are determined at the 90\% confidence level, for the narrow X(3700) with a mass ranging from 3710 to 3740 MeV/c2, which are from 0.8 to 1.8 (×10−5) and 0.9 to 3.4 (×10−5), respectively.
This paper considers Chinese quantifier scope, an important, outstanding area of Chinese linguistics. In particular, there are two open questions on the subject: (1) the guiding principles that determine (a) the scopal readings of quantifiers and (b) the sometimes mandatory co-occurrence of the universal quantifier mei (every) and the universal adverb dou, and (2) the semantic functions of mei and dou and their connection to the co-occurrence of these words.
We reappraise three prior accounts of these subjects, reason through their consequences on some exemplary data, offer a new explanation based upon concord, a mechanism that is commonplace in many languages, and formulate it in lexical resource semantics (LRS). We use two principles adapted from Richter and Sailer's (2004) analysis of negative concord, expanded with a new quantifier order constraint to generate a coherent answer to the two aforementioned questions.
Computational Grammars can be adapted to detect ungrammatical sentences, effectively transforming them into error detection (or correction) systems. In this paper we provide a theoretical account of how to adapt implemented HPSG grammars for grammatical error detection. We discuss how a single ungrammatical input can be reconstructed in multiple ways and, in turn, be used to provide specific, high-quality feedback to language learners. We then move on to exemplify this with a few of the most common error classes made by learners of Mandarin Chinese. We conclude with some notes concerning the adaptation and implementation of the methods described here in ZHONG, an open-source HPSG grammar for Mandarin Chinese.
Using 4.7 fb−1 of e+e− collision data at center-of-mass energies from 4.661 to 4.951 GeV collected by the BESIII detector at the BEPCII collider, we observe the X(3872) production process e+e−→ωX(3872) for the first time. The significance is 7.8σ, including both the statistical and systematic uncertainties. The e+e−→ωX(3872) Born cross section and the corresponding upper limit at 90\% confidence level at each energy point are reported. The line shape of the cross section indicates that the ωX(3872) signals may be from the decays of some non-trivial structures.
Using 4.7fb−1 of e+e− collision data at center-of-mass energies from 4.661 to 4.951 GeV collected by the BESIII detector at the BEPCII collider, we observe the X(3872) production process e+e−→ωX(3872) for the first time. The significance is 7.5σ, including both the statistical and systematic uncertainties. The e+e−→ωX(3872) Born cross section and the corresponding upper limit at 90\% confidence level at each energy point are reported. The line shape of the cross section indicates that the ωX(3872) signals may be from the decays of some non-trivial structures.
In this paper, we deal with register-driven variation from a probabilistic perspective, as proposed in Schäfer, Bildhauer, Pankratz, Müller (2022). We compare two approaches to analyse this variation within HPSG. On the one hand, we consider a multiple-grammar approach and combine it with the architecture proposed in the CoreGram project Müller (2015) - discussing its advantages and disadvantages. On the other hand, we take into account a single-grammar approach and argue that it appears to be superior due to its computational efficiency and cognitive plausibility.
Using 4.7 fb−1 of e+e− collision data at center-of-mass energies from 4.661 to 4.951 GeV collected by the BESIII detector at the BEPCII collider, we observe the X(3872) production process e+e−→ωX(3872) for the first time. The significance is 7.8σ, including both the statistical and systematic uncertainties. The e+e−→ωX(3872) Born cross section and the corresponding upper limit at 90\% confidence level at each energy point are reported. The line shape of the cross section indicates that the ωX(3872) signals may be from the decays of some non-trivial structures.
It usually only takes a single glance to categorize our environment into different scene categories (e.g. a kitchen or a highway). Object information has been suggested to play a crucial role in this process, and some proposals even claim that the recognition of a single object can be sufficient to categorize the scene around it. Here, we tested this claim in four behavioural experiments by having participants categorize real-world scene photographs that were reduced to a single, cut-out object. We show that single objects can indeed be sufficient for correct scene categorization and that scene category information can be extracted within 50 ms of object presentation. Furthermore, we identified object frequency and specificity for the target scene category as the most important object properties for human scene categorization. Interestingly, despite the statistical definition of specificity and frequency, human ratings of these properties were better predictors of scene categorization behaviour than more objective statistics derived from databases of labelled real-world images. Taken together, our findings support a central role of object information during human scene categorization, showing that single objects can be indicative of a scene category if they are assumed to frequently and exclusively occur in a certain environment.
Osteoarthritis of the hip is a common condition that affects older adults. Total hip replacement is the end-stage treatment to relief pain and improve joint function. Little is known about the mechanical load distribution during the activity of bipedal stance, which is an important daily activity for older adults who need to rest more frequently. This study investigated the distribution of the hip and knee joint moments during bipedal stance in patients with unilateral hip osteoarthritis and how the distribution changed 1 year after total hip replacement. Kinematic and kinetic data from bipedal stance were recorded. External hip and knee adduction moments were calculated and load distribution over both limbs was calculated using the symmetry angle. Preoperatively, the non-affected limb carried 10% more body weight than the affected limb when standing on two legs. Moreover, the mean external hip and knee adduction moments of the non-affected limb were increased compared to the affected limb. At follow-up no significant differences were observed between the patients’ limbs. Preoperative and postoperative changes in hip adduction moment were mainly explained by the combination of the vertical ground reaction force and the hip adduction angle. Stance width also explained changes in the hip and knee adduction moments of the affected leg. Furthermore, as with walking, bipedal standing also showed an asymmetric mechanical load distribution in patients with unilateral hip osteoarthritis. Overall, the findings suggest the need for preventive therapy concepts that focus not only on walking but also on optimizing stance towards a balanced load distribution of both legs.
Background: While computed tomography (CT)-guided liver biopsies are commonly performed using unenhanced images, contrast-enhanced images are beneficial for challenging puncture pathways and lesion locations. This study aimed to evaluate the accuracy of CT-guided biopsies for intrahepatic lesions using unenhanced, intravenous (IV)-enhanced, or intra-arterial Lipiodol-marked CT for lesion marking.
Patients and methods: Six-hundred-seven patients (men: 358 [59.0%], mean age 61 years; SD ±12.04) with suspect hepatic lesions and CT-guided liver biopsies were retrospectively evaluated. Successful biopsies were histopathological findings other than typical liver tissue or non-specific findings. Data was ascertained regarding the use of contrast medium for the biopsy-planning CT, unenhanced (group 1) vs. Lipiodol (group 2) vs. IV contrast (group 3). Technical success and influencing factors were insulated. Complications were noted. The results were analyzed using the Wilcoxon-Man-Whitney t-test, Chi-square test, and Spearman-Rho.
Results: Overall lesion hitting rate was 73.1%, with significantly better rates using Lipiodol-marked lesions (79.3%) compared to group 1 (73.8%) and group 3 (65.2%) (p = 0.037). Smaller lesions (<20 mm diameter) benefited significantly from Lipiodol-marking with 71.2% successful biopsy rate compared to group 1 (65.5%) and group 3 (47.7%) (p = 0.021). Liver cirrhosis (p = 0.94) and entity of parenchymal lesions (p = 0.78) had no impact on the hitting rate between the groups. No major complications occurred during the interventions.
Conclusions: Pre-biopsy Lipiodol marking of suspect hepatic lesions significantly increases the lesion-hitting rate and is especially beneficial for biopsy of smaller targets below 20 mm diameter. Further, Lipiodol marking is superior to IV contrast for non-visible lesions in unenhanced CT. Target lesion entity has no impact on the hitting rate.
Philosophische Logik" bezeichnet einen Fundus von Theorien und Methoden, ohne die weite und zentrale Teile der heutigen Philosophe - in beinahe wörtlichem Sinne - gar nicht denkbar sind. Im Wechselspiel mit ihren Anwendungen hat sich dabei der Begriff der Logik selbst weiterentwickelt. An den Schnittstellen zu Nachbardisziplinen der Philosophie, wie der Informatik und Linguistik, hat sich die Entwicklung besonders rasant vollzogen und ist wiederum fruchtbar für die philosophische Theorienbildung geworden. Fuhrmanns Frankfurter Vorlesungen versuchen in dieses moderne Verständnis philosophischer Logik einzuführen. Das Buch ist als Lehrbuch geeignet, leitet den Leser jedoch auch zur kritischen Beurteilung formaler Theorien in der Philosophie an. Zentrale Themen werden kapitelübergreifend entwickelt. Dennoch sind die Kapitel in sich abgeschlossen und können so als gründliche Einführungen in ausgewählte Theorien gelesen werden.
This paper investigates the variation of resultative serial verb constructions in Benue-Kwa languages. The main claim is that the variation can be explained assuming three versions of general lexicon rules which turn main verbs into complex predicates selecting for a second verb and attracting its arguments. Each language has a language specific version of these lexicon rules, enriched with language specific peculiarities to account for the specific behaviour of verbal inflection. The fact that not all of the lexicon rules do operate in each languages is another source of variation.
We search for the process e+e−→π+π−χcJ (J=0,1,2) and for a charged charmonium-like state in the π±χcJ subsystem. The search uses data sets collected with the BESIII detector at the BEPCII storage ring at center-of-mass energies between 4.18 GeV and 4.60 GeV. No significant π+π−χcJ signals are observed at any center-of-mass energy, and thus upper limits are provided which also serve as limits for a possible charmonium-like structure in the invariant π±χcJ mass.
Using data taken at 23 center-of-mass energies between 4.0 and 4.6 GeV with the BESIII detector at the BEPCII collider and with a total integrated luminosity of approximately 15 fb−1, the process e+e−→2(pp¯) is studied for the first time. The Born cross sections for e+e−→2(pp¯) are measured, and no significant structure is observed in the lineshape. The baryon pair (pp and p¯p¯) invariant mass spectra are consistent with phase space, therefore no hexaquark or di-baryon state is found.
How do German general practitioners manage Long-/Post-COVID? A qualitative study in primary care
(2023)
Background: Many patients with ongoing complaints after a SARS-CoV-2 infection are treated in primary care. Existing medical guidelines on how to diagnose and treat Long-/Post-COVID are far from being comprehensive. This study aims to describe how German general practitioners (GPs) deal with this situation, what problems they experience when managing such patients, and how they solve problems associated with the diagnosis and treatment of Long-/Post-COVID.
Methods and Findings: We conducted a qualitative study and interviewed 11 GPs. The most commonly described symptoms were ongoing fatigue, dyspnea, chest tightness and a decrease in physical capacity. The most common way to identify Long-/Post-COVID was by exclusion. Patients suffering from Long-/Post-COVID were generally treated by their GPs and rarely referred. A very common non-pharmacological intervention was to take a wait-and-see approach and grant sick leave. Other non-pharmacological interventions included lifestyle advices, physical exercise, acupuncture and exercises with intense aromas. Pharmacological treatments focused on symptoms, like respiratory symptoms or headaches. Our study’s main limitations are the small sample size and therefore limited generalizability of results.
Conclusions: Further research is required to develop and test pharmaceutical and non-pharmaceutical interventions for patients with Long-/Post-COVID. In addition, strategies to prevent the occurrence of Long-/Post-COVID after an acute infection with SARS-CoV-2 have to be developed. The routine collection of data on the diagnosis and management of Long-/Post-COVID may help in the formulation of best practices. It is up to policymakers to facilitate the necessary implementation of effective interventions in order to limit the huge societal consequences of large groups of patients suffering from Long-/Post-COVID.
Using data taken at 23 center-of-mass energies between 4.0 and 4.6 GeV with the BESIII detector at the BEPCII collider and with a total integrated luminosity of approximately 15 fb−1, the process e+e−→2(pp¯) is studied for the first time. The Born cross sections for e+e−→2(pp¯) are measured, and no significant structure is observed in the lineshape. The baryon pair (pp and p¯p¯) invariant mass spectra are consistent with phase space, therefore no hexaquark or di-baryon state is found.
Using data taken at 23 center-of-mass energies between 4.0 and 4.6 GeV with the BESIII detector at the BEPCII collider and with a total integrated luminosity of approximately 15 fb−1, the process e+e−→2(pp¯) is studied for the first time. The Born cross sections for e+e−→2(pp¯) are measured, and no significant structure is observed in the lineshape. The baryon pair (pp and p¯p¯) invariant mass spectra are consistent with phase space, therefore no hexaquark or di-baryon state is found.
In this paper, I shall discuss a peculiar coordination construction in German, where the shared subject of the two conjuncts is not found peripheral, but is contained within the first conjunct. Following Höhle (1983), this construction is called "Subject Gaps in Finite/Fronted" clauses (SGF). I shall discuss previous accounts, both symmetric coordination approaches (Frank, 2002; Kathol, 1999), as well as asymmetric adjunction approaches (Büring & Hartmann, 1998). The analysis I shall propose will treat the construction as coordination semantically, yet assume a head complement structure that combines the licensing first conjunct with an incomplete (=slashed) coordinate structure complement. I shall show how this addresses the ATB condition, permits straightforward licensing of the subject gap, and provides better control over the second conjunct, thereby improving over the adjunct analysis.
Welsh noun phrases have had much less attention than Welsh clauses, and there are unresolved issues about the nature of possessors, attributive adjectives, and the definite article and agreement clitics. There is evidence, especially from agreement, that possessors are complements, evidence that attributive adjectives are adjoined to a preceding [LEX+] nominal constituent, and evidence that the definite article and agreement clitics are specifiers. The last of these positions makes it fairly simple to capture the relation between the definite article and agreement clitics and possessors. It is not difficult to formalize these ideas within HPSG.
The paper looks at constraints on non-wh relatives in Sorani Kurdish (Iranian) and English (Germanic). We argue that some of them are grammatical, whereas others introduce social meaning. We present a basic, lexicalist syntactic analysis and expand it with social meaning constraints. We propose that classical sociolinguistic variables have the status of conventional implicatures and the overall assessment of a style is treated as a particularized conversational implicature.
We present cross sections for the reaction e+e−→K0SK0L at center-of-mass energies ranging from 3.51 GeV to 4.95 GeV using data samples collected in the BESIII experiment, corresponding to a total integrated luminosity of 26.5 fb−1. The ratio of neutral-to-charged kaon form factors at large momentum transfers (12 GeV2<Q2<25 GeV2) is determined to be 0.21±0.01, which indicates a small but significant effect of flavor-SU(3) breaking in the kaon wave function, and consequently excludes the possibility that flavor-SU(3) breaking is the primary reason for the strong experimental violation of the pQCD prediction |F(π±)|/|F(K±)|=f2π/f2K, where F(π±) and F(K±) are the form factors, and fπ and fK are the decay constants of charged pions and kaons, respectively. We also observe a significant signal for the charmless decay ψ(3770)→K0SK0L for the first time. Within a 1σ contour of the likelihood value, the the branching fraction for ψ(3770)→K0SK0L is determined to be B=(2.63+1.40−1.59)×10−5, and the relative phase between the continuum and ψ(3770) amplitudes is ϕ=(−0.39+0.05−0.10)π. The branching fraction is in good agreement with the S- and D-wave charmonia mixing scheme proposed in the interpretation of the "ρπ puzzle" between J/ψ and ψ(3686) decays.
This paper considers the role of nonlocal amalgamation in a system of analyses for typologically diverse languages. Nonlocal amalgamation (Bouma et al. 2001) was suggested in particular to get rid of extraction rules in Pollard and Sag's (1994) analysis of long-distance dependencies. However, in implemented projects like the English Resource Grammar (Flickinger, 2000, 2011) and the Grammar Matrix (Bender et al., 2002, 2010), the extraction rules have been maintained, while nonlocal amalgamation is used for the analysis of phenomena like the easy-adjectives. Zamaraeva and Emerson (2020) argue that, if extraction rules are kept, then supporting the English easy-adjectives may be an insufficient reason to maintain nonlocal amalgamation in a cross-linguistic system like the Grammar Matrix, as it complicates the analysis of multiple question word fronting with flexible word order (in languages such as Russian [rus]). However, I present here a case of morphological marking of questions (in languages like Makah [myh]) which further motivates nonlocal amalgamation, as the analysis is remarkably more simple with it than it is without it. An analysis of morphological marking of questions needs to be part of a cross-linguistic system such as the Grammar Matrix as well as an analysis of multiple fronting, which adds a new tension at the level of the Matrix "core" and provides concrete material for discussion of issues ranging from empirical implementation of theoretical ideas like nonlocal amalgamation to the big question of how much of typological space a single system of grammar is expected to cover.
It is a typologically well-attested generalization that simple personal pronouns are avoided when the purpose is to signal semantic identity between coarguments of a predicate (Faltz, 1985; Comrie, 1999; Levinson, 2000; Haspelmath, 2008, forthcoming; Volkova & Reuland, 2014). Many linguists assume what I call the Unified View, where these pronoun disjointness effects come out as a byproduct of a single syntactic constraint, generally known as Principle B of the Binding Theory (Chomsky, 1981, 1986; Pollard & Sag, 1994; Manning & Sag, 1998; Pollard, 2005; Müller, 2021). This paper argues that the Unified View is mistaken because it is both too weak and too strong. As an alternative, I propose that pronoun disjointness effects stem from a conspiracy of three distinct factors – none of which is a syntactic universal: (i) a preference for expressing identity with coindexation rather than anchoring distinct indices to the same referent (Reinhart, 1983); (ii) a language-specific variant of HPSG’s Principle B; and (iii) a constraint on the morphosyntactic encoding of reflexive relations (Faltz, 1985; Reinhart & Reuland, 1993; König & Siemund, 2000).