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Institute
Mobilität ist eine wesentliche Voraussetzung für soziale Teilhabe. Jedoch ist Mobilität mit Kosten verbunden, sodass die soziale Teilhabe bei geringen finanziellen Mitteln gefährdet sein kann. Das Projekt Social2Mobility begegnet dieser Problematik, indem es das Ziel verfolgt, die soziale Teilhabe von Menschen, die von finanzieller Armut betroffen oder bedroht sind, durch Stärkung ihrer Mobilität zu steigern. Um dieses Ziel zu erreichen, soll im Rahmen des Projektes in der Region Hannover ein Reallabor eingerichtet werden. Das Arbeitspapier begleitet dessen Konzeption und geht der Frage nach, inwiefern in der Region Hannover ein Reallabor zum Thema mobilitätsbezogene soziale Exklusion eingerichtet werden kann. So werden in diesem Arbeitspapier die konzeptionellen Überlegungen zur räumlichen Verortung, zur Zielgruppenauswahl und zu möglichen Themen für das Reallabor dargestellt. Zudem werden die Spezifizierung auf die Zielgruppen Haushalte mit Kindern und ältere Menschen (ab 60 Jahren) sowie die Auswahl der Kommune Ronnenberg als Verortung für das Reallabor begründet.
Highlights:
• Evaluation of three cycle street designs by means of visualisation assessments.
• Shared space is evaluated as the safest and most attractive cycle street design.
• The conventional urban street design is perceived as the most clearly structured.
• Affinity towards walking and cycling favours a positive evaluation of shared space.
Abstract
Cycle streets have been implemented in many urban areas around the world in recent years to make cycling safer and more attractive. In these streets, cyclists have priority over motorised traffic. They are allowed to use the entire roadway and determine traffic speed. However, there have been no standardised design guidelines for cycle streets to date. Moreover, there is limited understanding of the individual perception of different cycle street designs. Yet, positive evaluations of safety and attractiveness are especially important for pleasant travel in public spaces. Therefore, this study examines the individual perceptions of three cycle street designs: conventional, flow and shared space. Visualisations of these designs were implemented in a written household survey conducted in the urban Rhine-Main metropolitan region in Germany (n = 701). Participants were asked to assess the different designs in terms of safety, clarity, attractiveness and fun. Furthermore, bivariate analyses and regression models were performed to investigate whether individual travel preferences and attitudes, regular mode use and socio-demographic characteristics affect assessments of the designs. The results show that the shared space design is rated as the safest, most attractive and most fun. The conventional cycle street is evaluated as the most clearly structured. Individual affinity towards cycling and walking favours a good evaluation of the shared space design, while a high car affinity and having a migrant background positively affect the assessment of the conventional design. In addition, younger participants and members of households without a car assess the flow design more favourably.
Highlights
• Typology of low-income families by their daily travel practices.
• The competence to finance, organise or borrow materials needed for travel enhance low-income families' mobility options.
• Low-income families' social networks can compensate transport disadvantages through direct and indirect financial support.
• Low-income families experience transport-related social exclusion.
Abstract
Being mobile is essential to participate in social life. However, as transport involves costs, this is a particular challenge for people on low incomes. Households with children are, especially, at an increased risk of poverty. To provide a deeper understanding of how financial poverty affects the daily travel practices of low-income families and how they cope with their limited financial resources, we conducted 16 qualitative problem-centred interviews with low-income families in Ronnenberg (Hanover Region, Germany). Although all the interviewees have to cope with limited financial resources, their daily travel practices differ. We identify four types of daily travel practices for these families: (1) car-centred, (2) car-reduced, (3) public transport oriented and (4) non-motorised. For a more detailed analysis on how poverty affects transport and participation, we use the practice theory perspective (Shove et al., 2012). Our analysis highlights that the car plays a significant role despite poverty for some families. However, other low-income families manage their daily life with public transport and non-motorised modes only. Our results show that low-income households with children have several strategies for organising and financing their daily travel practices. One strategy is direct and indirect support for travel from their social network. Furthermore, some families forgo leisure activities with entrance fees or higher travel costs.
Support for innovative on-street parking policies: empirical evidence from an urban neighborhood
(2020)
Municipalities and planners often hesitate to implement restrictive parking policies because residents regularly oppose any changes to on-street parking space. Residential parking is one key factor of parking management because its location and availability influence a household's car ownership and use. Moreover, as more residents regularly use other means of transportation that need space and infrastructure in the urban realm, and as parking takes up a vast amount of land, municipalities are considering the reuse of on-street parking space for other purposes. As public acceptability is a precondition for the successful implementation of a proposed policy, our empirical analysis investigates to what extent residents support restrictive and demand-oriented on-street parking policies in the dense, highly urbanized neighborhood of Frankfurt-Bornheim, Germany (N = 1027). Surprisingly, despite some variations, the majority of the residents in our survey are in favor of the policy options suggested. Support for the demand-oriented policies (extension of bicycle infrastructure, improved sharing supply and mobility hubs, neighborhood garages, and improved public transit supply) is higher than the acceptance of the restrictive policies, and of policies that are a combination of restrictive and demand-oriented policies. However, surprisingly, a majority is still in favor of many of these (extension of parking fees and parking restrictions, and reuse of parking space for better livability). Furthermore, we classify residents who live in a household with private cars into the stage model of self-regulated behavior change to analyze their intention towards a reduction in private car use. Results from linear regression analyses indicate that residents who have intentions to change their behavior towards car use reduction assess the policy options more similarly to car-free households and regular bike users, and not like the other car-owning households. The findings suggest that while the residents support financial-related policies the least, they are more receptive towards parking policies than policy makers and planners assume if the reuse of parking lots creates space for other users or if it increases the quality of life, for instance, by adding bike lanes, wider sidewalks or greenery. Hence, a combination of restrictive and demand-oriented on-street parking policies results in high acceptance among residents, and the communication from municipalities regarding the implementation of the different policies needs to vary depending on the kind of household.
Mobilität ist eine Grundvoraussetzung, um am gesellschaftlichen Leben teilhaben zu können. Ist der Möglichkeitsraum potenzieller Ortsveränderungen eingeschränkt – beispielsweise durch räumliche, finanzielle oder körperliche Barrieren oder Ängste –, wird von Mobilitätsarmut gesprochen. Wie Mobilitätsarmut auf der Verwaltungsebene verhindert werden kann, zeigt dieser Policy Brief des Projektes Social2Mobility. Diese Handlungsempfehlungen basieren auf Erkenntnissen des Projektes Social2Mobility und adressieren insbesondere Verwaltungsmitarbeitende der Fachplanungen Verkehrs-, Raum- und Sozialplanung von der Kommunal- bis zur Landes- und Bundesebene. Ziel des Projektes Social2Mobility war es, die soziale Teilhabe armutsgefährdeter Personen durch eine Steigerung ihrer Mobilitätsoptionen zu stärken. Der Policy Brief erläutert die Problematik von Mobilitätsarmut, thematisiert deren Relevanz und zeigt verschiedene Facetten von Mobilitätsarmut auf. Er beinhaltet fünf verschiedene Handlungsfelder zur Verhinderung von Mobilitätsarmut. Der Policy Brief soll zu einer dezernats- und abteilungsübergreifenden Zusammenarbeit der Fachplanungen Sozial-, Raum- und Verkehrsplanung zur Lösung von Mobilitätsarmut anregen. Synergieeffekte und gegenseitige Potentiale bei einer Zusammenarbeit werden dabei herausgestellt. Hierzu gehören beispielsweise die Anwendung von Verkehrsnachfragemodellen in der Sozialplanung oder die Berücksichtigung vielfältiger unterschiedlicher Lebenslagen und der daraus hervorgehenden Mobilitätsbedarfe in der Verkehrsplanung.
Die dynamische Entwicklung im Bereich neuer Mobilitätsdienstleistungen hat dazu geführt, dass der städtische Mobilitätsmarkt von einer hohen Dynamik und einer Vielzahl neuer Akteure gekennzeichnet ist. Smartphones und mobiles Internet unterstützen die neuen Angebote wie flexibles, stationäres oder Peer-to-Peer-Carsharing sowie Mitnahme- und Fahrradverleihsysteme. Die neuen Angebote reagieren auf eine veränderte Nachfrage, generieren aber wiederum auch neue Nutzungsmuster. Kommunale und regionale Akteure stehen vor der Aufgabe, auf die neuen Herausforderungen, die sich in räumlichen und politischen Konflikten niederschlagen können, zu reagieren. Die vorliegende Studie zeigt auf Basis einer Bestandsaufnahme von Sharing-Systemen in der Region FrankfurtRheinMain Handlungsoptionen für Vertreter aus Politik und Verwaltung auf, um die neuen Angebote im Sinne einer nachhaltigen Verkehrs- und Stadtentwicklung zu integrieren. Dabei zeigt sie zunächst die Chancen und Herausforderungen auf, die sich aus den jüngsten Entwicklungen ergeben. Anschließend folgt eine ausführliche Bestandsaufnahme, die sich in sechs Handlungsfelder gliedert: Fahrradverleihsysteme, Carsharing, Mitnahmeangebote und Mitfahrparkplätze, Verknüpfung des öffentlichen Verkehrs mit multimodalen Angeboten, multimodale Mobilitätsapps und -plattformen sowie Parken. Dabei werden Aussagen zu Angebotsformen, verkehrlichen und ökologischen Wirkungen sowie zu regionalen Entwicklungen getroffen. Anschließend werden auf Basis vorhandener Untersuchungen und im Rahmen des Projekts durchgeführter Fokusgruppen Nutzungsmuster, Bekanntheit und Attraktivität von Sharing-Systemen dargestellt. Die Handlungsempfehlungen wurden in mehreren Workshops mit regionalen Praxisakteuren aus den Bereichen Stadtverwaltung, Carsharing, Verkehrsverbund, Fahrradverleihsysteme, Mitfahrangebote etc. und vertiefenden Expertengesprächen entwickelt.
In evidence-based weight-loss programs weight regain is common after an initial weight reduction. Eating slowly significantly lowers meal energy intake and hunger ratings. Despite this knowledge, obese individuals do not implement this behaviour. We, thus tested the hypothesis of changing eating behaviour with an intra-oral medical device leading to constant weight reduction in overweight and obesity.
Six obese patients (6 men, age 56 ± 14, BMI 29 ± 2 kg / m2) with increased CVRF profile were included in this prospective study. All patients had been treated for obesity during the last 10 years in a single centre and had at least 3 frustrate evidence-based diets. Patients received a novel non-invasive intra-oral medical device to slow eating time. Further advice included not to count calories, to avoid any other form of diet, to take their time with their meals, and to eat whatever they liked.
This device was used only during meals for the first 4 to 8 weeks for a total of 88 [20–160] hours. Follow-up period was 23 [15–38] months. During this period, patients lost 11% [5–20%] (p<0.001) of their initial weight. At 12 months, all patients had lost >5%, and 67% (4/6) achieved a >10% bodyweight loss. In the course of the study, altered eating patterns were observed. There were no complications with the medical device. Of note, all patients continued to lose weight after the initial intervention period (p<0.001) and none of them had weight regain.
With this medical device, overweight and obese patients with a history of previously frustrating attempts to lose weight achieved a significant and sustained weight loss over two years. These results warrant the ongoing prospective randomised controlled trial to prove concept and mechanism of action.
The organisation of parking is a key challenge to more sustainable mobility in urban areas, as its pricing and availability affect the rates of private car ownership and use. However, changing parking policies is a challenging issue for local politicians and planners because residents frequently oppose changes or restrictions to conditions they have taken for granted such as on-street parking in a public space. The aim of this paper is firstly to assess how the parking policy of an urban neighbourhood can be structured to contribute to more sustainable mobility and to increase liveability in the neighbourhood. The second aim is to apply the policies reviewed to an example neighbourhood. For this purpose, we systematically reviewed academic literature and identified five types of relevant parking policies: (i) maximum parking requirements, (ii) physical detachment of residence and parking space, (iii) residential parking permits and the limitation of available parking space, (iv) performance-based pricing and (v) parking as a demand management strategy. We discovered that most research focuses on econometric models about parking and that studies rarely address the effects of parking on the quality of life in neighbourhoods. Therefore, we need further research regarding the relationship of parking and liveability. We conclude that for the implementation of such parking policies in an example neighbourhood, the municipality needs to develop a mobility vision for its city. It has to understand parking as a tool for transportation demand management to increase the acceptance of parking policy concepts and to avoid spillover problems. Finally, in the German case, as in most other countries, states and municipalities need to redesign their legal frameworks to be able to manage parking supply better and to react to changes related to digital developments and parking. The findings have implications for other European neighbourhoods regarding the transfer from research to local circumstances and applications for the whole city.
Worldwide, academics and practitioners are developing ‘planning-oriented’ approaches to reduce the negative impacts of car traffic for more sustainable urban and transport development. One such example is the design of car-reduced neighborhoods, although these are controversial issues in the hegemonic ‘system’ of automobility. Despite the reduction of emissions and frequent recognition as ‘best practice examples’, ‘planning-critical’ research questions the underlying objectives and narratives of such sustainable developments. Our study contributes to this research perspective by improving the understanding of narratives that emerge along with car-reduced housing developments. For this purpose, we analyze two car-reduced neighborhoods in the City of Darmstadt (Germany) by conducting interviews with different actors involved in the planning and implementation processes. Our investigation reveals that the development of car-reduced neighborhoods (i) is consciously embedded in the context of sustainability, (ii) is characterized by power relations, (iii) follows normative indicators, and (iv) does not always correspond to lived realities. Altogether, the traced narratives of car-reduced neighborhoods are embedded in the overarching debate on sustainability, while at the same time revealing the dependence of society on the automobile. Thus, the hegemonic ‘system’ of automobility—although it is beginning to crack—continues to exist.
Elementar für eine zukunftsfähige Verkehrsplanung ist eine möglichst detaillierte Kenntnis des Mobilitätsverhaltens der Bevölkerung in der Region. Zur Analyse des Mobilitätsverhaltens der Bevölkerung in Deutschland wurden in der Vergangenheit auf verschiedenen räumlichen Ebenen mehrere größtenteils voneinander unabhängige Datenerhebungen durchgeführt. Für die Region Frankfurt Rhein-Main besonders relevant sind dabei zum einen die Längsschnitt- bzw. Panelerhebungen des „Rhein-Main-Panels“ (RMP) und des „Deutschen Mobilitätspanels“ (MOP), zum anderen die Querschnittserhebungen der Befragung „Mobilität in Deutschland“ (MiD) und speziell für Frankfurt auch „Mobilität in Städten – SrV“ (SrV).
Ziel dieser Publikation ist es, diese vier unterschiedlichen Erhebungen in einem kurzen Vergleich vorzustellen. Dabei sollen die jeweiligen spezifischen Potentiale, aber auch Einschränkungen aufgezeigt werden, die diese Mobilitätsdatensätze bezüglich der Auswertung und weiteren Nutzung aufweisen. Danach werden in knapper Form mögliche Kombinationsmöglichkeiten dieser Datensätze untereinander, aber auch mit ergänzenden Datenbeständen dargestellt. Anschließend werden die aus den verschiedenen Mobilitätsdatensätzen ermittelten zentralen regionalen Mobilitätskennziffern in einem Vergleich veranschaulicht. Als Abschluss soll schließlich ein kurzer Blick auf mögliche Anwendungsfelder der Mobilitätsdaten in Politik und Planung geworfen werden.