Filtern
Erscheinungsjahr
Dokumenttyp
- Wissenschaftlicher Artikel (30605) (entfernen)
Sprache
- Englisch (15309)
- Deutsch (13289)
- Portugiesisch (696)
- Französisch (387)
- Kroatisch (251)
- Spanisch (250)
- Italienisch (133)
- Türkisch (113)
- Mehrsprachig (36)
- Latein (35)
Volltext vorhanden
- ja (30605)
Schlagworte
- Deutsch (503)
- taxonomy (425)
- Literatur (299)
- Hofmannsthal, Hugo von (185)
- new species (181)
- Rezeption (178)
- Übersetzung (163)
- Filmmusik (155)
- Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (131)
- Vormärz (113)
Institut
- Medizin (5166)
- Physik (1746)
- Biowissenschaften (1115)
- Biochemie und Chemie (1108)
- Extern (1108)
- Gesellschaftswissenschaften (799)
- Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies (FIAS) (705)
- Geowissenschaften (582)
- Präsidium (453)
- Philosophie (448)
Active species reintroduction is an important conservation tool when aiming for the restoration of biological communities and ecosystems. The effective monitoring of reintroduction success is a crucial factor in this process. Here, we used a combination of environmental DNA (eDNA) techniques and species distribution models (SDMs) to evaluate the success of recent reintroductions of the freshwater fish Alburnoides bipunctatus in central Germany. We built SDMs without and with eDNA presence data to locate further suitable reintroduction sites and potentially overlooked populations of the species. We successfully detected eDNA of A. bipunctatus at all reintroduction sites, as well as several adjacent sites mostly in downstream direction, which supports the success of reintroduction efforts. eDNA‐based species detection considerably improved SDMs for A. bipunctatus, which allowed to identify species presence in previously unknown localities. Our results confirm the usefulness of eDNA techniques as standard tool to monitor reintroduced fish populations. We propose that combining eDNA with SDMs is a highly effective approach for long‐term monitoring of reintroduction success in aquatic species.
Morphological malformations induced by tributyltin (TBT) exposure during embryonic development have already been characterized in various taxonomic groups, but, nonetheless, the molecular processes underlying these changes remain obscure. The present study provides the first genome-wide screening for differentially expressed genes that are linked to morphological alterations of gonadal tissue from chicken embryos after exposure to TBT. We applied a single injection of TBT (between 0.5 and 30 pg as Sn/g egg) into incubated fertile eggs to simulate maternal transfer of the endocrine disruptive compound. Methyltestosterone (MT) served as a positive control (30 pg/g egg). After 19 days of incubation, structural features of the gonads as well as genome-wide gene expression profiles were assessed simultaneously. TBT induced significant morphological and histological malformations of gonadal tissue from female embryos that show a virilization of the ovaries. This phenotypical virilization was mirrored by altered expression profiles of sex-dependent genes. Among these are several transcription and growth factors (e.g. FGF12, CTCF, NFIB), whose altered expression might serve as a set of markers for early identification of endocrine active chemicals that affect embryonic development by transcriptome profiling without the need of elaborate histological analyses.
A taxonomic revision of the Australian species of Amobia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830 (Diptera: Sarcophagidae: Miltogramminae) is completed using an integrated approach combining four molecular loci (three mitochondrial, COI, ND4 and CYTB; one nuclear, EF1α) and morphological data. A new species, Amobia (s. str.) serpenta sp. nov., endemic to Australia, is described, and Amobia auriceps (Baranov, 1935) and Amobia burnsi (Malloch, 1930) are re-described. Molecular data are used to reconstruct inter-specific and generic relationships and support morphological species hypotheses. Phylogenetic analysis places all three Australian Amobia species together with Amobia signata (Meigen, 1824) (a Palaearctic species) in a single clade sister to Senotainia Macquart, 1846 (in part), which is in agreement with previous phylogenetic studies of the Miltogramminae. In addition to the description of species and molecular phylogenetics, general host associations for the Australian species of Amobia are discussed and evidence for the synonymisation of A. pelopei (Rondani, 1859) and A. auriceps is refuted.
The industry‐scale production of methylchloromonosilanes in the Müller–Rochow Direct Process is accompanied by the formation of a residue, the direct process residue (DPR), comprised of disilanes MenSi2Cl6‐n (n=1–6). Great research efforts have been devoted to the recycling of these disilanes into monosilanes to allow reintroduction into the siloxane production chain. In this work, disilane cleavage by using alkali and alkaline earth metal salts is reported. The reaction with metal hydrides, in particular lithium hydride (LiH), leads to efficient reduction of chlorine containing disilanes but also induces disproportionation into mono‐ and oligosilanes. Alkali and alkaline earth chlorides, formed in the course of the reduction, specifically induce disproportionation of highly chlorinated disilanes, whereas highly methylated disilanes (n>3) remain unreacted. Nearly quantitative DPR conversion into monosilanes was achieved by using concentrated HCl/ether solutions in the presence of lithium chloride.
Acute‐on‐chronic liver failure (ACLF) is a syndrome with high short‐term mortality. Precipitating events, including hemorrhage and infections, contribute to ACLF development, but the role of surgery remains unknown. We investigated the development of ACLF in patients with cirrhosis undergoing surgery. In total, 369 patients with cirrhosis were included in the study. The clinical and laboratory data were collected prior to and on days 1‐2, 3‐8, and 9‐28, and at 3 and 12 months after surgery. Surgery type was classified as limited or extensive, as well as liver and nonliver surgery. A total of 39 patients had baseline ACLF. Surgery was performed during acute decompensation in 35% of the rest of the 330 patients, and 81 (24.5%) developed ACLF within 28 days after surgery. Surrogate markers of systemic inflammation were similar in patients who developed ACLF or not. Age, sex, serum sodium, baseline bacterial infection, and abdominal nonliver surgery were independent predictors for the development of ACLF after surgery. Patients who developed ACLF within 28 days after surgery had a higher mortality at 3, 6, and 12 months. Survival did not differ between patients with ACLF at surgery and those developing ACLF after surgery. Development of ACLF within 28 days after surgery and elevated alkaline phosphatase and international normalized ratio were independent predictors of 90‐day mortality. Independent predictors of 1‐year all‐cause mortality were alkaline phosphatase, Model for End‐Stage Liver Disease score, and preoperative hepatic encephalopathy, whereas nonliver surgery was associated with improved survival. ACLF frequently develops in patients with cirrhosis undergoing surgery, especially in those with active bacterial infection, lower serum sodium, and kidney or coagulation dysfunction. Prognoses of ACLF both at and after surgery are similarly poor. Patients with cirrhosis should be carefully managed perioperatively.
(Coumarin‐4‐yl)methyl (c4m) and p‐hydroxyphenacyl (pHP)‐based compounds are well known for their highly efficient photoreactions, but often show limited solubility in aqueous media. To circumvent this, we synthesized and characterized the two new c4m and pHP‐based photoacid generators (PAGs), 7‐[bis(carboxymethyl)amino]‐4‐(acetoxymethyl)coumarin (c4m‐ac) and p‐hydroxyphenacyl‐2,5,8,11‐tetraoxatridecan‐13‐oate (pHP‐t), and determined their solubilities, stabilities and photolysis in aqueous media. The two compounds showed high solubilities in water of 2.77 mmol L−1±0.07 mmol L−1 (c4m‐ac) and 124.66 mmol L−1±2.1 mmol L−1 (pHP‐t). In basic conditions at pH 9, solubility increased for c4m‐ac to 646.46 mmol L−1±0.63 mmol L−1, for pHP‐t it decreased to 34.68 mmol L−1±0.62 mmol L−1. Photochemical properties of the two PAGs, such as the absorption maxima, the maximum molar absorption coefficients and the quantum yields, were found to be strongly pH‐dependent. Both PAGs showed high stabilities s24h ≥95 % in water for 24 h, but decreasing stability with increasing pH value due to hydrolysis. The present study contributes to a clearer insight into the synthesis, solubilities, stabilities, and photolysis of c4m and pHP‐based PAGs for further photochemical applications when high PAG concentrations are required, such as in polymeric foaming.
Genetic code expansion facilitates position‐selective labeling of rna for biophysical studies
(2019)
Nature relies on reading and synthesizing the genetic code with high fidelity. Nucleic acid building blocks that are orthogonal to the canonical A‐T and G‐C base‐pairs are therefore uniquely suitable to facilitate position‐specific labeling of nucleic acids. Here, we employ the orthogonal kappa‐xanthosine‐base‐pair for in vitro transcription of labeled RNA. We devised an improved synthetic route to obtain the phosphoramidite of the deoxy‐version of the kappa nucleoside in solid phase synthesis. From this DNA template, we demonstrate the reliable incorporation of xanthosine during in vitro transcription. Using NMR spectroscopy, we show that xanthosine introduces only minor structural changes in an RNA helix. We furthermore synthesized a clickable 7‐deaza‐xanthosine, which allows to site‐specifically modify transcribed RNA molecules with fluorophores or other labels.
Background: Blunt chest (thoracic) trauma (TxT) and haemorrhagic shock with subsequent resuscitation (H/R) induce strong systemic and local inflammatory response, which is closely associated with apoptotic cell loss and subsequently impaired organ function. The underlying mechanisms are not completely understood, therefore, the treatment of patients suffering from TxT+H/R is challenging. In our recent studies, we have demonstrated local anti-inflammatory effects of ethyl pyruvate (EtP) in lung and liver after TxT+H/R. Here, the therapeutic potential of a reperfusion regime with EtP on the early post-traumatic systemic inflammatory response and apoptotic changes after TxT followed by H/R were investigated.
Methods: Female Lewis rats underwent TxT followed by haemorrhagic shock (60 min). Resuscitation was performed with own blood transfusion and either lactated Ringers solution (LR) or LR supplemented with EtP (50 mg/kg). Sham group underwent the surgical procedures. After 2 h blood as well as lung and liver tissues were obtained for analyses. Systemic activation of neutrophils (expression of CD11b and CD62L), leukocyte phagocytosis, apoptosis (caspase-3/7 activation), pyroptosis (caspase-1 activation) and NF-κB p65 activity were assessed. p < 0.05 was considered significant.
Results: TxT+H/R-induced systemic activation of neutrophils (increased CD11b and reduced CD62L expression) was significantly reduced by EtP. Trauma-induced delayed neutrophil apoptosis was further reduced by EtP reperfusion but remained unaltered in monocytes. Reperfusion with EtP significantly increased the phagocytizing capacity of granulocytes. Trauma-induced inflammasome activation, which was observed in monocytes and not in neutrophils, was significantly reduced by EtP in both cell entities. NF-κB p65 activation, which was increased in neutrophils and monocytes was significantly decreased in monocytes.
Conclusion: TxT+H/R-induced systemic activation of both neutrophils and monocytes concomitant with increased systemic inflammation was reduced by a reperfusion with EtP and was associated with a down-regulation of NF-κB p65 activation.
De novo fatty acid biosynthesis in humans is accomplished by a multidomain protein, the Type I fatty acid synthase (FAS). Although ubiquitously expressed in all tissues, fatty acid synthesis is not essential in normal healthy cells due to sufficient supply with fatty acids by the diet. However, FAS is overexpressed in cancer cells and correlates with tumor malignancy, which makes FAS an attractive selective therapeutic target in tumorigenesis. Herein, we present a crystal structure of the condensing part of murine FAS, highly homologous to human FAS, with octanoyl moieties covalently bound to the transferase (MAT—malonyl‐/acetyltransferase) and the condensation (KS—β‐ketoacyl synthase) domain. The MAT domain binds the octanoyl moiety in a novel (unique) conformation, which reflects the pronounced conformational dynamics of the substrate‐binding site responsible for the MAT substrate promiscuity. In contrast, the KS binding pocket just subtly adapts to the octanoyl moiety upon substrate binding. Besides the rigid domain structure, we found a positive cooperative effect in the substrate binding of the KS domain by a comprehensive enzyme kinetic study. These structural and mechanistic findings contribute significantly to our understanding of the mode of action of FAS and may guide future rational inhibitor designs.
A proposta que norteia esta pesquisa encontra seu fundamento na crítica de Theodor Adorno aos advogados da “Indústria Cultural”. Procuramos investigar em que consiste tal crítica, dando evidência às suas principais características, bem como aos seus reflexos no corpo social, uma vez que, a arte e a cultura, que são manifestações do espírito humano, tornaram-se produtos industrializados e comercializados, perdendo a sua essência. O escopo da arte e da cultura, entendida como a libertação e a emancipação do homem, fora violado, sendo transformado em meras mercadorias descartáveis, com a finalidade de disseminar o pensamento da classe dominante através do seu sistema econômico, acarretando em uma pseudo-individualidade. O homem passou a ser objeto de manipulação da indústria que transforma tudo em mercadoria. Esta maquinaria engloba tudo, e nem mesmo alguns atos de contestação deixam de ser incorporados e diluídos pela Indústria Cultural que rapidamente procura transformá-las em produtos para comercialização, revelando que tudo aquilo que está contra o sistema é absorvido e reinterpretado, tragando a individualidade. Os homens, por sua vez, se não aderirem à forma de pensar imposta pela Indústria, soçobrarão em meio à multidão consumidora. Assim, nossa análise compreende esta Indústria como um braço do sistema capitalista, que através dos meios de comunicação de amplo acesso, exerce grande influência na difusão e disseminação da ideologia desse sistema.
Le cadre du programme interdisciplinaire de recherche défini par Max Horkheimer dans les années 1930 doit beaucoup à Erich Fromm, qui a introduit la psychologie sociale dans la Théorie critique de la société. Or, une décennie plus tard, Fromm est la cible privilégiée des attaques et sa théorie apparaît désormais comme incompatible avec les positions défendues par Horkheimer et Adorno. Partant de ces tensions qui ont marqué l’histoire de l’École de Francfort, le présent article vise à éclaircir le déplacement qu’elles traduisent sur le plan épistémologique. Si Horkheimer et Fromm partagent des prémisses communes, le premier, dans son travail avec Adorno, se rapproche de manière croissante de la doctrine freudienne alors que le second s’en éloigne. Nous voudrions montrer que l’accord entre Fromm et Horkheimer fut surtout négatif puisqu’il portait sur la critique de Freud : les divergences entre les deux penseurs apparaissent clairement, dès lors qu’on pose en profondeur la question de l’usage de la psychanalyse pour analyser l’un des problèmes centraux de la théorie de la société, l’antagonisme entre individu et société.
El texto se propone exponer críticamente algunos contenidos fundamentales del concepto de totalidad y su importancia para el pensamiento dialéctico. Partiendo de una crítica de la concepción hegeliana de totalidad, busca sin embargo defender este concepto, aunque reconstruido desde un giro materialista a partir de la filosofía desarrollada por Theodor W. Adorno. El concepto de totalidad cambiaría su significado y función a partir de la crítica materialista, pasando de la idea de un todo determinado y definitivo, a un criterio epistemológico y normativo para oponerse con efectividad a la imposición de una totalidad social.
The essay by Adorno and Horkheimer about The Culture Industry (in the volume Dialectic of Enlightment) represents for Alberto Abruzzese the starting point of a reasoning on the intellectuals' role, the crisis of humanistic and academic knowledge and the new “screen and network” society. The author uses The Culture Industry as a text on the western civilization's sunset and at the same time on the metamorphosis of mass cultural production. Abruzzese refers to those scholars who deepened these issues with passion and acumen. From Benjamin to Canetti, from Debord to Foucault, from Lukacs to McLuhan: Abruzzese analyses a whole research path in media culture with the frankness of a personal self-examination.
El presente artículo aborda el análisis de los teóricos de Frankfurtrt, especialmente Adorno, Marcuse, Walter Benjamin y Horkheimer, y su actualidad en relación a la educación. La motivación ante un mundo en que ascienden valores de extrema derecha y fundamentalismos religiosos, este escenario motiva a cuestionar cuál es el papel que la educación realiza para combatir extremismos e intolerancias. Ámbito de pertinencia. Este artículo está directamente relacionado con la filosofía de la educación. Justificación y relevancia. Se justifica este tema por tratar de aspectos teleológicos de la función de la educación. En el sentido de problematizar el carácter teleológico de la educación a partir de conceptos filosóficos que buscan la autonomía del sujeto en lugar de sólo adecuarlo a lo que está puesto. Como metodología recurre a los estudios bibliográficos y reflexiones críticas sobre la educación y su carácter político en la construcción de una conciencia social emancipada de valores que legitiman opresión. Resultado y discusión. Se realizó un estudio sobre teoría crítica de Adorno, Horkheimer, Benjamin, Habermas y Marcuse como aportes para la construcción de una educación que además de buscar la inclusión, busque también ser un instrumento político de combate a los valores de prejuicios, que hoy son reavivados con el ascenso de fundamentalismos religiosos, xenofobia y ascensión de la extrema derecha. Conclusión. Se concluye que la escuela tiene una finalidad política de educar para un mundo de solidaridad y respeto por las diferencias.
This article deals with the analysis of Frankfurtrt's theorists, especially Adorno, Marcuse, Walter Benjamin and Horkheimer, and their relevance in relation to education. Motivation, faced with a world in which extreme-right values and religious fundamentalisms are promoted, such a scenario motivates us to question the role that education plays in combating extremism and intolerance. Scope of relevance. This article is directly related to the philosophy of education. Justification and relevance. This topic is justified because it deals with teleological aspects of the function of education. In the sense of questioning the teleological character of education based on philosophical concepts that seek the autonomy of the subject instead of just the human being to what is settled. As a methodology, it resorts to bibliographical studies and critical reflections on education and its political character in the construction of an emancipated social conscience of values that legitimize oppression. Results and discussion. A study on Critical Theory of Adorno, Horkheimer, Benjamin, Habermas and Marcuse was conducted as contributions to the construction of an education that, in addition to seeking inclusion, also seeks to be a political instrument to combat prejudice, which is nowadays alive again with the rise of religious fundamentalisms, xenophobia and the rise of extreme-right political ideas. Conclusion. It is concluded that the school has the political purpose to educate for a world of solidarity and respect for differences.
Cet article cherche à rapprocher les pensées de Louis Althusser et de Theodor W. Adorno autour de trois grandes questions : le primat de la théorie, la théorie de la société et de l’histoire, et la critique du sujet. Dans chaque cas, il s’agit de mettre en évidence les points communs entre les deux penseurs tout en soulignant leur désaccord fondamental en ce qui concerne la manière dont chacun se rapporte à la philosophie de Hegel. Là où Althusser vise à repenser le marxisme sur des bases non hégéliennes, Adorno veut au contraire revenir à Hegel pour ressourcer le marxisme en temps de crise.
We present the rapid biophysical characterization of six previously reported putative G‐quadruplex‐forming RNAs from the 5′‐untranslated region (5′‐UTR) of silvestrol‐sensitive transcripts for investigation of their secondary structures. By NMR and CD spectroscopic analysis, we found that only a single sequence—[AGG]2[CGG]2C—folds into a single well‐defined G‐quadruplex structure. Sequences with longer poly‐G strands form unspecific aggregates, whereas CGG‐repeat‐containing sequences exhibit a temperature‐dependent equilibrium between a hairpin and a G‐quadruplex structure. The applied experimental strategy is fast and provides robust readout for G‐quadruplex‐forming capacities of RNA oligomers.
The layer‐by‐layer (LbL) method is a well‐established method for the growth of surface‐attached metal–organic frameworks (SURMOFs). Various experimental parameters, such as surface functionalization or temperature, have been identified as essential in the past. In this study, inspired by these recent insights regarding the LbL SURMOF growth mechanism, the impact of reactant solutions concentration on LbL growth of the Cu2(F4bdc)2(dabco) SURMOF (F4bdc2−=tetrafluorobenzene‐1,4‐dicarboxylate and dabco=1,4‐diazabicyclo‐[2.2.2]octane) in situ by using quartz‐crystal microbalance and ex situ with a combination of spectroscopic, diffraction and microscopy techniques was investigated. It was found that number, size, and morphology of MOF crystallites are strongly influenced by the reagent concentration. By adjusting the interplay of nucleation and growth, we were able to produce densely packed, yet thin films, which are highly desired for a variety of SURMOF applications.
Responsiveness is a core value in democratic politics. Individual legislators are important mechanisms for implementing this concern in real‐world settings and thus facilitating responsive government. This introduction to the special section on this topic starts out by highlighting the special relevance of individual legislators in this regard and by sketching important theoretical considerations that emerge from the political science literature on this issue. In its main part, it summarizes the key findings of the contributions in relation to its main theme, namely the personal sources of responsiveness. We end with a short conclusion that reflects on possible tensions between responsiveness and the personalization of representative systems.
We apply seismic full waveform inversion to SH‐ and Love‐wave data for investigating the near‐surface lithology at an archaeological site. We evaluate the resolution of the applied full waveform inversion algorithm through ground truthing in the form of an excavation and sediment core studies. Thereby, we investigate the benefits of full waveform inversion in comparison with other established methods of near‐surface prospecting in terms of resolution capabilities and interpretation security. The study is performed in a presumed harbour area of the ancient Thracian city of Ainos. The exemplary target is the source of a linear magnetic anomaly oriented perpendicular to the coast, which was found in a previous magnetic gradiometry survey, suggesting a mole. The SH‐wave full waveform inversion recovered a subsurface SH‐wave velocity model with submeter resolution showing lateral and vertical velocity variation between 40 and 150 m/s. To tame the non‐linearity of the full waveform inversion, a sequential inversion of frequency bands has to be combined with time‐windowing in order to separate the Love wave from the reflected SH wavefield. We compare the full waveform inversion results with multichannel analysis of surface waves, standard seismic reflection imaging, electrical resistivity tomography and electromagnetic induction. It turns out that the respective depth sections are correlated to a certain degree with the full waveform inversion results. However, the structural resolution of the other geophysical methods is significantly lower than for the full waveform inversion. An exception is the reflection seismic imaging, which shows the same resolution as full waveform inversion but can only be interpreted together with the full waveform inversion–based velocity model. An archaeological excavation as well as coring data allows ground truthing and a direct understanding of the geophysical structures. The results show that the target was a sort of near‐surface trench of about 3–4 m width and 0.8 m to 1.0 m depth, filled with silty sediment, which differs from the layered surrounding in colour and composition. The ground truthing revealed that only SH‐wave full waveform inversion and seismic reflection imaging could image the trench and sediment structure with satisfying lateral and depth resolution. We emphasize that the velocity distribution from SH‐wave full waveform inversion agrees closely with the excavated subsurface structures, and that the discovered changes in seismic velocity correlate with changes in the sand content in the respective sediment facies sequences. The study demonstrated that SH‐wave full waveform inversion is capable to image structural and lithological changes in the near subsurface at scales as low as 0.5 m, thus providing the high resolution needed for archaeological and geoarchaeological prospection.
Opportunities and challenges for paleoaltimetry in "small" orogens: insights from the European Alps
(2020)
Many stable isotope paleoaltimetry studies have focused on paleoelevation reconstructions of orogenic plateaus such as the Tibetan or Andean Plateaus. We address the opportunities and challenges of applying stable isotope paleoaltimetry to “smaller” orogens. We do this using a high‐resolution isotope tracking general circulation model (ECHAM5‐wiso) and explore the precipitation δ18O (δ18Op) signal of Cenozoic paleoclimate and topographic change in the European Alps. Results predict a maximum δ18Op change of 4–5‰ (relative to present day) during topographic development of the Alps. This signal of topographic change has the same magnitude as changes in δ18Op values resulting from Pliocene and Last Glacial Maximum global climatic change. Despite the similar magnitude of the isotopic signals resulting from topographic and paleoclimate changes, their spatial patterns across central Europe differ. Our results suggest that an integration of paleoclimate modeling, multiproxy approaches, and low‐elevation reference proxy records distal from an orogen improve topographic reconstructions.
Background: Lung disease phenotype varies widely even in the F508del (homozygous) genotype. Leukocyte-driven inflammation is important for pulmonary disease pathogenesis in cystic fibrosis (CF). Blood cytokines correlate negatively with pulmonary function in F508del homozygous patients, and gap junction proteins (GJA) might be related to the influx of blood cells into the lung and influence disease course. We aimed to assess the relationship between GJA1/GJA4 genotypes and the clinical disease phenotype. Methods: One-hundred-and-sixteen homozygous F508del patients (mean age 27 years, m/f 66/50) were recruited from the CF centers of Bonn, Frankfurt, and Amsterdam. Sequence analysis was performed for GJA1 and GJA4. The clinical disease course was assessed over 3 years using pulmonary function tests, body mass index, Pseudomonas aeruginosa colonization, diabetes mellitus, survival to end-stage lung disease, blood and sputum inflammatory markers. Results: Sequence analysis revealed one clinically relevant single nucleotide polymorphism. In this GJA4 variant (rs41266431), homozygous G variant carriers (n = 84/116; 72.4%) had poorer pulmonary function (FVC% pred: mean 78/86, p < 0.040) and survival to end-stage lung disease was lower (p < 0.029). The frequency of P. aeruginosa colonization was not influenced by the genotype, but in those chronically colonized, those with the G/G genotype had reduced pulmonary function (FVC% pred: mean 67/80, p < 0.049). Serum interleukin-8 (median: 12.4/6.7 pg/ml, p < 0.052) and sputum leukocytes (2305/437.5 pg/ml, p < 0.025) were higher for the G/G genotype. Conclusions: In carriers of the A allele (27.6%) the GJA4 variant is associated with significantly better protection against end-stage lung disease and superior pulmonary function test results in F508del homozygous patients. This SNP has the potential of a modifier gene for phenotyping severity of CF lung disease, in addition to the CFTR genotype.
Clinical Trial Registration: The study was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT04242420, retrospectively on January 24th, 2020.
With a growing Muslim population, many European countries need to integrate Muslims into their societies. One aspect that can hinder successful integration are substantial differences in human values. This is because such values are consequential for attitudes as well as behavior. We compare basic human values between Muslim immigrants and non-Muslim natives in four European countries with distinct immigration histories and integration politics: Belgium, France, Germany, and Sweden. For most insightful comparisons, we contrast values of Muslim immigrants with those of Christian natives as well as those of non-religious natives. We employ data of more than 50,000 individuals based on the first eight waves of the European Social Survey. Our findings reveal significant differences in value priorities between Muslims, Christians and non-religious individuals in all four countries. Amongst other things, Muslim immigrants score particularly high in conservation values (security and tradition/conformity). At the same time, they also score higher in self-transcendence values (benevolence as well as universalism). While many of these findings are in line with theory and previous research, the higher score in universalism is unexpected. A potential explanation is the combination of religious traditionalism and discrimination experiences. In other words, religious traditions are associated with more conservative views, but being subject to marginalization can still result in an appreciation of equal opportunities. We find only limited support for differences in hedonism. Religiosity correlates with values of tradition/conformity for Muslim immigrants as well as for Christian natives. Thus, accounting for religiosity renders differences in these values between Muslims and other groups statistically insignificant. While most of these findings hold in all countries, differences are most pronounced in Sweden and lower in the other three countries, which is also true after accounting for differences in socio-economic status and religiosity between the three groups. This suggests that a combination of a country's history of diversity and national integration policies either encourages the convergence of values or leads to a solidification of value differences between groups. We discuss these political and social implications of our findings.
Ryanodine receptor 1 (RyR1) mediates excitation–contraction coupling by releasing Ca2+ from sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) to the cytoplasm of skeletal muscle cells. RyR1 activation is regulated by several proteins from both the cytoplasm and lumen of the SR. Here, we report the structure of RyR1 from native SR membranes in closed and open states. Compared to the previously reported structures of purified RyR1, our structure reveals helix‐like densities traversing the bilayer approximately 5 nm from the RyR1 transmembrane domain and sarcoplasmic extensions linking RyR1 to a putative calsequestrin network. We document the primary conformation of RyR1 in situ and its structural variations. The activation of RyR1 is associated with changes in membrane curvature and movement in the sarcoplasmic extensions. Our results provide structural insight into the mechanism of RyR1 in its native environment.
The sphingolipid sphingosine‐1‐phosphate (S1P) fulfills distinct functions in immune cell biology via binding to five G protein‐coupled receptors. The immune cell‐specific sphingosine‐1‐phosphate receptor 4 (S1pr4) was connected to the generation of IL‐17‐producing T cells through regulation of cytokine production in innate immune cells. Therefore, we explored whether S1pr4 affected imiquimod‐induced murine psoriasis via regulation of IL‐17 production. We did not observe altered IL‐17 production, although psoriasis severity was reduced in S1pr4‐deficient mice. Instead, ablation of S1pr4 attenuated the production of CCL2, IL‐6, and CXCL1 and subsequently reduced the number of infiltrating monocytes and granulocytes. A connection between S1pr4, CCL2, and Mϕ infiltration was also observed in Zymosan‐A induced peritonitis. Boyden chamber migration assays functionally linked reduced CCL2 production in murine skin and attenuated monocyte migration when S1pr4 was lacking. Mechanistically, S1pr4 signaling synergized with TLR signaling in resident Mϕs to produce CCL2, likely via the NF‐κB pathway. We propose that S1pr4 activation enhances TLR response of resident Mϕs to increase CCL2 production, which attracts further Mϕs. Thus, S1pr4 may be a target to reduce perpetuating inflammatory responses.
The present study assessed the diurnal variation in salivary cortisol in captive African elephants during routine management (baseline) and in relation to a potential stressor (translocation) to evaluate to what extent acute stress may affect diurnal cortisol patterns. Under baseline conditions, we collected morning and afternoon saliva samples of 10 animals (three zoos) on different days in two study periods (n = 3–10 per animal, daytime and period). Under stress conditions, we sampled the transported cow (newcomer) and the two cows of the destination zoo before and after the transport in the morning and afternoon (n = 3–9 per animal, daytime and transport phase), as well as after the first introduction of the newcomer to the bull (n = 1 per animal). Cortisol was measured in unextracted samples by enzyme immunoassay. Under baseline conditions, we observed the expected diurnal variation with higher cortisol levels in the morning than in the afternoon. Under stress conditions, neither a significant difference between pre‐ and posttransport, nor between morning and afternoon levels was found. The percentage difference between morning and afternoon cortisol after the transport, however, was remarkably lower than before the transport in the newcomer potentially indicating a stress response to familiarization. Saliva samples taken immediately after the introduction of the newcomer to the bull revealed a marked cortisol increase. Our findings indicate that stressors may disturb the diurnal cortisol rhythm. Furthermore, provided that samples can be collected promptly, salivary cortisol is a useful minimally invasive measure of physiological stress in the African elephant.
The opportunistic human pathogen Acinetobacter baumannii is one of the leading causes of nosocomial infections. The high prevalence of multidrug‐resistant strains, a high adaptability to changing environments and an overall pronounced stress resistance contribute to persistence and spread of the bacteria in hospitals and thereby promote repeated outbreaks. Altogether, the success of A. baumannii is mainly built on adaptation and stress resistance mechanisms, rather than relying on ‘true’ virulence factors. One of the stress factors that pathogens must cope with is osmolarity, which can differ between the external environment and different body parts of the human host. A. baumannii ATCC 19606T accumulates the compatible solutes glutamate, mannitol and trehalose in response to high salinities. In this work, it was found that most of the solutes vanish immediately after reaching stationary phase, a very unusual phenomenon. While glutamate can be metabolized, mannitol produced by MtlD is excreted to the medium in high amounts. First results indicate that A. baumannii ATCC 19606T undergoes a rapid switch to a dormant state (viable but non‐culturable) after disappearance of the compatible solutes. Resuscitation from this state could easily be achieved in PBS or fresh medium.
5‐Lipoxygenase (5‐LO) is the initial enzyme in the biosynthesis of leukotrienes, which are mediators involved in pathophysiological conditions such as asthma and certain cancer types. Knowledge of proteins involved in 5‐LO pathway regulation, including gene regulatory proteins, is needed to evaluate all options for therapeutic intervention in these diseases. Here, we present a mass spectrometric screening of ALOX5 promoter‐interacting proteins, obtained by DNA pulldown and label‐free quantitative mass spectrometry. Protein preparations from myeloid and B‐lymphocytic cell lines were screened for promoter DNA interactors. Through statistical analysis, 66 proteins were identified as specific ALOX5 promotor binding proteins. Among those, the 15 most likely candidates for a prominent role in ALOX5 gene regulation are the known ALOX5 interactors Sp1 and Sp3, the related factor Sp2, two Krüppel‐like factors (KLF13 and KLF16) and six other zinc finger proteins (MAZ, PRDM10, VEZF1, ZBTB7A, ZNF281 and ZNF579). Intriguingly, we also identified two helicases (BLM and DHX36) and the proteins hnRNPD and hnRNPK, which are, together with the protein MAZ, known to interact with DNA G‐quadruplex structures. As G‐quadruplexes are implicated in gene regulation, spectroscopic and antibody‐based methods were used to confirm their presence within the GC‐rich sequence of the ALOX5 promoter. In summary, we have systematically characterized the interactome of the ALOX5 promoter, identifying several zinc finger proteins as novel potential ALOX5 gene regulators. Further, we have shown that the ALOX5 promoter can form DNA G‐quadruplex structures, which may play a functional role in ALOX5 gene regulation.
Global‐scale gradient‐based groundwater models are a new endeavor for hydrologists who wish to improve global hydrological models (GHMs). In particular, the integration of such groundwater models into GHMs improves the simulation of water flows between surface water and groundwater and of capillary rise and thus evapotranspiration. Currently, these models are not able to simulate water table depth adequately over the entire globe. Unsatisfactory model performance compared to well observations suggests that a higher spatial resolution is required to better represent the high spatial variability of land surface and groundwater elevations. In this study, we use New Zealand as a testbed and analyze the impacts of spatial resolution on the results of global groundwater models. Steady‐state hydraulic heads simulated by two versions of the global groundwater model G3M, at spatial resolutions of 5 arc‐minutes (9 km) and 30 arc‐seconds (900 m), are compared with observations from the Canterbury region. The output of three other groundwater models with different spatial resolutions is analyzed as well. Considering the spatial distribution of residuals, general patterns of unsatisfactory model performance remain at the higher resolutions, suggesting that an increase in model resolution alone does not fix problems such as the systematic overestimation of hydraulic head. We conclude that (1) a new understanding of how low‐resolution global groundwater models can be evaluated is required, and (2) merely increasing the spatial resolution of global‐scale groundwater models will not improve the simulation of the global freshwater system.
Este artigo pretende discutir a teoria do reconhecimento de Axel Honneth e suas mudanças ao longo das últimas duas décadas. Para isto, serão analisados a fundamentação de sua teoria e os desdobramentos que Honneth deu ao modelo original apresentado em 1992 no livro Luta por reconhecimento. Estes desdobramentos, que nos últimos anos levaram-no a reflexões sobre o conceito de reificação e a sociologia do trabalho serão apresentados aqui e submetidos ao processo de crítica a partir dos objetivos da própria teoria do reconhecimento a fim de neles buscar alternativas frutíferas para o desenvolvimento desta teoria.
A política de identidade e o conceito de reconhecimento têm se transformado em questões dominantes da teoria política contemporânea. Como conceito, o reconhecimento significa que um indivíduo ou grupo social reivindica o direito a ter sua identidade reconhecida, de forma direta ou através da mediação de um conjunto de instituições. As teorias que tem problematizado estas questões abordam tanto temas teóricos importantes como questões políticas centrais do nosso tempo, como a definição de direitos das minorias, reivindicações de autodeterminação nacional ou os desafios colocados por nossas sociedades cada dia mais multiculturais. Dessa forma, o objetivo central do presente artigo é apresentar e discutir os argumentos centrais de Charles Taylor, Axel Honneth e Nancy Fraser que têm se transformando em essenciais para esta discussão, enfatizando o debate em torno da relação entre reconhecimento e redistribuição, e mais especificamente entre o problema da injustiça baseada na questão da identidade e o problema da injustiça econômica. Por último, tentaremos entender algumas das implicações teóricas e políticas do discurso da diferença e das teorias do reconhecimento dentro de uma perspectiva conceptual mais ampla.
O presente artigo tem por objetivo analisar o tema do trabalho e do reconhecimento no pensamento de Axel Honneth (1949-), filósofo e sociólogo alemão da terceira geração da Escola de Frankfurt. O conceito de trabalho é um dos temas centrais da teoria crítica. Por meio do trabalho, o trabalhador encontra a sua sobrevivência e sua satisfação. É nele que o reconhecimento expressa uma identidade moral no contexto do mercado capitalista. Sem falar ainda que a atividade laboral expressa a subjetividade humana através da ação criativa. Diante desse contexto, a presente exposição pretende percorrer os passos argumentativos de Honneth acerca da relação reconhecimento e trabalho. Tal relação ajuda-nos a compreender a relevância deste autor na filosofia política contemporânea.
O presente artigo busca demonstrar que o individuo padece de uma crise de reconhecimento quando busca a solução dos conflitos no poder Judiciário. Este, porém, pode restabelecer apenas o reconhecimento de um dos indivíduos processuais, deixando o outro em processo de não reconhecimento. Desta forma, busca-se comparar os princípios e ideias da jurisdição estatal com os da mediação, demonstrando que a mediação é um processo resolução de conflitos que melhor coaduna suas ideias e princípios com a teoria do reconhecimento. Assim, aplicando a teoria do reconhecimento de Axel Honneth ao modelo jurisdicional convencional, nota-se que uma parte da demanda acaba insatisfeita com a decisão judicial, enquanto, na mediação, busca-se um equilíbrio de satisfações. Devido a esse equilíbrio e convergência, acredita-se que o processo de afirmação da personalidade de nenhuma das partes processuais, quando a mediação é utilizada, seja desarticulado.
Aim: Pharmacoresistance is a major burden in epilepsy treatment. We aimed to identify genetic biomarkers in response to specific antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) in genetic generalized epilepsies (GGE). Materials & methods: We conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of 3.3 million autosomal SNPs in 893 European subjects with GGE – responsive or nonresponsive to lamotrigine, levetiracetam and valproic acid. Results: Our GWAS of AED response revealed suggestive evidence for association at 29 genomic loci (p <10-5) but no significant association reflecting its limited power. The suggestive associations highlight candidate genes that are implicated in epileptogenesis and neurodevelopment. Conclusion: This first GWAS of AED response in GGE provides a comprehensive reference of SNP associations for hypothesis-driven candidate gene analyses in upcoming pharmacogenetic studies.
A racionalização das tradições na modernidade: o diálogo entre Anthony Giddens e Jürgen Habermas
(2013)
Partindo das reflexões de Habermas e sua concepção de modernidade, compreendida como um projeto inacabado, Giddens salienta que, em todas as sociedades, a manutenção da identidade pessoal e sua conexão com identidades sociais mais amplas é um requisito primordial para a segurança ontológica. Para alcançar a segurança ontológica, a modernidade teve que (re)inventar tradições e se afastar de "tradições genuínas", isto é, aqueles valores radicalmente vinculados ao passado pré-moderno. Este é um caráter de descontinuidade da modernidade – a separação entre o que se apresenta como o novo e o que persiste como herança do velho. É sobre a relação entre tradição e modernidade e sobre um diálogo entre Giddens e Habermas que trata este texto. O objetivo é identificar os pontos de contato e as diferenças das teses defendidas por ambos, a fim de avaliar as contribuições de cada um para se pensar a racionalização das sociedades contemporâneas. A modernidade tardia ou reflexiva é um processo de mudanças ininterruptas que afetam as bases da sociedade ocidental. Frente a uma realidade em constante alteração, faz-se necessário escolher entre uma certeza do passado e uma nova realidade, em contínua mutação. Nesse sentido, e segundo a perspectiva habermasiana, o caráter reflexivo da modernidade está nesse processo de escolha entre as certezas herdadas do passado e as novas formas sociais que conduz à reflexão ou, até mesmo, à reformulação das práticas sociais, provocando a racionalização e a (re)invenção de diversos aspectos da vida em sociedade.
O objetivo principal deste artigo é desenvolver uma reflexão a respeito das relações entre a arqueogenealogia das relações entre verdade, poder e discurso, tal como a pratica Michel Foucault, por um lado, e a teoria crítica da sociedade, da Escola de Frankfurt, por outro lado. Essa aproximação é feita por meio de uma reconstrução da crítica de Jürgen Habermas a Michel Foucault, no livro O Discurso Filosófico da Modernidade.
O reconhecimento é um conceito normativo. Ao reconhecermos alguém como portador de determinadas características ou capacidades, reconhecemos seu status normativo e estamos assumindo responsabilidade por tratar este alguém de determinada forma. O não reconhecimento, neste caso, pode significar privação de direitos e marginalização; em uma democracia pode impossibilitar indivíduos ou grupos de desfrutar o ideal igualitário democrático, por exemplo. Nas últimas três décadas, a reflexão sobre esta categoria se aprofundou e assumiu maior importância no debate entre liberalismo e comunitarismo em paralelo às demandas, por vezes pelas conquistas, de grupos e minorias (LGBTQIA, portadores de necessidades especiais, feministas, indígenas, étnicos, etc.) que se sentem não reconhecidos e se engajam em movimentos políticos através de lutas por reconhecimento. Retomaremos, aqui, o desenvolvimento do conceito de “eticidade” empreendido por Axel Honneth em Luta por reconhecimento (1992), obra fundamental para a reflexão sobre o tema. O autor situa sua teoria no meio termo entre a moral kantiana e as éticas comunitaristas: sua concepção é formal por entender que normas universais são condições de algumas possibilidades, mas é substantiva por se orientar pelo fim da autorrealização humana.
Reconhecimento e trabalho em Axel Honneth: os trabalhadores offshore na Bacia de Campos – Brasil
(2010)
Honneth traz ao debate o Hegel dos tempos de Jena e retoma o tema da luta por reconhecimento. Mais recentemente, relê Durkheim que, oitenta anos depois de Hegel, insiste numa nova forma de economia indissociada da eticidade. Propõe que o capitalismo, além da perseguição de metas de eficiência econômica, haverá de se remodelar a partir de critérios normativos que o assegurem como força de integração social. Honneth elege experiências de sofrimento no trabalho como evidências de que a indignação é capaz de ativar lutas por reconhecimento que podem ou não ser articuladas politicamente. A pesquisa elege os trabalhadores offshore no Brasil e demonstra o quanto um setor econômico de ponta também promove entre seus trabalhadores assimetrias de reconhecimento, sobretudo quando as metas produtivas antagonizam-se às demandas por dignidade.
Reificação e reconhecimento: um estudo a partir da teoria crítica da sociedade de Axel Honneth
(2010)
O conceito de reificação, originalmente formulado por Karl Marx e desenvolvido por Georg Lukács, foi incorporado como uma das categorias centrais da teoria crítica em sua tarefa de diagnosticar patologias sociais. Contudo, para a compreensão atual da utilização do conceito, tornou-se necessário libertar seu referencial originário meramente econômico. É isso o que pretende Axel Honneth ao reatualizar o conceito de reificação e seu potencial crítico-normativo a partir da teoria do reconhecimento. Além de retomar os principais aspectos do conceito de reificação segundo a análise do “fetichismo da mercadoria”, o artigo se concentra em apresentar a interpretação de Honneth para os processos sociais reificantes – nas relações dos sujeitos com o mundo circundante, nas relações sociais entre os sujeitos e nos efeitos patológicos da autoreificação sobre a autorealização ética – e para a produção inovadora do diagnóstico das patologias sociais decorrentes da reificação como “esquecimento do reconhecimento”.
O presente estudo tem como objetivo investigar a ideia de reconhecimento jurídico na teoria de Axel Honneth, o que se dará mediante análise da obra Luta por Reconhecimento. Honneth, ancorado nas teorias de Hegel e Mead, estabelece o papel do direito como esfera de reconhecimento individual e seu potencial de asseguramento do autorrespeito. Empreende-se uma reconstrução da teoria honnethiana no atinente aos papéis desempenhados pelo direito na teoria da Luta por Reconhecimento de Axel Honneth, para em seguida, a partir da leitura que o autor desenvolve da teoria de Thomas Marshall, analisar o papel desempenhado pelos direitos subjetivos fundamentais como medium de sedimentação e ampliação de novas formas de reconhecimento e cidadania.
Intersubjetividade e ontologia social nas revisões da teoria do reconhecimento de Axel Honneth
(2017)
O artigo sintetiza as revisões que Axel Honneth impôs a sua obra após a recepção crítica de Luta por reconhecimento (1992), propondo compreendê-las como passos intermediários em direção ao novo modelo crítico apresentado em O direito da liberdade (2011), chamado por Honneth de reconstrução normativa. O objetivo não é examinar as determinações de método da reconstrução normativa, mas percorrer o caminho intelectual de Honneth entre suas duas obras principais, explicitando as revisões e os novos pressupostos da obra “madura” do autor. Essas revisões, concentradas ao redor de uma compreensão considerada por Honneth como mais adequada da intersubjetividade e da ontologia social, escoram e justificam as decisões de método do último livro. Desde o início de sua elaboração teórica, Honneth teve de lidar com a objeção de cometer sistematicamente uma falácia naturalista ao buscar o fulcro de uma teoria crítica da sociedade na experiência concreta do sofrimento. Mesmo Luta por reconhecimento ainda esteve justificadamente sujeito à mesma crítica, como Honneth viria a admitir. Argumento que o objetivo das revisões levadas a cabo na década de 2000 foi sanar essa lacuna, encontrando, por um lado, um índice de racionalidade interno ao próprio ato de reconhecimento, e, por outro, um índice de racionalidade presente nas normas e práticas sociais sedimentadas historicamente por relações de reconhecimento.
O artigo apresenta os argumentos centrais da política deliberativa de Jürgen Habermas (1), e as perspectivas críticas de Axel Honneth (2) e Nancy Fraser (3) de forma a conferir à política habermasiana uma dimensão mais realista, um conteúdo político de vínculo mais concreto com a orientação emancipatória da práxis, e capaz de lidar melhor com a diferença, a diversidade e o conflito.
Trata de uma investigação teórica que problematiza os contornos de uma pedagogia crítica na atualidade. Adota a perspectiva do filósofo Axel Honneth como fio condutor da análise, especificamente os textos em que ele discute as características contemporâneas de uma teoria adjetivada de crítica. Após descrever seu posicionamento, extrai alguns sentidos para o empreendimento crítico no âmbito de uma pedagogia da educação física.
No presente artigo analisamos a ideia de solidariedade na teoria da justiça de Axel Honneth. Honneth em sua obra atualiza a teoria hegeliana da eticidade e concebe a existência de esferas de liberdade, sendo que uma delas é a liberdade social, na qual se situam relações pessoais, mercado e instituições políticas. Em O Direito da Liberdade Honneth desenvolve uma teoria em que busca analisar os problemas de desenvolvimento da democracia nas sociedades contemporâneas, e erige a solidariedade como um dos pressupostos normativos para a construção de uma democracia virtuosa, ancorada na participação cidadã.
Redistribuição versus reconhecimento: apontamentos sobre o debate entre Nancy Fraser e Axel Honneth
(2010)
Resumo: O reconhecimento é uma categoria que tem se revelado muito utilizada para realizar o debate sobre a questão da identidade e da diferença, de modo que sua relevância torna-se incontestável em vários domínios. Sem tecer comentários críticos, o presente texto pretende apresentar o debate travado entre Nancy Fraser e Axel Honneth, referente à preocupação, presente nos dois autores, de se ajustar às pautas de reconhecimento e de distribuição material.
Axel Honneth propone, inspirándose en el joven Hegel, una concepción de la justicia basada en la idea de reconocimiento. Dicha concepción parte del previo acercamiento a una serie de fenómenos negativos, los cuales define como fallas en el reconocimiento. Desde la óptica de Honneth los fenómenos negativos constituyen patologías sociales y formas de injusticia, debido a la falta de calidad moral de las relaciones intersubjetivas. Las consecuencias socio-psicológicas en las personas que los sufren son la construcción de una identidad dañada y dificultades en el logro de la autorrealización. El presente artículo pretende realizar, recogiendo el planteamiento de Honneth, un análisis ético-político de los fenómenos de estigmatización, invisibilización y cosificación sufridos por las personas con diversidad funcional, llegando a la conclusión de que tales fenómenos suponen la negación de la dignidad personal, en la que reside el fundamento de la justicia que nos debemos unos a otros.
Este artigo visa compreender o estatuto do monismo do reconhecimento proposto por Axel Honneth, por meio de uma análise da relação estabelecida por ele entre reconstrução normativa e descrição social. Tendo esse objetivo, procuraremos inicialmente mostrar que, para reabrir o domínio do social e identificar um interesse mais realista à emancipação na sociedade, Honneth enfatiza a importância dos padrões institucionalizados do reconhecimento e das lutas morais no interior de todos os processos de reprodução social. Retomando, em seguida, algumas das críticas dirigidas a ele dessa perspectiva, argumentaremos que, nos momentos em que afirma que o funcionamento da economia pode ser compreendido a partir da teoria do reconhecimento, Honneth ignora a especificidade dos mecanismos econômicos de reprodução. Estendendo esse argumento às várias dimensões da reprodução social, mobilizaremos então diferentes autores para mostrar que, nas passagens em que defende que o desenvolvimento da sociedade está ancorado nos três padrões normativos de reconhecimento, Honneth parece fundir o nível da reconstrução normativa com o da descrição social, negligenciando com isso as relações de poder que permeiam a realidade social. Explicitando, por fim, a estratégia negativa de reconstrução utilizada por Honneth, concluímos o artigo mostrando como, ao partir das experiências de desrespeito, ele recusa as acusações de que o monismo do reconhecimento possui pretensões descritivas e lhe atribui um estatuto moral.