Tuexenia : Mitteilungen der Floristisch-Soziologischen Arbeitsgemeinschaft, Band 32 (2012)
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In the lower siliceous uplands of Central Europe, various types of nutrient-poor grasslands are widespread and grow intermingled. These species-rich grasslands, often dominated by taxa of the Festuca ovina aggregate, comprise various phytosociological classes. They are remnants of a historic rural lands - cape and are of conservation importance. Few studies on such grasslands are available and there has been disagreement in assigning them to appropriate habitat types or syntaxa. We investigated such nutrient-poor grasslands in the lower Aar valley (Middle Hesse, Rhenish Massif). We surveyed 104 vegetation plots distributed throughout the valley and identified syntaxa to (sub)association level. We carried out supervised classification combining cluster analysis, a priori assignment to classes based on prevailing diagnostic species, and regional refinement based on phi-value maximisation of the units. As a result, we classified five associations within four classes: Polytricho piliferi-Festucetum tenuifoliae/Galio harcynici-Deschampsietum flexuosae and Festuco rubrae-Genistelletum sagittalis (Calluno- Ulicetea), Jasiono montanae-Festucetum ovinae (Koelerio-Corynephoretea), Gentiano-Koelerietum pyramidatae (Festuco-Brometea) and Arrhenatheretum elatioris (Molinio-Arrhenatheretea). Ecologically, soil acidity (resulting from Ca concentrations of the bedrock) was the main cause of floristic dissimilarity of the grasslands and thus community differentiation. Many stands grew on soils with intermediate pH and showed a peculiar mixture of basiphilous and acidophilous species. We conclude that (i) our approach of supervised classification yields convincing reproducible results when a syntaxonomic system is adapted top-down to a geographically restricted area, (ii) nutrient-poor siliceous grasslands dominated by taxa of the Festuca ovina aggregate can be well assigned to ecologically meaningful syntaxa, and (iii) the nutrient-poor siliceous grasslands of the Lahn-Dill Highlands are of high conservation relevance and in urgent need of protection.
The Transylvanian Plateau in Romania is well known to host large areas of a variety of dry grassland types, still traditionally managed by low-intensity mowing or grazing. While this natural heritage is now under threat from changes in agricultural practices, the diversity of Transylvanian dry grasslands is still little understood. There is a lack of both field data sampled with standardised methods and a syntaxonomic treatment with modern statistical methods and supra-regional perspective. Therefore, the European Dry Grassland Group (EDGG) carried out its first international Research Expedition in Transylvania 2009 to study syntaxonomy, vegetation-environment relationships, and biodiversity patterns of these communities. In various locations across Transylvania, we sampled 10-m² vegetation plots (n = 82) and nested-plot series from 0.0001 m² to 100 m² (n = 20), including all vascular plant, bryophyte, and lichen species, as well as structural and soil data. The vegetation classification was carried out with modified TWINSPAN, followed by determination of diagnostic species with phi values and a small-scale re-assignment of relevés with the aim of crispness maximisation. Both TWINSPAN and ordination revealed three major groups of syntaxa, which were matched to three orders from the class of basiphilous dry grasslands, Festuco-Brometea, represented by one alliance each: rocky dry grasslands (Stipo pulcherrimae-Festucetalia pallentis: Seslerion rigidae); xeric grasslands on deep soils (Festucetalia valesiacae: Stipion lessingianae) and meso-xeric grasslands on deep soils (Brachypodietalia pinnati: Cirsio-Brachypodion pinnati). We accepted nine association-level units plus two that potentially merit association status but were only represented by one relevé each. Most of the units could be identified with one or several previously described associations. To support nomenclatural stability, we provide a nomenclatural revision and designate nomenclatural types where previously there were none. Further, we used DCA ordination and analysis of variance to determine the main environmental drivers of floristic differentiation and to determine ecological and structural differences between the vegetation types. The strongest differentiation occurred along the aridity gradient with the dense, particularly diverse stands on more or less level sites on the one hand (Brachypodietalia pinnati) and the more open, less diverse stands on steep south-facing slopes on the other end of the gradient (Stipo pulcherrimae- Festucetalia pallentis, Festucetalia valesiacae). The two xeric orders were then separated along the second DCA axis, with the Stipo pulcherrimae-Festucetalia pallentis inhabiting the stone-rich sites at higher altitudes while the Festucetalia valesiacae occur on soft, deep substrata at lower altitudes. The analysed dry grassland communities have extraordinarily high -diversity at all spatial scales for all plants and for vascular plants, but are relatively poor in bryophytes and lichens. Some formerly mown stands of the Festuco sulcatae-Brachypodietum pinnati (Brachypodietalia pinnati) are even richer in vascular plant species than any other recorded vegetation type worldwide on the spatial scales of 0.1 m² (43) and 10 m² (98); the respective relevés are documented here for the first time. Also, the b-diversity of the grasslands was unexpectedly high, with a mean z-value of 0.275. Despite its limited extent, the methodological thoroughness of this study allows us to shed new light on the syntaxonomy of dry grasslands in Romania and to raise the awareness that Transylvania still hosts High Nature Value grasslands that are bio - diversity hotspots at a global scale but at the same time are highly endangered through changes in agricultural practices.
Das Sumpf-Greiskraut (Senecio paludosus) zählt in Deutschland zu den ausgeprägten Stromtalpflanzen und hat in den letzten Jahrzehnten in seiner Häufigkeit stark abgenommen. Ziel der Studie war eine Untersuchung der Vergesellschaftung und standörtlichen Bindung dieser bundesweit gefährdeten Art. Dazu wurden ein 39 Vegetationsaufnahmen umfassender Datensatz von der Unteren Wümme und ein um Literaturaufnahmen von weiteren vier Flüssen bzw. Flusssystemen (Donau, Rhein, Elbe, Oder) ergänzter Datensatz aus Deutschland mit Hilfe numerischer Klassifikations- und Ordinationsverfahren analysiert. S. paludosus weist eine nur geringe soziologische Amplitude auf und kommt fast ausschließlich in Phragmitetalia- und Calystegietalia-Gesellschaften vor. Wichtigster differenzierender Umweltfaktor ist die Bodenfeuchte, die einen Gradienten von sehr nassen Feuchtröhrichten und Großseggenrieden bis zu weniger nassen Landröhrichten und Feuchtstaudenfluren bedingt. Die Art ist kaum mit weiteren Arten des Senecionion fluviatilis oder anderen Stromtalpflanzen vergesellschaftet. Neben der Lebensraumzerstörung der flussbegleitenden Biotope sind vermutlich auch die mangelnden Regenerationsmöglichkeiten in den Röhrichten der nur noch wenig gestörten Auenbereiche für den Rückgang der Art verantwortlich.
We report on the activities of the European Dry Grassland Group (EDGG) during the last year, namely the 8th European Dry Grassland Meeting in Uman', Ukraine in June 2011, the 3rd EDGG Research Expedition in Bulgaria in August 2011, the 4th EDGG Research Expedition in Sicily in April 2012, as well as the completed and forthcoming EDGG-coordinated special features in international journals. Then we provide a brief bibliometrical analysis of the Dry Grassland Special Features in Tuexenia since 2005. The 32 contributions of the years 2005–2011 constituted approx. 17% of the overall content of Tuexenia in this period. Including this 7th Dry Grassland Special Feature, sixty-one authors from 12 countries have contributed to these Special Features, guest-edited by yearly changing teams from a total of 16 guest editors. In the years with statistically reliable data, contributions in the Dry Grassland Special Features have been cited approximately four times as much as regular Tuexenia contributions. It is likely that this fact together with the internationality of the Special Features has contributed to the final inclusion of the journal in the Web of Science in 2011. Finally, we introduce the four research articles of this 7th Dry Grassland Special Feature. Two of them are focusing on vegetation change and restoration issues of cryptogam-rich sand dunes in the Netherlands and calcareous grasslands in Bavaria (Germany), respectively. The others, dealing with siliceous grasslands in Hesse (central Germany) and the results of EDGG Research Expedition 2009 to Transylvania (Romania), focus on syntaxonomy.
Offene Sandvegetation auf Binnendünen zählt zu den am stärksten bedrohten Vegetationstypen Mitteleuropas. Zu den Pionierarten subatlantisch geprägter Sandstandorte gehört das konkurrenzschwache Silbergras (Corynephorus canescens). In Randbereichen von zwei Mäanderschleifen der Hase (Emsland, NW-Deutschland), die früher zum Teil unter intensiver landwirtschaftlicher Nutzung standen, wurden im Rahmen von Restitutionsmaßnahmen Silbergrasfluren (Spergulo vernalis-Corynephoretum canescentis) auf neu geschaffenen, nährstoffarmen Dünenstandorten angesiedelt. Die „Neodünen“ wurden hierzu mit Mahdgut aus einer Leitbildfläche (nahegelegenes Naturschutzgebiet) inokuliert und vorwiegend mit Rindern (selten mit Pferden) extensiv beweidet. Auch zehn Jahre nach den Restitutionsmaßnahmen sind Corynephorus-Horste auf allen einst inokulierten Flächen und in den Altbeständen vorhanden, jedoch kommen sie in unterschiedlicher Vergesellschaftung vor. Nur einmal konnte eine Neuansiedlung von C. canescens auf einer offenen Sandfläche in Flussnähe festgestellt werden. Unterschiede an den Wuchsorten im Offensandanteil, Humusgehalt des Substrates sowie in der Anzahl und Zusammensetzung konkurrierender Pflanzenarten beeinflussen die Vitalität einzelner Corynephorus-Individuen und die Größe ihrer Populationen. Die Horste variieren in Frequenz, Größe, Vitalität und Anzahl ihrer Ausbreitungseinheiten. Die inokulierten Bestände der neu angelegten Dünen unterscheiden sich in diesen Parametern am stärksten von denen der fragmentierten Altdüne und solchen, die sich spontan neu gebildet haben. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Größe der Horste mit der Anzahl der Blütenstände und damit mit dem Ausbreitungspotenzial von C. canescens korreliert. Die Größe der Horste hängt von den jeweiligen Wuchsbedingungen ab. Eine dauerhafte Etablierung von C. canescens ist von einem komplexen Wirkungsgefüge mehrerer Faktoren abhängig. Über eine erfolgreiche Ausbreitung entscheidet eine möglichst große Phytomasse des Horstes, da diese die Anzahl der Blütenstände und Diasporen positiv beeinflusst. Das längerfristige Bestehen von C. canescens-Populationen ist im Bereich der „Neodünen“ unter den derzeitigen Bedingungen (z. B. Konkurrenz anderer Pflanzenarten, höhere Humus-Akkumulation, Fehlen stärkerer Offenboden-Dynamik) nicht gesichert. Ein höherer Beweidungsdruck sollte eine Re-Dynamisierung fördern.
Bramble scrubs are among the least known and understood vegetation types in Europe. In the Dutch National Vegetation Overview, three associations belonging to the Lonicero-Rubion silvatici were distinguished, viz. the Rubetum grati, Rubetum silvatici, and Rubetum pedemontani. During several vegetation mapping projects and Rubus excursions, a distinct type of bramble scrub was recorded repeatedly in the Campine in the province Noord-Brabant in the southern part of the Netherlands. In this paper, this scrub is described as a new association, the Rubetum taxandriae Haveman, de Ronde & Weeda, with R. taxandriae, R. campaniensis, and R. baronicus as character species, and R. insectifolius as regional character species. Variation, ecology and distribution of this new association are given and discussed, and two subassociations are distinguished. The differences with the Rubetum silvatici, to which this community was believed to belong, are discussed. Based on an earlier analysis of the centres of diversity of the genus Rubus in the Netherlands, it is supposed that the Rubetum silvatici in its circumscription in the Dutch National Vegetation Overview can be divided in more regionally distributed communities, partly as subassociations of the Rubetum silvatici, partly as independent associations.
Am 1. Dezember 1988 führte ein Eisbruch zu erheblichen Auflichtungen in Buchenwäldern Ostwestfalens. Am Osthang eines Kalkbuchenwaldes am Ochsenberg (Eggegebirge/Nordrhein-Westfalen) wurden in einer Naturwaldzelle (NWZ) zwei Dauerprobeflächen (davon eine gezäunt) als sogenannte Kernflächen ausgepflockt, um Erkenntnisse über die natürliche Regeneration dieses Bestandes nach dem Eisbruch zu gewinnen. Neben dem Baumbestand (1989, 1999, 2009) wurden in beiden Kernflächen die Gehölzverjüngung (1989, 1993, 1997, 2011) und die Vegetation (1989, 1993, 1994, 2011) wiederholt aufgenommen. Ein Vergleich der vorliegenden Vegetations- und Verjüngungsaufnahmen zeigte nach dem Eisbruch zunächst die Etablierung einer Urtica-Rubus-Krautflur, die von den verbesserten Licht- und Nährstoffbedingungen profitierte. Arten des geschlossenen Waldes wurden von den Störungen kaum beeinträchtigt. Sie persistierten in vom Eisbruch unversehrten Bereichen, im Schutz von Totholzstrukturen und der aufkommenden Verjüngung. 20 Jahre nach dem Eisbruch hatte sich die Baumschicht regeneriert. Anfänglich deutliche erkennbare Unterschiede in der Artenzusammensetzung zwischen verschiedenen Kleinstandorten am Hang (Ober-, Mittel- und Unterhang) und Zäunungsvarianten (mit und ohne Zäunung) verringerten sich. Insbesondere die abnehmende Lichtverfügbarkeit führte zu einem erheblichen Rückgang der lichtliebenden Störzeiger und zu einer generellen Verringerung der Krautschichtdeckung. Konstante Deckungsgrade wiesen lediglich die Frühjahrsgeophyten Allium ursinum und Cardamine bulbifera auf, die vom dunkleren und feuchteren Mikroklima im sich regenerierenden Wald profitierten. Pionierbaumarten konnten sich nach der Störung nur geringfügig etablieren, da die Verjüngung stets von der Buche dominiert wurde. Dazu trugen umgestürzte Buchen bei, die neu austrieben, besonders aber die Eckernsaat der verbliebenen Altbuchen, in deren Schutz sich die meisten Jungbuchen ent - wickelten. Aufgrund der geringen Lichtverfügbarkeit in den heutigen Beständen verjüngt sich aber selbst die schattentolerante Buche nicht mehr. Die vorliegende Untersuchung dokumentiert die schnelle Regenerationsfähigkeit des Kalkbuchenwaldes auch nach großflächiger Störung. Die Wälder des Eggegebirges sind aufgrund der Luvlage und hoher Niederschläge anfällig für Schnee- und Eisbruch, so dass auch in der NWZ Ochsenberg mit weiteren Störungen zu rechnen ist. Eine regelmäßige wald- und vegetationskundliche Aufnahme der Kernflächen und eine Erweiterung der Dauerflächenuntersuchungen auf die gesamte NWZ Ochsenberg sind daher empfehlenswert, um zukünftige Störungen und unterschiedliche Sukzessionsstadien erfassen zu können. In Kombination mit Daten aus anderen Naturwaldreservaten können die Ergebnisse aus der NWZ Ochsenberg dabei helfen, natürliche Entwicklungsprozesse nach großflächigen Störungen zu analysieren und Rückschlüsse auf eine naturnahe Bewirtschaftung von Buchenwäldern zu ziehen.
In the Westphalian Basin (North-Rhine Westphalia, Germany), 176 relevés of hedgerows first surveyed during the 1970s were reassessed in 2009 and 2010, and the floristic differences between these two time points were compared. The results were used to analyse the impact of exogenous factors on the species community composition using multivariate statistics (non-metric multidimensional scaling). Significant changes were found within all of the communities along the first axis of the ordination, and, in most cases, increasing average temperatures were best correlated with these alterations. However, based on the considerable evidence found, the alterations induced by land-use change and the intensification of agriculture appear to be the inducing factors.
Cryptogams form a large part of dry grassland plant species richness. As a frequently used tool in grassland restoration, hay transfer is known to transfer cryptogam species. This might result in cryptogam stands differing from those achieved by natural succession. To assess hay transfer as a medium for cryptogam restoration, I analysed species composition of cryptogams in the hay of dry grasslands in Southern Germany, how fast they establish, and how fast they colonize adjacent plots. Cryptogam samples from hay showed species combinations similar to those of the mown sites and large shoot numbers to be present in the hay. Even low-growing and rare species were found in the hay. Hay receptor sites showed larger pleurocarpous moss and fruticose lichen patches than comparable sites without hay transfer, indicating earlier arrival of viable diaspores at the receptor sites. For acrocarpous mosses that colonize new sites by spores, no differences in turf size between succession and restoration plots were found. This shows that species transferred by hay have a distinct advantage over species that have to arrive at newly opened sites by natural means, i.e. many years later. The colonization from small restoration sites into adjacent areas without hay transfer proceeds with moderate speeds of about 1 to 2 m per year, probably with wind drift as the most important dispersal agent. Abundant cryptogam species including most pleurocarpous mosses and some Cladonia species rarely producing spores will be greatly enhanced by hay transfer. Nevertheless, the facilitation of pleurocarpous mosses may be detrimental to acrocarpous moss and epigaeic and saxicolous lichen species diversity, which should be considered in dry grassland restoration. I suggest a combination of different restoration measures in a mosaic pattern to create suitable conditions for a maximum of cryptogam species.
Between 1996 and 2006 the vegetation succession in drift sands and in blown-out gravel-rich depressions, located in the nature reserve Hulshorsterzand in the central Netherlands, was studied. Within this Natura 2000 habitat (type 2330: inland dunes with open Corynephorus and Agrostis grasslands) so-called lichen steppes are included, famous for their biodiversity, both in flora (cryptogams), and in fauna. With multivariate analysis, the relation between the primary succession, the species composition of the vegetation and the soil quality was studied in three different biotopes i.e. 1. drift sand, 2. blownout gravel-rich depressions and 3. drift sand after management. With a total of up to 34 species, lichen diversity in the study area appeared to be high. Biotope 1, i.e. the pioneer vegetation with Corynephorus canescens on blowing sand, is rather scarce in lichens. Between 1996 and 2006 green algae, C. canescens and Polytrichum piliferum appeared, with the result that much of the former open drift sand area was covered by pioneer stages of the Spergulo-Corynephoretum. If sand stopped blowing in, a combination of P. piliferum with the neophyte Campylopus introflexus occurred. The terminal stages of lichen succession on drift sand, a vegetation with mainly Festuca ovina s.l., Deschampsia flexuosa and reindeer lichens (Cladonia subgen. Cladina), proved to be rather stable. Since 1996 the lichen steppes occurring in biotope 2 were increasingly grass-encroached. Where some sand was still blowing in, lichen diversity did not change much, but gradually C. introflexus increased. However, without sand blowingin, a decreasing lichen cover and loss of some Red List lichens occurred. In general, in this grass-rich vegetation Calluna vulgaris will germinate and gradually a dry heath might develop. However, where dynamics had stopped and Pinus sylvestris seedlings established, succession to a young forest started. Vegetation change from open sand to lichen-rich vegetation is clearly related to a decrease in pH, an increase in organic matter, in % total N and in % total P. The lichen composition is clearly related to this gradient. The applied restoration measures on steep sand dunes in the eastern area, both of cutting pine trees and removing topsoil down to the mineral soil layer, proved to be successful. The sand kept drifting and the pioneer community thriving, including the lichen Stereocaulon condensatum characteristic of pioneer conditions, while the neophytic moss hardly increased between 1996 and 2006.