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The energy dependence of multiplicity fluctuations was studied for the most central Pb+Pb collisions at 20A, 30A, 40A, 80A and 158A GeV by the NA49 experiment at the CERN SPS. The multiplicity distribution for negatively and positively charged hadrons is significantly narrower than Poisson one for all energies. No significant structure in energy dependence of the scaled variance of multiplicity fluctuations is observed. The measured scaled variance is lower than the one predicted by the grand-canonical formulation of the hadron-resonance gas model. The results for scaled variance are in approximate agreement with the string-hadronic model UrQMD.
For this thesis photon and pi0 spectra in Gold-Gold-collisions at an energy of sqrt(s_NN) = 62 GeV were measured using the STAR-experiment at RHIC. Heavy ion collisions allow to study strongly interacting matter under extreme condiditons in the laborartory. Nuclear matter is strongly compressed and heated. Theories predict in a system of strongy interacting matter at high temperature and pressure a phase transition from hadronic matter, in which quarks are bound into hadrons, to a plasma of free quarks and gluons (QGP). To study the properties of this created medium, a number of different observables is available. One possibility to determine the temperature of such a system, is to measure the photon emission from the medium. The experimental difficulty is that there are more mechanisms producing photons than just the thermal production. Photons are produced in hard scattering processes or can be the result of the interaction of hard partons with the medium. According to theoretical calculations the photon yield from hard processes exceeds the thermal production for transverse momenta above 3 GeV/c. Photons from hard processes and thermal photons are referred to as direct photons, because they are produced inside of the medium. The largest part of the photons below pt=3GeV/c, however, comes from electromagnetic decays of hadrons in the final state of the collision. The largest fraction comes from the pi0- and the eta-mesons. Their contribution to the photon spectra can be determined by measuring the spectra of these decaying particles and calculating the resulting, corresponding photon spectra. The experimental difficulty is to measure these spectra to an accuracy of a few percent because the decay photons make up about 90% of all photons in the relevant phase space region. The STAR-experiment provides different detectors to measure photons and pi0-mesons. The primary detector for this kind of measurement are the electromagnetic calorimeters. However, the analysis described in this thesis uses the time projection chamber (TPC). Because photons don't carry electric charge and the TPC is only sensitive to charged particles, a conversion of the photon into an electron-positron-pair is required. This happens inside the electromagnetic fields of the nuclei and the electrons in the atomic shell of the detector material in the experimental setup of STAR. The resulting electron and positron tracks are measrued in the TPC. In chapter 3 the reconstruction of conversions from the measured tracks is described. Chapter 4 discusses the efficiency of the measurement, which is determined with a Monte-Carlo-Method, and the uncertainties of the correction. Chapter 5 presents the results of the analysis. The data set, on which the analysis is based, consists of Gold-Gold-Collisions an a center of mass energy of sqrt(s_NN)=62GeV. The selection criteria for individual events during data taking and during the analysis are explained. The data set is divided into four centrality selection classes. The first result are the transverse momentum and rapidity spectra of inclusive photons for all four centralities and the whole data set. Pi0-spectra versus transverse momentum for the four centralities and the whole data set are also shown. The pi0-spectra are compared to the spectra of pi0-mesons measured by the PHENIX-Collaboration at the same energy and with pi0-spectra measured by STAR at full RHIC energy. In addition a comparison to charged pi+- and pi--spectra is shown, which were also measured by the STAR collaboration. It is attempted to extract the fraction of direct photons by dividing the spectra of inclusive photons by the spectra of simulated decay photons. In these simulations pi0- and eta-spectra are modeled based on the pi+- and pi--spectra. Studying the uncertainties of this procedure shows that the size of the uncertainties is of the same magnitude as the signal of direct photons. Also the systematic uncertainties of the pi+- and pi--spectra are similar. Therefore the measurement of direct photon spectra is not possible. In chapter 6 possibilities are described to reduce the large systematic uncertainties. In addition it is discussed, what could be done with an already existing data set at full RHIC energy and how the addition of a dedicated converter during a future data taking period could reduce the systematic errors. The result of this thesis are inklusive photon and pi0 spectra. The systematic uncertainties were extensively studied. It is described, which enhancements are necessary to provide the perspective for measuring direct photons in the area of 1 to 3 GeV/c transverse momentum.
Gemessen wurden der gerichtete und der elliptische Fluss von Pionen und Protonen in Blei-Blei-Stößen bei einer Laborenergie des Projektils von 40 GeV pro Nukleon. Bestimmt wurde die Abhängigkeit der beiden Flusskomponenten von der Zentralität des Stoßes sowie von der Rapidität und dem Transversalimpuls der gemessenen Teilchen. Zur Rekonstruktion des Flusses wurde die Methode der Korrelation der Teilchen mit der abgeschätzten Reaktionsebene verwendet. Zur Korrektur der azimutalen Anisotropien des Detektors wurde die Methode des Zentrierens der Teilchenverteilung in Abhängigkeit von Rapidität und Transversalimpuls angewendet. Für den v2 wurde eine Abänderung des Korrelationsterms nötig, um den Einflüssen durch die schlechte Akzeptanz entgegenzuwirken. Weiterhin wurde der Einfluss von Nicht-Fluss-Korrelationen zwischen den gemessenen Teilchen auf den Fluss untersucht. Dabei erkannte man einen starken Einfluss der Transversalimpulserhaltung im v1, der durch eine Korrektur behoben werden konnte. Einen weniger starken Einfluss konnte man bei der Untersuchung im Phasenraum kurzreichweitiger Korrelationen feststellen. Es wurde erstmals deutlich ein negativer gerichteter Fluss von Protonen nahe der Schwerpunktsrapidität beobachtet, der bereits mittels meherer theoretischer Rechnungen vorhergesagt wurde. Sowohl der gerichtete als auch der elliptische Fluss erreicht bei 40 AGeV Laborenergie annähernd die gleichen Werte, die von NA49 bei 158 AGeV Laborenergie gemessen wurden. Die für den Fluss gemessenen Werte befinden sich teilweise in Übereinstimmung mit denen des Experimentes CERES/NA45, ist allerdings nur bedingt möglich, da bisher nur einzelne vorläufige Resultate veröffentlicht wurden. Die für den elliptischen Fluss gemessenen Werte bei der Schwerpunktsrapidität und einer Zentralität von 25% liegen etwas höher als man aus der beobachteten Systematik der Energieabhängigkeit zwischen den Experimenten E877 (mit 10 AGeV Laborenergie am AGS), CERES und NA49 (bei einer Energie von und 160 AGeV am SPS) sowie STAR (am RHIC bei einer Energie von psNN = 130GeV) erwartet hat. So wird von den Werten am AGS bei voller Energie zu denen am SPS bei 40 AGeV ein Anstieg von 2% auf 3,3% beobachtet. Von 40 AGeV zu 158 AGeV Laborenergie am SPS ändert sich der Wert nur minimal von 3,3% auf 3,2%. Zwischen der höheren SPS-Energie von 158 AGeV und der RHIC-Energie von psNN = 130GeV wird ein weiterer Anstieg von 3,2% auf 5,6% gemessen. Das ist ein Anzeichen für eine Anomalie, die im Bereich der SPS-Energien vorliegen könnte. Eine genauere Bestimmung des Flusses ist noch möglich, da für die Analyse dieser Arbeit erst eine Hälfte der gemessenen Daten zur Verfügung stand. Mit Hilfe dieser Daten ließe sich die Energieabhängigkeit des Flusses genauer untersuchen und die gefundene Anomalie bestätigen.
Evidence for an exotic S=-2, Q=-2 baryon resonance in proton-proton collisions at the CERN SPS
(2004)
Results of resonance searches in the Xi - pi -, Xi - pi +, Xi -bar+ pi -, and Xi -bar+ pi + invariant mass spectra in proton-proton collisions at sqrt[s]=17.2 GeV are presented. Evidence is shown for the existence of a narrow Xi - pi - baryon resonance with mass of 1.862±0.002 GeV/c2 and width below the detector resolution of about 0.018 GeV/c2. The significance is estimated to be above 4.2 sigma . This state is a candidate for the hypothetical exotic Xi --3/2 baryon with S=-2, I=3 / 2, and a quark content of (dsdsu-bar). At the same mass, a peak is observed in the Xi - pi + spectrum which is a candidate for the Xi 03/2 member of this isospin quartet with a quark content of (dsusd-bar). The corresponding antibaryon spectra also show enhancements at the same invariant mass.
The results from the STAR Collaboration on directed flow (v1), elliptic flow (v2), and the fourth harmonic (v4) in the anisotropic azimuthal distribution of particles from Au+Au collisions at sqrt[sNN]=200GeV are summarized and compared with results from other experiments and theoretical models. Results for identified particles are presented and fit with a blast-wave model. Different anisotropic flow analysis methods are compared and nonflow effects are extracted from the data. For v2, scaling with the number of constituent quarks and parton coalescence are discussed. For v4, scaling with v22 and quark coalescence are discussed.
Midrapidity open charm spectra from direct reconstruction of D0(D0-bar)-->K± pi ± in d+Au collisions and indirect electron-positron measurements via charm semileptonic decays in p+p and d+Au collisions at sqrt[sNN]=200 GeV are reported. The D0(D0-bar) spectrum covers a transverse momentum (pT) range of 0.1<pT<3 GeV/c, whereas the electron spectra cover a range of 1<pT<4 GeV/c. The electron spectra show approximate binary collision scaling between p+p and d+Au collisions. From these two independent analyses, the differential cross section per nucleon-nucleon binary interaction at midrapidity for open charm production from d+Au collisions at BNL RHIC is d sigma NNcc-bar/dy=0.30±0.04(stat)±0.09(syst) mb. The results are compared to theoretical calculations. Implications for charmonium results in A+A collisions are discussed.
The short-lived K(892)* resonance provides an efficient tool to probe properties of the hot and dense medium produced in relativistic heavy-ion collisions. We report measurements of K* in sqrt[sNN]=200GeV Au+Au and p+p collisions reconstructed via its hadronic decay channels K(892)*0-->K pi and K(892)*±-->K0S pi ± using the STAR detector at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider at Brookhaven National Laboratory. The K*0 mass has been studied as a function of pT in minimum bias p+p and central Au+Au collisions. The K*pT spectra for minimum bias p+p interactions and for Au+Au collisions in different centralities are presented. The K*/K yield ratios for all centralities in Au+Au collisions are found to be significantly lower than the ratio in minimum bias p+p collisions, indicating the importance of hadronic interactions between chemical and kinetic freeze-outs. A significant nonzero K*0 elliptic flow (v2) is observed in Au+Au collisions and is compared to the K0S and Lambda v2. The nuclear modification factor of K* at intermediate pT is similar to that of K0S but different from Lambda . This establishes a baryon-meson effect over a mass effect in the particle production at intermediate pT (2<pT <= 4GeV/c).
We present a systematic analysis of two-pion interferometry in Au+Au collisions at sqrt[sNN]=200GeV using the STAR detector at Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider. We extract the Hanbury-Brown and Twiss radii and study their multiplicity, transverse momentum, and azimuthal angle dependence. The Gaussianness of the correlation function is studied. Estimates of the geometrical and dynamical structure of the freeze-out source are extracted by fits with blast-wave parametrizations. The expansion of the source and its relation with the initial energy density distribution is studied.
Correlations in the hadron distributions produced in relativistic Au+Au collisions are studied in the discrete wavelet expansion method. The analysis is performed in the space of pseudorapidity (| eta | <= 1) and azimuth(full 2 pi ) in bins of transverse momentum (pt) from 0.14 <= pt <= 2.1GeV/c. In peripheral Au+Au collisions a correlation structure ascribed to minijet fragmentation is observed. It evolves with collision centrality and pt in a way not seen before, which suggests strong dissipation of minijet fragmentation in the longitudinally expanding medium.
Results on high transverse momentum charged particle emission with respect to the reaction plane are presented for Au+Au collisions at sqrt[sNN]=200 GeV. Two- and four-particle correlations results are presented as well as a comparison of azimuthal correlations in Au+Au collisions to those in p+p at the same energy. The elliptic anisotropy v2 is found to reach its maximum at pt~3 GeV/c, then decrease slowly and remain significant up to pt ~ 7-10 GeV/c. Stronger suppression is found in the back-to-back high-pt particle correlations for particles emitted out of plane compared to those emitted in plane. The centrality dependence of v2 at intermediate pt is compared to simple models based on jet quenching.
The pseudorapidity asymmetry and centrality dependence of charged hadron spectra in d+Au collisions at sqrt[sNN ]=200 GeV are presented. The charged particle density at midrapidity, its pseudorapidity asymmetry, and centrality dependence are reasonably reproduced by a multiphase transport model, by HIJING, and by the latest calculations in a saturation model. Ratios of transverse momentum spectra between backward and forward pseudorapidity are above unity for pT below 5 GeV/c . The ratio of central to peripheral spectra in d+Au collisions shows enhancement at 2< pT <6 GeV/c , with a larger effect at backward rapidity than forward rapidity. Our measurements are in qualitative agreement with gluon saturation and in contrast to calculations based on incoherent multiple partonic scatterings.
Transverse energy ( ET ) distributions have been measured for Au+Au collisions at sqrt[sNN ]=200 GeV by the STAR Collaboration at RHIC. ET is constructed from its hadronic and electromagnetic components, which have been measured separately. ET production for the most central collisions is well described by several theoretical models whose common feature is large energy density achieved early in the fireball evolution. The magnitude and centrality dependence of ET per charged particle agrees well with measurements at lower collision energy, indicating that the growth in ET for larger collision energy results from the growth in particle production. The electromagnetic fraction of the total ET is consistent with a final state dominated by mesons and independent of centrality.
We present STAR measurements of charged hadron production as a function of centrality in Au+Au collisions at sqrt[sNN ]=130 GeV . The measurements cover a phase space region of 0.2< pT <6.0 GeV/c in transverse momentum and -1< eta <1 in pseudorapidity. Inclusive transverse momentum distributions of charged hadrons in the pseudorapidity region 0.5< | eta | <1 are reported and compared to our previously published results for | eta | <0.5 . No significant difference is seen for inclusive pT distributions of charged hadrons in these two pseudorapidity bins. We measured dN/d eta distributions and truncated mean pT in a region of pT > pcutT , and studied the results in the framework of participant and binary scaling. No clear evidence is observed for participant scaling of charged hadron yield in the measured pT region. The relative importance of hard scattering processes is investigated through binary scaling fraction of particle production.
We present data on e+ e- pair production accompanied by nuclear breakup in ultraperipheral gold-gold collisions at a center of mass energy of 200 GeV per nucleon pair. The nuclear breakup requirement selects events at small impact parameters, where higher-order diagrams for pair production should be enhanced. We compare the data with two calculations: one based on the equivalent photon approximation, and the other using lowest-order quantum electrodynamics (QED). The data distributions agree with both calculations, except that the pair transverse momentum spectrum disagrees with the equivalent photon approach. We set limits on higher-order contributions to the cross section.
The transverse mass spectra and midrapidity yields for Xi s and Omega s are presented. For the 10% most central collisions, the Xi -bar+/h- ratio increases from the Super Proton Synchrotron to the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider energies while the Xi -/h- stays approximately constant. A hydrodynamically inspired model fit to the Xi spectra, which assumes a thermalized source, seems to indicate that these multistrange particles experience a significant transverse flow effect, but are emitted when the system is hotter and the flow is smaller than values obtained from a combined fit to pi , K, p, and Lambda s.
Electric charge correlations were studied for p+p, C+C, Si+Si, and centrality selected Pb+Pb collisions at sqrt[sNN]=17.2 GeV with the NA49 large acceptance detector at the CERN SPS. In particular, long-range pseudorapidity correlations of oppositely charged particles were measured using the balance function method. The width of the balance function decreases with increasing system size and centrality of the reactions. This decrease could be related to an increasing delay of hadronization in central Pb+Pb collisions.
We present the first measurement of fluctuations from event to event in the production of strange particles in collisions of heavy nuclei. The ratio of charged kaons to charged pions is determined for individual central Pb+Pb collisions. After accounting for the fluctuations due to detector resolution and finite number statistics we derive an upper limit on genuine non-statistical fluctuations, perhaps related to a first or second order QCD phase transition. Such fluctuations are shown to be very small.
Measurements of charged pion and kaon production in central Pb+Pb collisions at 40, 80 and 158 AGeV are presented. These are compared with data at lower and higher energies as well as with results from p+p interactions. The mean pion multiplicity per wounded nucleon increases approximately linearly with s_NN^1/4 with a change of slope starting in the region 15-40 AGeV. The change from pion suppression with respect to p+p interactions, as observed at low collision energies, to pion enhancement at high energies occurs at about 40 AGeV. A non-monotonic energy dependence of the ratio of K^+ to pi^+ yields is observed, with a maximum close to 40 AGeV and an indication of a nearly constant value at higher energies.The measured dependences may be related to an increase of the entropy production and a decrease of the strangeness to entropy ratio in central Pb+Pb collisions in the low SPS energy range, which is consistent with the hypothesis that a transient state of deconfined matter is created above these energies. Other interpretations of the data are also discussed.
Experiment NA49 at the Cern SPS uses a large acceptance detector for a systematic study of particle yields and correlations in nucleus-nucleus, nucleon-nucleus and nucleon-nucleon collisions. Preliminary results for Pb+Pb collisions at 40, 80 and 158 A*GeV beam energy are shown and compared to measurements at lower and higher energies.
The energy dependence of hadron production in central Pb+Pb collisions is presented and discussed. In particular, midrapidity m_T-spectra for pi-, K-, K+, p, bar p, d, phi, Lambda and bar Lambda at 40, 80 and 158 AGeV are shown. In addition Xi and Omega spectra are available at 158 AGeV. The spectra allow to determine the thermal freeze-out temperature T and the transverse flow velocity beta_T at the three energies. We do not observe a significant energy dependence of these parameters; furthermore there is no indication of early thermal freeze-out of Xi and Omega at 158 AGeV. Rapidity spectra for pi-, K-, K+ and phi at 40, 80 and 158 AGeV are shown, as well as first results on Omega rapidity distributions at 158 AGeV. The chemical freeze-out parameters T and mu_B at the three energies are determined from the total yields. The parameters are close to the expected phase boundary in the SPS energy range and above. Using the total yields of kaons and lambdas, the energy dependence of the strangeness to pion ratio is discussed. A maximum in this ratio is found at 40 AGeV. This maximum could indicate the formation of deconfined matter at energies above 40 AGeV. A search for open charm in a large sample of 158 AGeV events is presented. No signal is observed. This result is compared to several model predictions.