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The Transition Radiation Detector (TRD) was designed and built to enhance the capabilities of the ALICE detector at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). While aimed at providing electron identification and triggering, the TRD also contributes significantly to the track reconstruction and calibration in the central barrel of ALICE. In this paper the design, construction, operation, and performance of this detector are discussed. A pion rejection factor of up to 410 is achieved at a momentum of 1 GeV/c in p-Pb collisions and the resolution at high transverse momentum improves by about 40% when including the TRD information in track reconstruction. The triggering capability is demonstrated both for jet, light nuclei, and electron selection.
The Transition Radiation Detector (TRD) was designed and built to enhance the capabilities of the ALICE detector at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). While aimed at providing electron identification and triggering, the TRD also contributes significantly to the track reconstruction and calibration in the central barrel of ALICE. In this paper the design, construction, operation, and performance of this detector are discussed. A pion rejection factor of up to 410 is achieved at a momentum of 1 GeV/c in p-Pb collisions and the resolution at high transverse momentum improves by about 40% when including the TRD information in track reconstruction. The triggering capability is demonstrated both for jet, light nuclei, and electron selection.
The Transition Radiation Detector (TRD) was designed and built to enhance the capabilities of the ALICE detector at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). While aimed at providing electron identification and triggering, the TRD also contributes significantly to the track reconstruction and calibration in the central barrel of ALICE. In this paper the design, construction, operation, and performance of this detector are discussed. A pion rejection factor of up to 410 is achieved at a momentum of 1 GeV/c in p–Pb collisions and the resolution at high transverse momentum improves by about 40% when including the TRD information in track reconstruction. The triggering capability is demonstrated both for jet, light nuclei, and electron selection.
Sedimentary charcoal records are widely used to reconstruct regional changes in fire regimes through time in the geological past. Existing global compilations are not geographically comprehensive and do not provide consistent metadata for all sites. Furthermore, the age models provided for these records are not harmonised and many are based on older calibrations of the radiocarbon ages. These issues limit the use of existing compilations for research into past fire regimes. Here, we present an expanded database of charcoal records, accompanied by new age models based on recalibration of radiocarbon ages using IntCal20 and Bayesian age-modelling software. We document the structure and contents of the database, the construction of the age models, and the quality control measures applied. We also record the expansion of geographical coverage relative to previous charcoal compilations and the expansion of metadata that can be used to inform analyses. This first version of the Reading Palaeofire Database contains 1676 records (entities) from 1480 sites worldwide. The database (RPDv1b – Harrison et al., 2021) is available at https://doi.org/10.17864/1947.000345.
Protease-aktivierbare Retroviren bieten die Möglichkeit des gezielten Gentransfers in solche Tumorzellen, die an der Zelloberfläche proteolytisch aktive Proteasen, wie beispielsweise Matrix Metalloproteasen (MMP), exprimieren. Hierfür wird zunächst der Zelleintritt der Retroviren durch eine mit den Hüllproteinen fusionierte Blockierungsdomäne verhindert. Zwischen dieser Blockierungsdomäne und dem Hüllprotein befindet sich ein für eine zelluläre Protease fungierender Substratlinker, worüber die Blockierung entfernt und der natürliche Infektionsmechanismus der Retroviren wieder hergestellt wird. In Bezug auf die Tumortherapie mittels eines solchen Gentransfers ist es jedoch unmöglich vorherzusagen, welches Protease- Substrat für einen bestimmten Tumortyp am besten geeignet ist. Deshalb wurden im Rahmen dieser Arbeit retrovirale Protease-Substrat-Bibliotheken entwickelt, um erstmalig die Substrate der tumorassoziierten MMPs in lebenden Tumorzellen zu selektionieren und damit verbunden MMP-aktivierbare Retroviren mit verbesserten molekularen Eigenschaften für den gezielten Gentransfer zu evolvieren. Hiefür wurden, ausgehend von einem Protease-aktivierbaren Retrovirus, welches als Substratlinker das MMP-Standardsubstrat P-L-G-L-W-A präsentiert, Retroviren erzeugt, in denen dieses Substrat kombinatorisch diversifiziert wurde. In einer ersten retroviralen Protease-Substrat-Bibliothek wurde zunächst an drei Stellen zu P-X-G-L-X-X unter Ausschluss der Aminosäure Arginin diversifiziert, um die Selektion durch Proprotein-Konvertasen wie Furin zu vermeiden. Anschließend erfolgte die Selektion der Virus-Bibliothek in der Modell-Tumorzelllinie HT1080, wofür hier das entsprechende Protokoll etabliert wurde. Die Substratlinker der am häufigsten selektionierten Retroviren enthielten die beiden Konsensusmotive P-QG- L-Y-[Q/K] und P-Q-G-L-Y-[A/S]. Zur Identifizierung der optimalen Aminosäuren an allen sechs Positionen des Substrates wurden in einer zweiten Bibliothek die variierten Positionen auf Grundlage der selektionierten Konsensusmotive fixiert und die zuvor konstanten Positionen zu X-Q-X-X-Y-[Q/A] diversifiziert. Die aus dieser Bibliothek selektionierten Retroviren enthielten das Konsensusmotiv P-Q-G-[L/I/V]-Y-[Q/A], womit die zuvor selektionierten MMP-aktivierbaren Retroviren bestätigt wurden. Die biochemische Charakterisierung von mit den selektionierten Substratlinkern rekonstituierten Retroviren zeigte, dass ihre Substratlinker eine bemerkenswerte Verbesserung der Spaltung durch MMP-2 und eine erhöhte Inkorporation der dazugehörigen Hüllproteine in die Partikel aufwiesen. Außerdem ermöglichten die selektionierten Substratlinker den entsprechenden Retroviren sich schneller innerhalb der Zellpopulation auszubreiten, ohne dabei die Abhängigkeit von der MMP-Aktivierung zu verlieren. Darüber hinaus konnte sowohl die Kinetik des Zelleintritts bis zu 10-fach als auch die Infektiosität bis zu 1000-fach gegenüber dem parentalen Virus, das den Standard-Substratlinker trug, gesteigert werden. Letztendlich waren hierfür nur zwei selektionierte Aminosäureaustausche gegenüber dem MMP-Standardsubstrat verantwortlich, nämlich Glutamin (Q) und Tyrosin (Y), die zu dem Motiv P-Q-G-L-Y-A führten. Ausschlaggebend für die beschriebenen Selektionen waren die mehrfache Abdeckung der kombinatorischen Vielfalt der Substratlinker auf Partikel-Ebene bereits vor Selektion sowie die langsame Erhöhung des angelegten Selektionsdrucks während der Selektion. Dadurch konnte eine Deletion des kodierenden Bereichs der Blockierungsdomäne (EGF) im Virusgenom vermieden werden. Als treibende Kraft der Selektion stellte sich die proteolytische Aktivierung der selektionierten Retroviren an der Zelloberfläche heraus. Die Ergebnissen führen schließlich zu einem Modell der MMP-Aktivierung EGF-blockierter Retroviren. Danach binden die Partikel an die EGF-Rezeptoren der Zelloberfläche und gelangen so in die räumliche Nähe des MMP-Aktivierungskomplexes. Daraufhin werden sie proteolytisch aktiviert und infizieren die Zielzellen. Die hier selektionierten Substratlinker bzw. die entsprechenden Viren sind in Bezug auf die proteolytische Aktivierung optimal an die gewählte Tumorzelllinie angepasst.
Introduction: Hip fracture surgery is associated with high in-hospital and 30-day mortality rates and serious adverse patient outcomes. Evidence from randomised controlled trials regarding effectiveness of spinal versus general anaesthesia on patient-centred outcomes after hip fracture surgery is sparse.
Methods and analysis: The iHOPE study is a pragmatic national, multicentre, randomised controlled, open-label clinical trial with a two-arm parallel group design. In total, 1032 patients with hip fracture (>65 years) will be randomised in an intended 1:1 allocation ratio to receive spinal anaesthesia (n=516) or general anaesthesia (n=516). Outcome assessment will occur in a blinded manner after hospital discharge and inhospital. The primary endpoint will be assessed by telephone interview and comprises the time to the first occurring event of the binary composite outcome of all-cause mortality or new-onset serious cardiac and pulmonary complications within 30 postoperative days. In-hospital secondary endpoints, assessed via in-person interviews and medical record review, include mortality, perioperative adverse events, delirium, satisfaction, walking independently, length of hospital stay and discharge destination. Telephone interviews will be performed for long-term endpoints (all-cause mortality, independence in walking, chronic pain, ability to return home cognitive function and overall health and disability) at postoperative day 30±3, 180±45 and 365±60.
Ethics and dissemination: iHOPE has been approved by the leading Ethics Committee of the Medical Faculty of the RWTH Aachen University on 14 March 2018 (EK 022/18). Approval from all other involved local Ethical Committees was subsequently requested and obtained. Study started in April 2018 with a total recruitment period of 24 months. iHOPE will be disseminated via presentations at national and international scientific meetings or conferences and publication in peer-reviewed international scientific journals.
Trial registration number: DRKS00013644; Pre-results
In vivo functional diversity of midbrain dopamine neurons within identified axonal projections
(2019)
Functional diversity of midbrain dopamine (DA) neurons ranges across multiple scales, from differences in intrinsic properties and connectivity to selective task engagement in behaving animals. Distinct in vitro biophysical features of DA neurons have been associated with different axonal projection targets. However, it is unknown how this translates to different firing patterns of projection-defined DA subpopulations in the intact brain. We combined retrograde tracing with single-unit recording and labelling in mouse brain to create an in vivo functional topography of the midbrain DA system. We identified differences in burst firing among DA neurons projecting to dorsolateral striatum. Bursting also differentiated DA neurons in the medial substantia nigra (SN) projecting either to dorsal or ventral striatum. We found differences in mean firing rates and pause durations among ventral tegmental area (VTA) DA neurons projecting to lateral or medial shell of nucleus accumbens. Our data establishes a high-resolution functional in vivo landscape of midbrain DA neurons.
We present the measured correlation functions for pi+ pi-, pi- pi- and pi+ pi+ pairs in central S+Ag collisions at 200 GeV per nucleon. The Gamov function, which has been traditionally used to correct the correlation functions of charged pions for the Coulomb interaction, is found to be inconsistent with all measured correlation functions. Certain problems which have been dominating the systematic uncertainty of the correlation analysis are related to this inconsistency. It is demonstrated that a new Coulomb correction method, based exclusively on the measured correlation function for pi+ pi- pairs, may solve the problem.
The transverse momentum and rapidity distributions of negative hadrons and participant protons have been measured for central 32S+ 32S collisions at plab=200 GeV/c per nucleon. The proton mean rapidity shift < Delta y>~1.6 and mean transverse momentum <pT>~0.6 GeV/c are much higher than in pp or peripheral AA collisions and indicate an increase in the nuclear stopping power. All pT spectra exhibit similar source temperatures. Including previous results for K0s Lambda , and Lambda -bar, we account for all important contributions to particle production.