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The aim of this contrastive study is to examine the source domain "agriculture" as an image donor for a large number of phraseological units in German and Albanian and to address the question which agricultural terms belong to the phraseological inventory in both languages and which metaphorical target domains are linguistically structured by them. This language combination consists of two Indo-European languages whose peoples have not been in direct contact with each other in the course of history. Identifying differences and similarities in this regard would be of great interest - especially the latter, because phraseological universals could be discovered in the similarities between these not very closely related languages and peoples.
In diesem Beitrag wurden deutsche Entlehnungen in der albanischen Mundart in Kosova untersucht, welche in verschiedenen semantischen Bereichen verwendet werden. Schriftliche Quellen zu diesen Germanismen fehlen völlig, daher wurden sie durch mündliche Befragung von Informanten inventarisiert. Den Schwerpunkt dieser Untersuchung bilden der Bekanntheitsgrad und die Akzeptanz dieser Lehnwörter. Die Befragung hat ergeben, dass die Lehnwörter in den hier untersuchten semantischen Bereichen durchschnittlich von über 70% der Befragten erkannt wurden. Im Allgemeinen konnten keine großen Unterschiede im Erkennungsgrad bei männlichen und weiblichen Befragten festgestellt werden, wohingegen bei der Variable Alter eine etwas größere Diskrepanz beobachtet wurde, was das Erkennen oder Nichterkennen der deutschen Entlehnungen anging.
V této práci jsou analyzovány a srovnávány metaforické koncepty v německých a albánských idiomech, které jsou spojeny s 'rukou'. Studie těchto somatismů je provedena na základě teorie konceptuálnìch metafor autorů Lakoffa a Johnsona. Jednotlivé koncepty jsou vńak klasifikovány na základě nadřazených konceptů, které se v obou jazycìch vyskytujì. 'Ruka' se objevuje v metaforických vyjádřenìch např. jako symbol kontroly, moci, vlastnìka, nadřazenosti, činnosti, lidských vztahů, ochrany a dalńìch. V práci jsou dále rozebìrány jednotlivé koncepty těchto somatismů, jako např. Spojenì morálnìho a čistoty: mìt čisté ruce – saubere Hände haben.
Starting from the basic observation that, across languages, the anticausative variant of an alternating verb systematically involves morphological marking that is shared by passive verbs, the goal of this paper is to provide a uniform and formal account of these arguably two different construction types. The central claim that I put forward is that passives and anticausatives differ only with respect to the event-type features of the verb but both arise through the same operation, namely suppression by special morphology of a feature in v that encodes the ontological event type of the verb. Crucially, I argue for two syntactic primitives, namely act and cause, whereto I trace the passive/anticausative distinction. Passive constructions across languages are made compatible by relegating the differences to simple combinatorial properties of verb and prepositional types and their interactions with other event functors, which are in turn encoded differently morphologically across languages. New arguments are brought forward for a causative analysis of anticausatives. Agentive adverbials are examined, and doubt is cast on the usefulness of by-phrases as a diagnostic for argumenthood.
The paper is structured as follows. Section 2.1 introduces the basic classes of adjectives that constitute the factual core of the paper. Section 2.2 summarizes in greater detail the X° and the XP movement approaches to word order variation within the DP. Section 3 briefly discusses problems for both approaches. Sections 4.1, 5.1, and 5.2 draw from Alexiadou (2001) and contain a discussion of Greek DS and its relevance for a re-analysis of the word order variation in the Romance DP. Section 4.2 introduces refinements to Alexiadou & Wilder (1998) and Alexiadou (2001). Section 5.3. discusses certain issues that arise from the analysis of postnominal adjectives in Romance as involving raising of XPs. Section 6 discusses phenomena found in other languages, which at first sight seem similar to DS. However, I show that double definiteness in e.g. Hebrew, Scandinavian or other Balkan languages constitutes a different type of phenomenon from Greek DS, thus making a distinction between determiners that introduce CPs (Greek) and those that are merely morphological/agreement markers (Hebrew, Scandinavian, Albanian).