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[Nachruf] Willy Hilgenberg
(2013)
Kleidung verweist im Märchen auf bestimmte Eigenschaften der Protagonisten. Innere und äußere Schönheit stimmen überein. Die entsprechende Kleidung bewirkt, dass im Märchen auch immer das Gute, der/die edelmütige Held/in siegt. Es zeigt aber auch, dass nur die 'Guten' die ihnen zustehenden schönen Kleidungsstücke verdienen. Oft ist es so, dass die Helden zu Beginn des Märchens als von der Umwelt verachtete, in armseligen Kleidern und auf der niedrigsten sozialen Stufe stehende Figuren beschrieben werden. Held und Heldin machen ihr Glück, was stets auch mit einem sozialen Aufstieg verbunden ist. Aber auch die Realität zeigt, dass Menschen oft den Wunsch hatten und noch haben, eine andere Identität anzunehmen, um ihre Lebenssituation bzw. ihre Lebensumstände zu verbessern. Als wichtiges Medium solch eines Identitätswandels dient die Kleidung. Ein prägnantes Beispiel dafür ist der 'Hauptmann von Köpenick'.
In zwei bemerkenswerten Feuilletons hat der österreichische Expressionist Robert Müller eine Gesamtcharakteristik des Schriftstellers Gustav Meyrink entworfen. Sie liest sich, als solle bewiesen werden, daß die - erst später und am historischen Gegenstand des barocken Trauerspiels entfaltete - Benjaminsche Kategorie des Allegorischen auf die zeitgenössische Literatur anwendbar sei. Geschrieben zu eben der Zeit, in der Benjamin, nicht zuletzt unter dem Eindruck des Expressionismus, sein Buch 'Über das deutsche Trauerspiel' zu konzipieren begann, umkreisen Müllers Aufsätze den melancholischen Blick eines Autors, dem die Welt insgesamt zum Gegenstand einer allegorischen Lektüre gerät: Meyrink versuche "Chiffren (alles Leben ist Bild) in Sprache umzusetzen", so Müller in seiner Rezension des 1916 veröffentlichten Romans 'Das grüne Gesicht', den er als Fortsetzung des ein Jahr zuvor erschienen Erfolgsbuchs 'Der Golem' begreift. In seinen "Grenzmenschen" gehe "das Tote um, Erstarrtes", sie seien "unverwendbar für das Leben des Lesers".
Die Prinzipien der Meyrinkschen Darstellungsweise erläutert Müller eingehender: "Es fehlt seinem Geschriebenen an Einmaligkeit und Präzision. Er hat keinen Humor, denn er ist ein Pathetiker bis zum Unerträglichen, aber er hat Komik, sein Witz eben ist pathetisch, es ist eine Komik, die ganz aus den Worten kommt wie seine Melancholie, sein verzehrender Pessimismus, seine Mystik, die oft zu den tiefsten Dingen geht. Wo er chaotisch ist, an den Wurzeln des Denkens, im Fegefeuer der Sprache, wird er symptomatisch für das Zeiterlebnis, das einen wissenschaftlichen Nihilismus, eine Aufklärung wider das Gelehrtendogma kennt. Das Leben erscheint als Kreislauf von Motiven, Worte, nein Wörter stehen pflanzenhaft, als Fetische des Geschehens, im Mittelpunkt. Er denkt in Sprachprämien, das Phonetische einer Prägung ist nichts Zufälliges, sondern eine Verwandtschaft, die Lautanalogie sozusagen zum Urgrunde alles Seins. [...] Meyrinks Schreibeakt chiffriert das Leben, in diesen Kürzungen und Kraftworten kommen die sonderbaren Leitmotive, die das Weltgeschehen ins Kreisen bringen, in einer Art Nebelplastik, wie Wolken, die über das Bewußtsein ziehen, zum Ausdruck."
Since the domestication of the urus, 10.000 years ago, mankind utilizes bovine milk for different purposes. Besides usage as a nutrient also the external application of milk on skin has a long tradition going back to at least the ancient Aegypt with Cleopatra VII as a great exponent. In order to test whether milk has impact on skin physiology, cultures of human skin fibroblasts were exposed to commercial bovine milk. Our data show significant induction of proliferation by milk (max. 2,3-fold, EC50: 2,5% milk) without toxic effects. Surprisingly, bovine milk was identified as strong inducer of collagen 1A1 synthesis at both, the protein (4-fold, EC50: 0,09% milk) and promoter level. Regarding the underlying molecular pathways, we show functional activation of STAT6 in a p44/42 and p38-dependent manner. More upstream, we identified IGF-1 and insulin as key factors responsible for milk-induced collagen synthesis. These findings show that bovine milk contains bioactive molecules that act on human skin cells. Therefore, it is tempting to test the herein introduced concept in treatment of atrophic skin conditions induced e.g. by UV light or corticosteroids.
Introduction: Evidence from a number of open-label, uncontrolled studies has suggested that rituximab may benefit patients with autoimmune diseases who are refractory to standard-of-care. The objective of this study was to evaluate the safety and clinical outcomes of rituximab in several standard-of-care-refractory autoimmune diseases (within rheumatology, nephrology, dermatology and neurology) other than rheumatoid arthritis or non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in a real-life clinical setting.
Methods: Patients who received rituximab having shown an inadequate response to standard-of-care had their safety and clinical outcomes data retrospectively analysed as part of the German Registry of Autoimmune Diseases. The main outcome measures were safety and clinical response, as judged at the discretion of the investigators.
Results: A total of 370 patients (299 patient-years) with various autoimmune diseases (23.0% with systemic lupus erythematosus, 15.7% antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated granulomatous vasculitides, 15.1% multiple sclerosis and 10.0% pemphigus) from 42 centres received a mean dose of 2,440 mg of rituximab over a median (range) of 194 (180 to 1,407) days. The overall rate of serious infections was 5.3 per 100 patient-years during rituximab therapy. Opportunistic infections were infrequent across the whole study population, and mostly occurred in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. There were 11 deaths (3.0% of patients) after rituximab treatment (mean 11.6 months after first infusion, range 0.8 to 31.3 months), with most of the deaths caused by infections. Overall (n = 293), 13.3% of patients showed no response, 45.1% showed a partial response and 41.6% showed a complete response. Responses were also reflected by reduced use of glucocorticoids and various immunosuppressives during rituximab therapy and follow-up compared with before rituximab. Rituximab generally had a positive effect on patient well-being (physician's visual analogue scale; mean improvement from baseline of 12.1 mm).
Conclusions: Data from this registry indicate that rituximab is a commonly employed, well-tolerated therapy with potential beneficial effects in standard of care-refractory autoimmune diseases, and support the results from other open-label, uncontrolled studies.
TRIANNI mice carry an entire set of human immunoglobulin V region gene segments and are a powerful tool to rapidly isolate human monoclonal antibodies. After immunizing these mice with DNA encoding the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 and boosting with spike protein, we identified 29 hybridoma antibodies that reacted with the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. Nine antibodies neutralize SARS-CoV-2 infection at IC50 values in the subnanomolar range. ELISA-binding studies and DNA sequence analyses revealed one cluster of three clonally related neutralizing antibodies that target the receptor-binding domain and compete with the cellular receptor hACE2. A second cluster of six clonally related neutralizing antibodies bind to the N-terminal domain of the spike protein without competing with the binding of hACE2 or cluster 1 antibodies. SARS-CoV-2 mutants selected for resistance to an antibody from one cluster are still neutralized by an antibody from the other cluster. Antibodies from both clusters markedly reduced viral spread in mice transgenic for human ACE2 and protected the animals from SARS-CoV-2-induced weight loss. The two clusters of potent noncompeting SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies provide potential candidates for therapy and prophylaxis of COVID-19. The study further supports transgenic animals with a human immunoglobulin gene repertoire as a powerful platform in pandemic preparedness initiatives.
The project focuses on the efficiency of combined technologies to reduce the release of micropollutants and bacteria into surface waters via sewage treatment plants of different size and via stormwater overflow basins of different types. As a model river in a highly populated catchment area, the river Schussen and, as a control, the river Argen, two tributaries of Lake Constance, Southern Germany, are under investigation in this project. The efficiency of the different cleaning technologies is monitored by a wide range of exposure and effect analyses including chemical and microbiological techniques as well as effect studies ranging from molecules to communities.
Bipolar disorder (BD) is a highly heritable neuropsychiatric disease characterized by recurrent episodes of mania and depression. BD shows substantial clinical and genetic overlap with other psychiatric disorders, in particular schizophrenia (SCZ). The genes underlying this etiological overlap remain largely unknown. A recent SCZ genome wide association study (GWAS) by the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium identified 128 independent genome-wide significant single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). The present study investigated whether these SCZ-associated SNPs also contribute to BD development through the performance of association testing in a large BD GWAS dataset (9747 patients, 14278 controls). After re-imputation and correction for sample overlap, 22 of 107 investigated SCZ SNPs showed nominal association with BD. The number of shared SCZ-BD SNPs was significantly higher than expected (p = 1.46x10-8). This provides further evidence that SCZ-associated loci contribute to the development of BD. Two SNPs remained significant after Bonferroni correction. The most strongly associated SNP was located near TRANK1, which is a reported genome-wide significant risk gene for BD. Pathway analyses for all shared SCZ-BD SNPs revealed 25 nominally enriched gene-sets, which showed partial overlap in terms of the underlying genes. The enriched gene-sets included calcium- and glutamate signaling, neuropathic pain signaling in dorsal horn neurons, and calmodulin binding. The present data provide further insights into shared risk loci and disease-associated pathways for BD and SCZ. This may suggest new research directions for the treatment and prevention of these two major psychiatric disorders.