800 Literatur und Rhetorik
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This article will provide a general look on modern literature as partially configured by medial history. It parts from the impact of Gutenberg’s invention on social differentiation and the romantic literary concepts, and then looks on photography as an important reference for the realistic aesthetics as well as the initial struggle of film against the domination of the traditional literary medium. It closes with a brief historical overview on what one may call precursors of the hyperlink in literary communication.
Augusto Boal and Raduan Nassar are two important figures of Brazilian culture who reflected their country inside its borders as well as beyond them. In two of the writings that are part of the book 'Lateinamerikaner über Europa', which was organized by Curt Meyer-Clason, both of them write what they think about Europe. In “Um índio desterrado. Carta a um amigo” (A banished Indian. Letter to a friend), by Augusto Boal, one can see the reflection of a person who thinks about the relationship between Brazil and Europe from the perspective of theatrical activity, and, most specifically, the perspective of the “Theatre of the Oppressed”. Likewise, in “Imitação e valorização própria” (Imitation and self valorization), Raduan Nassar undertakes a socioeconomic reading of the relationship between the European continent and Brazil on a historical basis.
Macunaíma : eine Rhapsodie
(2007)
During the first decades of the 20th century emerges a Brazilian artistic movement that aims to break with the cultural models imported from Europe. As a landmark one may cite the Week of Modern Art in São Paulo and Mário de Andrade as one of its main figures. His novel Macunaíma stands for one of the central pieces of modern Brazilian literature and was considered by Andrade as a literary rhapsody. This article aims to compare the formal elements of the rhapsody with the actual text written in 1928.
Fifteen years after his death in 1991 one can trace a certain tendency to turn the person and personality of Herbert Caro into a legendary figure where his work as a recognized translator mingles with episodes related to his passion for music as well as his specific kind of humour. It is therefore of no surprise that Caro himself turned into a literary character of the novel As Confissões de Lúcio by Brazilian writer Fernando Monteiro.
During the 1930s through the 1940s and into the 1950s, Spanish and German presentations in opposition to ardent nationalism share strikingly common aesthetic and ideological strategies supporting claims to a transnational, international space. Specific examples of common geography, identity and language in German and Spanish presentations (theater, short stories, reports, essays, speeches and poetry) in Spain and Latin America by German (Regler, Renn, Uhse), Spanish (J. Bergamin, R. Alberti, M. Aub) and Latin American (D. Rivera, P. Neruda, C. Vallejo) intellectuals, artists and activists during the 1930s through the 1950s will be explored. For example, German-speaking audiences and artists in Spain and Mexico shared a common lived and aesthetic space as Spanish-speaking audiences and artists. Further, many German presentations were translated into Spanish and visa versa. Here, presentations in “Das Wort” and “El Mono Azul” in Spain as well as “Freies Deutschland/Alemania libre” in Mexico will be referenced in developing a sense of re-definition of the concept of ‘foreign’ and ‘commonness’ beyond simply nationality (tradition, history and geography) and language. The impetus for an alternative, international and even revolutionary ‘space’ (as defined by Henri Lefebvre in The Production of Space) was produced in and through common Spanish and German strategies and realizations in their presentations. This Spanish-German example from the early/mid-part of the 20th century is a significant contribution to contemporary interdisciplinary discussions in the 21st century.
"Ah, a tradução […] exige um coração recto, devoto, fiel, esforçado, temente, […] douto, experimentado e destro. Por isso, tenho para mim que um […] espírito faccioso não é capaz de traduzir com fidelidade." (Lutero) Está sempre presente na mente do tradutor, de forma mais ou menos inconfessada, de forma mais ou menos inconsciente, e muito mais ainda no caso da tradução literária, pois é dela que estamos a falar, uma série de instâncias controladoras que regulam a sua produção como um superego de interesses divergentes. Este superego transforma o seu trabalho numa negociação de decisões drásticas e difíceis que envolvem: (a) a (pseudo) autarcia do texto ou ditadura do original; (b) o sistema de disponibilidades e exigências da língua de chegada; (c) aqueles que consideramos nossos pares, colegas de ofício, constituindo ao mesmo tempo o nosso desafio e a nossa segurança, que sempre temos em mente, mesmo sabendo que nem sempre terão tempo de nos ler, ou aqueles que por imperativo de profissão nos lêem e de quem esperamos a compreensão das nossas opções; (d) por contraponto, os “ím-pares”, eventualmente conhecendo as línguas, outras vezes nem por isso, mas ignorando o que é tradução, ao pensar que esta se resolve com equivalências lexicalizadas e automáticas, desconhecendo também as condições especiais da tradução literária; (e) o público real, a sua capacidade de interpretação e a medida da sua disponibilidade para processar a resistência criativa de um texto; (f) e os editores, com as suas linhas de orientação interna e as exigências que se prendem com o marketing.
Science in Wonderland
(2008)
Lewis Carroll's Alice, who first explores Wonderland (1865) and later on the country behind the Looking-Glass (1872), belongs to the most well-known characters in world literature. [...] The scientific reception of Carroll's stories – concerning physics as well as the humanities – has taken place on different levels. On the one hand, […] various Carrollian ideas and episodes obviously correspond to topics, subjects and models that are treated in the contexts of scientific discourses. Therefore, they can be quoted or alluded to in order to represent theories and questions […] – as […] physical models of the world […]or theoretical models of language and communication. […] On a more abstract level of observation, Carroll's stories have been used in order to explain and to discuss the pre-conditions, the procedures, and the limits . of scientific modeling as such. Above all, they make it possible to narrate on the problem of defining and observing an 'object' of research. […] According to Deleuze, the paradox structures of the world that Alice experiences give an idea of all meaning being groundless and all logic being subverted by the illogical. Finally, besides all affinities of Alice's adventures to scientific attempts to explain the world, the absolutely incomprehensible is present in Carroll's books as well. Especially the self proves to be something profoundly incomprehensible […].
Mit der Abwendung von Norm- und Regelpoetiken […] wird der Weg frei für individuell-besondere, dezidiert anti-systematische Reflexionen über Literatur. Im 20. Jahrhundert ist es für die Mehrzahl der Schriftsteller selbstverständlich, das eigene literarische Schaffen theoretisch-reflektierend zu begleiten. Oft knüpft sich die poetologische Reflexion an persönliche Geschichten über Erlebnisse und Erfahrungen des Schriftstellers, unbeschadet der sogenannten poststrukturalistischen Totsagung des Autors (vielfach allerdings in direkter oder indirekter Reaktion auf diese). Erinnert sei an Uwe Johnsons „Begleitumstände“, an Peter Härtlings „Finden und Erfinden“, an Peter Bichsels „Der Leser, Das Erzählen“, an Hermann Lenz' „Leben und Schreiben“ als einige Vorlesungsreihen aus der Folge der Frankfurter Poetikvorlesungen, die hier stellvertretend für viele andere stehen können. Erscheint vielen Autoren das eigene Œuvre als nachhaltig durch persönliche Erfahrungen geprägt, so ist es nur folgerichtig, wenn Auskünfte über dieses Œuvre sich mit Berichten über eigene Erlebnisse verbinden. […] Zwischen Autobiographie und Fiktion bestehe allenfalls eine fließende Grenze, so […] Hermann Lenz in seiner (programmatisch betitelten) Vortragsfolge „Leben und Schreiben“; entsprechend sei das Schreiben über die Genese der eigenen Fiktionen reflexive Selbstdarstellung. Die Vortragssituation wird zur Spiegelfläche, auf der das Gesicht des Schriftstellers erscheint. Aber was für ein Gesicht ist das?
Wie Enzensberger […] verdeutlicht, eröffnen literarische Texte […] einen Raum, in dem unterschiedliche und kontroverse wissenschaftliche Theorien […] miteinander kollidieren, wodurch ihre Bedingtheit und Relativität erkennbar wird. Die modernistische […] Vorstellung, Literatur sei subversiv, stelle in Frage, was immer sich als absolute Wahrheit ausgebe, relativiere die Ordnungen des Wissens und insbesondere alle sich verbindlich gebenden Theorien über den Menschen und die natürliche Welt, hat an Aktualität nicht verloren. […] Philosophen und Literaturtheoretiker verschiedenster Denkrichtungen kommen […] darin überein, daß Literatur subversiv ist: Gegen falsche Sicherheiten und gegen die Illusion absoluter Wahrheit gerichtet, deutet sie auf die Vieldeutigkeit aller Dinge und die Vielzahl inkompatibler Betrachtungsperspektiven hin, indem sie selbst vieldeutige und multiple Welten erzeugt. In dieser Eigenschaft ist das literarische Schreiben durch keinen anderen Diskurs ersetzbar. Die ihr hier zugeschriebene subversive Rolle als Instanz kritischer Reflexion über Begriffe, Theoriebildungen und Wissenschaft kann die Literatur allerdings nur dann spielen, wenn sie in engem und dauerhaften Kontakt zu den Wissenschaften bleibt. Die Kritik an Wissensdiskursen setzt einen ständig zu aktualisierenden .Informationsstand voraus: über die jeweils dominanten wissenschaftlichen Paradigmen, Kernbegriffe und Moden, die Strategien wissenschaftlicher Konstruktion und Darstellung dessen, was ist.