Refine
Year of publication
Document Type
- Report (112)
- Article (57)
- Working Paper (34)
- Review (5)
- Part of a Book (3)
- Book (1)
Language
- English (212) (remove)
Has Fulltext
- yes (212)
Is part of the Bibliography
- no (212) (remove)
Keywords
- islamic state (13)
- terrorism (13)
- IS (9)
- Egypt (8)
- Syria (7)
- Walter Eucken (7)
- islamism (7)
- Europe (6)
- Indonesia (5)
- Islam (5)
- Ordoliberalism (5)
- USA (5)
- far right (5)
- racism (5)
- Arab Spring (4)
- European Union (4)
- Islamischer Staat (4)
- Neoliberalism (4)
- Normative Orders (4)
- Russia (4)
- Syrien (4)
- al-Qaida (4)
- facebook (4)
- fascism (4)
- jihad (4)
- syria (4)
- AfD (3)
- Christianity (3)
- Critique (3)
- Cyber Security (3)
- Cyber War (3)
- Cyberwar (3)
- Democracy (3)
- Equator Principles (3)
- France (3)
- Germany (3)
- Global South (3)
- Greece (3)
- Indonesien (3)
- Internet (3)
- Italy (3)
- Justification (3)
- Pegida (3)
- Rule of Law (3)
- Saudi Arabia (3)
- Terrorism (3)
- crisis (3)
- cyberpeace (3)
- cybersecurity (3)
- democracy (3)
- ideology (3)
- iraq (3)
- mobilization (3)
- nationalism (3)
- radicalization (3)
- refugee crisis (3)
- refugees (3)
- strategy (3)
- violence (3)
- Aceh (2)
- Afghanistan (2)
- Al-Sisi (2)
- Art. 7 EU (2)
- Aufsatzsammlung (2)
- Authoritarianism (2)
- Blasphemy Law (2)
- CasaPound (2)
- China (2)
- Christentum (2)
- Civil War (2)
- Constitutional Economics (2)
- Criminal Law (2)
- Crisis (2)
- Demokratie (2)
- Dschihadismus (2)
- EU (2)
- EU rule of law framework (2)
- Equator Principles Association (2)
- Financial Crisis (2)
- Finanzkrise (2)
- Friedrich August von Hayek (2)
- Gerechtigkeit (2)
- German Neoliberalism (2)
- Global Governance (2)
- Golden Dawn (2)
- Individual Ethics (2)
- Institution building (2)
- International Law (2)
- Irak (2)
- Iran (2)
- Iraq (2)
- Jihadi (2)
- Jihadism (2)
- Kirche (2)
- Kirchengeschichte (2)
- Konstitutionalismus (2)
- Kritik (2)
- Latin America (2)
- MENA (2)
- Michel Foucault (2)
- Middle East (2)
- Muslim Brotherhood (2)
- NATO (2)
- Nigeria (2)
- Ordoliberalismus (2)
- Politischer Wandel (2)
- Protest (2)
- Putin (2)
- Regulatory Ethics (2)
- Religion (2)
- Religiöser Konflikt (2)
- Religiöser Pluralismus (2)
- Societal constitutionalism (2)
- Terrorismus (2)
- Transnationaler Konstitutionalismus (2)
- Trust (2)
- Turkey (2)
- UK (2)
- Ukraine (2)
- Vertrauen (2)
- atheism (2)
- attack (2)
- colonialism (2)
- conflict (2)
- corporate social responsibility (2)
- cyber peace (2)
- discourse (2)
- documentary (2)
- far-right politics (2)
- financial crisis (2)
- framing (2)
- hate crimes (2)
- hate speech (2)
- human rights (2)
- international relations theory (2)
- isis (2)
- islam (2)
- jihadism (2)
- media (2)
- middle east (2)
- multinational companies/business and human rights (2)
- neo-fascism (2)
- nouvelle droite (2)
- project finance (2)
- radicalisation (2)
- reputational risk (2)
- right-wing extremism (2)
- shia (2)
- social media (2)
- sunni (2)
- surveillance (2)
- sustainable finance (2)
- transnational constitutionalism (2)
- AKP (1)
- ASPA (1)
- Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi (1)
- Adam Smith (1)
- Africa (1)
- Age (1)
- Alain de Benoist (1)
- Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) (1)
- Angel Dzhambazki (1)
- Anthropologie (1)
- Anti-Terror (1)
- Argentina (1)
- Art. 2 EU (1)
- Ausländerbehörde (1)
- Austria (1)
- BISA (1)
- Barclays (1)
- Barclays Bank (1)
- Barrel Bombs (1)
- Benefits (1)
- Bloc Identitaire (1)
- Blocco Studentesco (1)
- Boko Haram (1)
- Brasilien (1)
- Bridge International (1)
- Britain (1)
- British National Party (1)
- Brussels (1)
- Bulgaria (1)
- Bundeswehr (1)
- Burma (1)
- Burschenschaften (1)
- CPI (1)
- CSR (1)
- CSR Europe (1)
- Capabilities (1)
- Catholic Church (1)
- Catholicism (1)
- Children (1)
- Citizenship (1)
- Civil and political rights (1)
- Clement Méric (1)
- Climate Change (1)
- Climate Protection (1)
- Collective Action (1)
- Cologne (1)
- Colonialism (1)
- Combat 18 (1)
- Communication (1)
- Comparative (1)
- Conference (1)
- Constitutions (1)
- Coronavirus (1)
- Counterterrorism (1)
- Creative Commons (1)
- Crime (1)
- Criminal Theory (1)
- Cybersecurity (1)
- Cybersicherhheit (1)
- D. Kahneman (1)
- DDR (1)
- Dabiq (1)
- Death Sentence (1)
- Demokratie <Motiv> (1)
- Demonstrationen (1)
- Demos (1)
- Deradicalisation (1)
- Deradikalisierung (1)
- Desalegn (1)
- Despot (1)
- Deutsche Bank (1)
- Deutscher Neoliberalismus (1)
- Digitalisierung (1)
- Dimiter Lazarov (1)
- Discount Rates (1)
- EISA (1)
- Earliest Sciences (1)
- Edmund Husserl (1)
- Einbettung (1)
- Elitism (1)
- Elitismus (1)
- Embeddedness (1)
- Energiepolitik (1)
- England (1)
- Entwicklung von Normen (1)
- Equality (1)
- Erdogan (1)
- Ethiopia (1)
- Ethnic Diversity (1)
- European Fundamental Values (1)
- European Legal Space (1)
- European Values (1)
- Euroscepticism (1)
- Evolution of Norms (1)
- Expertocracy (1)
- FPÖ (1)
- Failed states (1)
- Far-right politics (1)
- Feasibility (1)
- Fethullah Gülen (1)
- Finland (1)
- Finnish Defence League (1)
- Flores <Indonesien> (1)
- Flüchtling (1)
- Flüchtlingsheim (1)
- Forschung (1)
- Forschungsgegenstand (1)
- Fragile Staaten (1)
- Fragile states (1)
- Freedom of Expression (1)
- Freiburg (Lehrstuhl-)Tradition (1)
- Freiburg School of Economics (1)
- Freiburg School of Law and Economics (1)
- Freital (1)
- Fukushima (1)
- GSCIS (1)
- George Becali (1)
- Gerakan Aceh Merdeka (GAM) (1)
- Gerichte (1)
- German copyright law (1)
- Global Law (1)
- Goodluck Jonathan (1)
- Great Britain (1)
- Greater Romania Party (1)
- Greek (1)
- Grey Wolves (1)
- Guerilla (1)
- Gülen Movement (1)
- Hamas (1)
- Hamburg (1)
- Handelsrechtsprechung (1)
- Hanse (1)
- Heinz-Christian Strache (1)
- Hisham Barakt (1)
- History of individual rights (1)
- History of international legal thought (1)
- History of science (1)
- Hobbes, Thomas (1)
- Hope (1)
- Human Dignity (1)
- Human Right (1)
- Hungary (1)
- ICT (1)
- ICT4D (1)
- IMRO (1)
- IMRO-BNM (1)
- IR (1)
- IRA (1)
- ISA (1)
- IT Security (1)
- Identitaires (1)
- Ideology (1)
- India (1)
- Indigene Gerechtigkeit (1)
- Indigenization (1)
- Individual and Regulatory Ethics (1)
- Individual rights (1)
- Instrumentalisation (1)
- Interesse (1)
- International Governance (1)
- International Studies (1)
- International Technocracy (1)
- International law (1)
- Internationales Recht (1)
- Internet Governance (1)
- Iron Age (1)
- Isis (1)
- Islam al-Buhairi (1)
- Islamic reformation (1)
- JPMorgan Chase (1)
- JPMorgan Chase Bank (1)
- Japan (1)
- Japheth Omojuwa (1)
- Jordan (1)
- Justice (1)
- Jörg Haider (1)
- Kabul (1)
- Katholizismus (1)
- Kaufleute (1)
- Kolonialismus (1)
- Korea (1)
- Korruption (1)
- Köln (1)
- Laguage-Theory (1)
- Language (1)
- Lateinamerika (1)
- Latvia (1)
- Law (1)
- Legal Grammar (1)
- Legal History (1)
- Libertarian / Soft Paternalism (1)
- Libya (1)
- London (1)
- Lügenpresse (1)
- Macedonian (1)
- Mali (1)
- Manchester (1)
- Media (1)
- Membership (1)
- Menschenrecht (1)
- Menschenwürde (1)
- Merkel (1)
- Middle East and North Africa (1)
- Migration (1)
- Mihara Ryôtarô (1)
- Mistrauen (1)
- Mistrust (1)
- Moderne (1)
- Modernity (1)
- Monotheism (1)
- Monotheismus (1)
- Multiculturalism (1)
- Multikulturelle Gesellschaft (1)
- Multilateralism (1)
- Muslimbrüder (1)
- Muslims (1)
- Myanmar (1)
- ND (1)
- NPD (1)
- Narratives of Justification (1)
- National Front (1)
- National Movement (1)
- Netzneutralität (1)
- Neubesiedlung (1)
- New Right (1)
- Ngada (1)
- Nikolai Yovev (1)
- Non-ideal theory (1)
- Normative Ordnungen (1)
- Northern League (1)
- Open Source (1)
- Osama bin Laden (1)
- PRM (1)
- PRR (1)
- Pakistan (1)
- Palestine (1)
- Pan-Turkism (1)
- Pardon (1)
- Partai Aceh (1)
- Patents/patent laws (1)
- Patriotic Front (1)
- Peace (1)
- Peru (1)
- Perussuomalaiset (1)
- Plurality (1)
- Poland (1)
- Polanyi, Karl (1)
- Political Participation (1)
- Political Rights (1)
- Political constructivism (1)
- Political normativity (1)
- Political realism (1)
- Politische Beteiligung (1)
- Population (1)
- Populism (1)
- Populus (1)
- Poverty measurement (1)
- Power (1)
- Preference Stability (1)
- Privilegien (1)
- Programming (1)
- Punishment (1)
- QCA (1)
- R. Layard (1)
- R. Thaler (1)
- R2P (1)
- Rajat kiinni (1)
- Rational Choice Theory (1)
- Reason (1)
- Reasons (1)
- Rechtfertigung (1)
- Rechtspluralismus (1)
- Rechtsruck (1)
- Rechtsstreitigkeiten (1)
- Reciprocity (1)
- Referral to the ECJ (1)
- Regime (1)
- Rekruten (1)
- Remix (1)
- Requirements (1)
- Revolution (1)
- Right to Justification (1)
- Rights (1)
- Roma (1)
- Romania (1)
- Rousseau (1)
- Rousseau, Jean Jacques (1)
- Rudolf Eucken (1)
- Russland (1)
- Salafism (1)
- Salience (1)
- Sectarianism (1)
- Sherief Gaber (1)
- Sicherheitspolitik (1)
- Social Market Economy (1)
- Social Order (1)
- Social justice (1)
- Societal Modernization (1)
- Society (1)
- Sociology (1)
- Soldiers of Odin Finland (1)
- Somalia (1)
- Soziales System (1)
- Sozialforschung (1)
- Sozialordnung (1)
- Staatsangehörigkeit (1)
- Staatskollaps (1)
- Staatszerfall (1)
- State collapse (1)
- State of exception (1)
- State of nature (1)
- Student Movement (1)
- Student Protest (1)
- Subjectivation (1)
- Sunni (1)
- Suomen Sisu (1)
- Superlative (1)
- Swiss (1)
- Switzerland (1)
- Syrian Conflict (1)
- Südostasien (1)
- Taliban (1)
- Tarim (1)
- Theocracy (1)
- Third Position (1)
- Time Preferences (1)
- Tradition (1)
- Transformation (1)
- Transnational Citizenship (1)
- Transnational Justice (1)
- Trump (1)
- Tunesia (1)
- Tunisia (1)
- Turmoil in the Middle East (1)
- Twitter (1)
- Türkei (1)
- UAE (1)
- UBS - Schweizerische Bankgesellschaft (1)
- United States (1)
- Unreasonable burden (1)
- Urheberrecht (1)
- Utopianism (1)
- Vadim Tudor (1)
- Verfahren (1)
- Verfahrensregeln (1)
- Vigilantes FTL/360 (1)
- Vigilantes Munich (1)
- Viktor Vanberg (1)
- Vladimir Putin (1)
- Voting (1)
- WISC (1)
- Weimar Republic (1)
- Welfare state (1)
- Well-being (1)
- Wilhelm Röpke (1)
- Willkommenskultur (1)
- Wirtschaftssoziologie (1)
- Women for the Nation (1)
- World Health Organization (WHO) (1)
- World Trade Organization (1)
- Xinjiang (1)
- Xiongnu (1)
- Zentropa (1)
- Zivilgesellschaft (1)
- abortion (1)
- affective politics (1)
- al-shabaab (1)
- alternative oispute resolution (ADR) (1)
- amhara (1)
- ancient Egyptian mathematics (1)
- anthropology (1)
- anti-abortion (1)
- anti-immigration (1)
- anti-terrorism (1)
- antifeminist (1)
- ban (1)
- belgium (1)
- big data (1)
- bombing (1)
- border (1)
- cartoon (1)
- centaur (1)
- citizens initiatives (1)
- civil society (1)
- civil war (1)
- cognitive dissonance (1)
- cognitive skills (1)
- commutative and distributive justice (1)
- concept and conceptions of trust (1)
- connected histories (1)
- constituent power (1)
- constitutionalisation (1)
- constitutionalism (1)
- contentious politics (1)
- copyright (1)
- corporatism (1)
- counterfactual (1)
- counterterrorism (1)
- courts (1)
- crimea (1)
- cultural heritage (1)
- culture (1)
- cyberspace (1)
- daesh (1)
- data (1)
- database (1)
- de-radicalization (1)
- democratisation (1)
- development (1)
- dhimmi (1)
- digital heritage (1)
- digital rights management (1)
- discursive practices (1)
- dissidence (1)
- doublethink (1)
- earth observation (1)
- economic crisis (1)
- economy (1)
- education (1)
- election (1)
- election observation (1)
- embarrassment (1)
- energy (1)
- epistemic (in)justice (1)
- epistemic trust (1)
- europe (1)
- extremism (1)
- facebook free basics (1)
- fake media (1)
- fatah (1)
- financial sustainability (1)
- foreign fighters (1)
- frame analysis (1)
- free speech (1)
- gaza (1)
- generalised system of preferences (1)
- genesis of norms (1)
- global governance (1)
- great recession (1)
- hezbollah (1)
- hisbollah (1)
- historical perspectives on sustainability (1)
- historical representations (1)
- history of IR (1)
- humanitarian (1)
- hybrid regulatory regimes (1)
- hybrid transnational regimes (1)
- identitarians (1)
- identity crisis (1)
- indigenous justice (1)
- integration (1)
- inter-disciplinarity (1)
- international legal theory (1)
- international relations (1)
- internet (1)
- interventions (1)
- ir theory (1)
- iran (1)
- israel (1)
- j-pop (1)
- jabhat an-nusra (1)
- judicial independence (1)
- justification (1)
- k-pop (1)
- knife attack (1)
- knowledge (1)
- kurds (1)
- labour standards (1)
- lebanon (1)
- legal culture (1)
- legal history (1)
- legal pluralism (1)
- legitimacy (1)
- legitimacy discourses (1)
- legitimacy patterns (1)
- licence contracts (1)
- litigation (1)
- local culture (1)
- lone wolf (1)
- machine learning (1)
- mapping (1)
- merchants (1)
- migrants (1)
- migration (1)
- military (1)
- military security (1)
- militär (1)
- moral trust (1)
- multipolarity (1)
- muslim brotherhood (1)
- muslims (1)
- national strategy terrorism (1)
- nativism (1)
- net neutrality (1)
- nineteenth century patent controversy (1)
- normative orders (1)
- nsu (1)
- oil (1)
- ontological security (1)
- open access (1)
- open content (1)
- opposition (1)
- oromiya (1)
- paramilitary (1)
- patterns of legitimation (1)
- peace process (1)
- peer effects (1)
- phenomenology (1)
- platforms (1)
- plo (1)
- political realism (1)
- political trust (1)
- pop culture (1)
- post-conflict (1)
- poverty (1)
- predictive policing (1)
- private regulations (1)
- privileges (1)
- procedural rules (1)
- procedure (1)
- protests (1)
- psychology (1)
- public and private regulation (1)
- public law (1)
- public–private authority (1)
- qualified market access (1)
- rape (1)
- rebel governance (1)
- recruitment (1)
- refugee movement (1)
- religion (1)
- resettlement (1)
- resilience (1)
- responsibility to protect (1)
- rule (1)
- rule of law crisis (1)
- russia (1)
- salafism (1)
- saudi arabia (1)
- schools (1)
- schutzverantwortung (1)
- sectarian divide (1)
- security (1)
- self-interest (1)
- self-regulation (1)
- sex (1)
- sexual violence (1)
- sexuality (1)
- sharia4belgium (1)
- slums (1)
- social clubs (1)
- social epistemology (1)
- social market economy (1)
- social movements (1)
- social norm violation (1)
- social psychology (1)
- soft power (1)
- solidarity (1)
- state crisis (1)
- student fraternities (1)
- subculture (1)
- suqur as-sham (1)
- sustainability transformations (1)
- technological progess (1)
- tensions in the Middle East (1)
- terror (1)
- terrorisms (1)
- textiles (1)
- theory (1)
- torture (1)
- trade jurisdiction (1)
- trade justice (1)
- transnational governance (1)
- trousers (1)
- trust (1)
- tsunami (1)
- two-state solution (1)
- uncertainty (1)
- unrests (1)
- urban waste (1)
- verbot (1)
- verviers (1)
- vicarious emotions (1)
- vigilantism (1)
- wall hanging (1)
- war of words (1)
- web series (1)
- welfare regimes (1)
- welfare state (1)
- welfare state attitudes (1)
- west (1)
- xenophobia (1)
- yalta (1)
- yazidi (1)
- yemen (1)
- youth (1)
- Ägypten (1)
Institute
- Exzellenzcluster Die Herausbildung normativer Ordnungen (212) (remove)
Climate crimes – a critique
(2023)
This paper aims on taking a critical approach to the emerging debate on climate criminal justice, that is mostly about something labeled „climate criminal law“ („Klimastrafrecht“). The critique is directed at climate crimes intended to protect our habitable climate („Klimaschutzstrafrecht“) or to prevent climate change („Klimawandelpräventionsstrafrecht“) staged as transformational criminal law. “Fighting" climate change with climate crimes can lull us into deceptive certainties and by extension into perilous idleness; and it will do so if we think of climate protection essentially in terms of traditional criminal law. Climate crimes are based on the idea that we can counter climate change with the "sharpest sword" available to a polity (cf. the German and Continental European ultima-ratio principle) and that we can thereby also get hold of "the powerful". But these certainties rest on but normative (and at heart: liberal) doctrines, which are deceptive in having lost touch with the realities of the administration of criminal justice. They obscure that more effective measures are available to mitigate the climate crisis and that "the powerful" will likely be shielded with and by climate crimes. Therefore, the climate crimes approach to the climate crisis may just turn out to be (self-)appeasement. It obfuscates that more effective measures are likely necessary to avert impending crises. Our critique is therefore not "only" directed at the symbolic, but the dysfunctional and "dark side" of climate crimes.
Over the last three decades, countries across the Andean region have moved toward legal recognition of indigenous justice systems. This turn toward legal pluralism, however, has been and continues to be heavily contested. The working paper explores a theoretical perspective that aims at analyzing and making sense of this contentious process by assessing the interplay between conflict and (mis)trust. Based on a review of the existing scholarship on legal pluralism and indigenous justice in the Andean region, with a particular focus on the cases of Bolivia and Ecuador, it is argued that manifest conflict over the contested recognition of indigenous justice can be considered as helpful and even necessary for the deconstruction of mistrust of indigenous justice. Still, such conflict can also help reproduce and even reinforce mistrust, depending on the ways in which conflict is dealt with politically and socially. The exploratory paper suggests four proposition that specify the complex and contingent relationship between conflict and (mis)trust in the contested negotiation of pluralist justice systems in the Andean region.
Can right‐wing terrorism increase support for far‐right populist parties and if so, why? Exploiting quasi‐random variation between successful and failed attacks across German municipalities, we find that successful attacks lead to significant increases in the vote share for the right‐wing, populist Alternative für Deutschland (AfD) party in state elections. Investigating channels, we find that successful attacks lead to differential increases in turnout which are mainly captured by the AfD. Using the German SOEP, a longitudinal panel of individuals, we investigate terror’s impact on individual political attitudes. We first document that people residing in municipalities that experience successful or failed attacks are indistinguishable. We then show that successful terror leads individuals to prefer the AfD, adopt more populist attitudes and report significantly greater political participation at the local level. Terror also leads voters to migrate away from (some) mainstream parties to the AfD. We also find differential media reporting: successful attacks receive more media coverage among local and regional publishers, coverage which makes significantly more use of words related to Islam and terror. Our results hold despite the fact that most attacks are motivated by right‐wing causes and targeted against migrants. Moreover, successful attacks that receive the most media coverage have nearly double the effect on the AfD vote share in state elections and they also increase the AfD vote share in Federal elections, highlighting media salience as a driver of our overall results.
My aim in this paper is to make the debates about epistemic injustice fruitful for an analysis of trust in the knowledge of others. Epistemic trust is understood here in a broad sense: not only as trust in scientific knowledge or expert knowledge, but also as trust in implicit, positioned and experience-based knowledge. Using insights from discussions of epistemic injustice, I argue for three interrelated theses:
1. Questions of epistemic trust and trustworthiness cannot be answered with reference to individual virtue alone; rather, they have a structural component.
2. The rationality of epistemic trust must be analyzed against the background of social structures and social relations of domination.
3. Epistemic trust is (also) a political phenomenon and epistemically just relations depend on political transformation processes that promote equality.
The resurgence of populism and the advent of the Covid-19 pandemic have consolidated an appeal to the language of trust and distrust in the political arena, but any reference to these notions has often turned into an ideological and polarized debate. As a result, the possibility of developing an appropriate picture of the conditions for trust in politics has been undermined. To navigate the different demands for trust raised in the political arena, a notion of political trust must cover two partially unfulfilled tasks. One is to clarify what trust means when referring specifically to the political context. The other is to connect political trust to other notions that populate the debate on trustworthiness in the political arena - those of rational, moral, epistemic, and procedural trust. I will show how the political categories I use to define the scope of a political notion of trust function as normative leverages to develop politics-compatible versions of rational, moral, procedural, and epistemic trust.
The article studies civil wars and trust dynamics from two perspectives. It looks, first, at rebel governance during ongoing armed conflict and, second, at mass mobilisation against the regime in post-conflict societies. Both contexts are marked by extraordinarily high degrees of uncertainty given continued, or collective memory of, violence and repression.
But what happens to trust relations under conditions of extreme uncertainty? Intuitively, one would assume that trust is shaken or even substantially eroded in such moments, as political and social orders are questioned on a fundamental level and threaten to collapse. However, while it is true that some forms of trust are under assault in situations of civil war and mass protests, we find empirical evidence which suggests that these situations also give rise to the formation of other kinds of trust. We argue that, in order to detect and explain these trust dynamics in contexts of extreme uncertainty, there should be more systematic studies of: (a) synchronous dynamics between different actors and institutions which imply trust dynamics happening simultaneously, (b) diachronous dynamics and the sequencing of trust dynamics over several phases of violent conflict or episodes of contention, as well as long-term structural legacies of the past. In both dimensions, microlevel relations, as well as their embeddedness in larger structures, help explain how episodes of (non-)violent contention become a critical juncture for political and social trust.
Defenders of current restrictions on EU immigrants’ access to welfare rights in host member states often invoke a principle of reciprocity among member states to justify these policies. The argument is that membership of a system of social cooperation triggers duties of reciprocity characteristic of welfare rights. Newly arriving EU immigrants who look for work do not meet the relevant criteria of membership, the argument goes, because they have not yet contributed enough to qualify as members on the grounds of reciprocity. Therefore, current restrictions on their access to welfare rights are justified. In this article, I challenge this argument by showing how restrictions on EU immigrants’ access to welfare rights are inconsistent with duties of international reciprocity. There are different variations of this challenge, but my focus here will be on one that uses a veil of ignorance device to support this claim. What matters from a perspective concerned with international reciprocity, I will argue, is what kind of welfare policy EU member states would choose were they not to know whether those receiving EU migrants were net contributors or net beneficiaries to the relevant scheme of international cooperation made possible by the four freedoms, and freedom of movement in particular. I argue that framing the requirement of reciprocity in this way provides a more comprehensive understanding of what should count as an ‘unreasonable burden’ on the welfare systems of host member states. The paper also examines alternative accounts of ‘unreasonable burdens’. It shows when and how the current institutional structure of the EU could take steps to deal with such burdens by preventing member states from gaming a comprehensive system of welfare rights protections across member states and by recognising the achievements of those member states that best serve them.
This paper challenges widespread assumptions in trust research according to which trust and conflict are opposing terms or where trust is generally seen as a value. Rather, it argues that trust is only valuable if properly justified, and it places such justifications in contexts of social and political conflict. For these purposes, the paper suggests a distinction between a general concept and various conceptions of trust, and it defines the concept as a four-place one. With regard to the justification of trust, a distinction between internal and full justification is introduced, and the justification of trust is linked to relations of justification between trusters and trusted. Finally, trust in conflict(s) emerges were such relations exist among the parties of a conflict, often by way of institutional mediation.
In this article, we propose to develop a realist interpretation of political progress—that is, an analysis of what it means to achieve better conditions of life in society under political power according to realist standards. Specifically, we are interested in identifying the criteria according to which political realism defines a change in the status quo as a desirable change...
Many democracies use geographic constituencies to elect some or all of their legislators. Furthermore, many people regard this as desirable in a noncomparative sense, thinking that local constituencies are not necessarily superior to other schemes but are nevertheless attractive when considered on their own merits. Yet, this position of noncomparative constituency localism is now under philosophical pressure as local constituencies have recently attracted severe criticism. This article examines how damaging this recent criticism is, and argues that within limits, noncomparative constituency localism remains philosophically tenable despite the criticisms. The article shows that noncomparative constituency localism is compelling in the first place because geographic constituencies foster partisan voter mobilisation, and practices of constituency service help to sustain deliberation among constituents and within the legislature and promote the realisation of equal opportunity for political influence. The article further argues that it is unwarranted to criticise geographic constituencies for being biased against geographically dispersed voter groups, for causing vote-seat disproportionality, and for being vulnerable to gerrymandering. The article also discusses the criticisms that local constituencies may pose risks of inefficiency and injustice in resource allocation decisions, may lead legislators to neglect the common good, and may limit citizens’ control over the political agenda. Whilst conceding that these objections may be valid, the article argues that they do not outweigh the diverse and normatively weighty considerations speaking in favour of noncomparative constituency localism. Finally, the article’s analysis is defended against several variants of the charge that it exaggerates the benefits of geographic constituencies.