Refine
Year of publication
Document Type
- Review (27) (remove)
Has Fulltext
- yes (27)
Is part of the Bibliography
- no (27) (remove)
Institute
- Geschichtswissenschaften (27) (remove)
The focus of this work, the debate about a body of law dealing with aristocratic issues, is not easy to summarize. This problem stems in part from a topic that historians who do not work on law might be forgiven for considering nonexistent; in part, it has to do with the indirect way in which Dorothee Gottwald engages with current trends in the historiography of nineteenth-century Germany. ...
Mike Rapport is one of the few scholars who write European history not as the history of a few select countries, but of the entire continent. Rapport is at home in the history of the Balkans as well as France, Italy, Germany, Russia, and Scandinavia, and well versed in the historiography published in English, French, and Italian. Rapport's well-rounded viewpoint is one excellent argument for anyone suffering from "1848 fatigue" after the sesquicentennial celebrations and their aftermath in conference volumes and historiographical reviews to put aside any skepticism regarding the possibility of anyone presenting a novel perspective; the book itself is another. In it, Rapport offers a narrative history of the events of 1848 in those European countries and regions affected directly by the revolution--France, Italy, the German states, Denmark, and Rumania--with some remarks on areas where the impact was more indirect (Britain, Russia, the Ottoman Empire, and Scandinavia). This book is less obviously an academic textbook than Jonathan Sperber's excellent survey of the revolutions of 1848, and less encyclopedic than the survey of national events and overarching themes edited by Dieter Dowe and others for the 1998 anniversary. ...
Stéphane Dufoix schreibt im Vorwort, das vorliegende Buch (das in etwas kürzerer Fassung 2003 auf französisch in der Reihe "Que sais je" erschien) habe "a somewhat schizophrenic character". Es handele von "Diaspora", sei aber von einem Autor verfasst, der an die Nützlichkeit von Diaspora als Forschungsbegriff nicht glaube. Nach der Lektüre von rund 100 Seiten luzidem und konzisem Text weiß man garantiert etwas über Diaspora, was man vorher nicht gewusst hat, und man wird vermutlich die Skepsis des Autors im doppelten Sinne teilen: gegenüber der Nützlichkeit des Begriffs als analytischem Instrument, und gegenüber der Annahme, dass der Begriff bald durch andere ersetzt werden wird. ...
Hans von Hentig war ein impulsiver Abenteurer mit wenig Respekt vor Autorität. Und er war ein extrem schreibfreudiger Wissenschaftler, der zu den Begründern einer modernen, durch die Verbindung juristischer und medizinisch-psychologischer Kenntnisse und Zugänge bestimmten Kriminologie gehörte. Hans von Hentig wurde 1887 als Sohn des Rechtsanwalts Otto Hentig geboren. Dieser hatte zunächst in Berlin praktiziert, bevor er als Spezialist für Wirtschaftsrecht 1893 zum Verwalter der Güter Karl Egon IV. zu Fürstenberg und 1900 zum Staatsminister des Herzogtums Sachsen Coburg und Gotha wurde; letzteres Amt brachte der Familie die Nobilitierung ein. ...
In der Forschung zum 18. und 19. Jahrhundert gelten Vereine - zumal in Deutschland - meist immer noch als zentrale Bereiche einer im Prinzip liberalen und zukunftweisenden "Zivilgesellschaft", in der frei von repressivem staatlichem Einfluss und fern von überlebten korporativen Traditionen politische Aushandlungsprozesse im Rahmen einer liberalen Bürgergesellschaft erprobt werden konnten. Das Bild hat freilich einige Risse bekommen [1], die aber bislang eher als ehrwürdige Patina zu fungieren scheinen denn als Anzeichen für grundlegenden Restaurierungsbedarf. Die Arbeit von Stefanie Harrecker lenkt den Blick nun auf eine andere Art Verein, der in vielem wirkungsmächtiger war als die intensiv untersuchten stadtzentrierten liberalen Assoziationen. Der Landwirtschaftliche Verein in Bayern, der 1810 seine Tätigkeit aufnahm, war zwar formal ein privater Verein, wies aber von Anfang an enge personelle und finanzielle Beziehungen zum Staat auf, die sich im Laufe der Zeit eher intensivierten als abschwächten. Ziel des Vereins war einerseits die Produktionssteigerung der Landwirtschaft, etwa durch die Popularisierung neuer Anbaumethoden; andererseits verstand sich der Verein auch als Lobby der Landwirtschaft gegenüber der Regierung, und zwar sowohl im Parlament als auch im öffentlichen Raum, in dem er mit unterschiedlichen Publikationen präsent war. Der Verein hatte regionale Zweigstellen, engagierte sich im Bereich der landwirtschaftlichen Ausbildung, und richtete Feste und Feierlichkeiten aus (darunter das Oktoberfest), in deren Rahmen beispielsweise Vieh gezeigt und prämiert wurde. Angesichts der spannungsreichen Beziehungen zwischen Regierung und Parlament, Staat und Öffentlichkeit im Bayern des 19. Jahrhunderts war klar, dass auch der Landwirtschaftliche Verein keinen ganz stabilen Platz in der informellen Landesverfassung haben konnte. Anfang des 19. Jahrhunderts dominierte die Autonomie, die moderate oppositionelle Tendenzen (die freilich zum guten Teil aus der Verwaltung kamen) einschließen konnte. Das galt vor allem im Rahmen der Diskussion über die Abschaffung des 'Feudalsystems', also die Veränderung der Besitz- und Abhängigkeitsverhältnisse in ländlichen Regionen. Nach intensiver Verwicklung in die politischen Intrigen der frühen 1830er Jahre geriet der Verein, der damals unter Mitgliederschwund litt, unter stärkere staatliche Aufsicht. Diese trug mit dazu bei, dass der Verein 1848/49 die Chance verpasste, zum Sprachrohr der Veränderung zu werden; stattdessen fügte er sich in das Programm der Stärkung eines partikularen Profils Bayerns, das Maximilian II. verfolgte. Selbst Ludwig II. interessierte sich noch hinreichend für den Verein und seine öffentliche Wirkung, so dass er sich für eine Präsentation von preisgekrönten Tieren vor allen Festbesuchern, nicht nur vor den Fachleuten, einsetzte. Die Reichsgründung von 1870 bedeutete zwar nicht das Ende des Landwirtschaftlichen Vereins, wohl aber das seiner herausragenden Bedeutung; die Integration in ein deutsches Netzwerk landwirtschaftlicher Vereine endete mit weitgehendem Relevanzverlust. Die Frage, ob der Verein seinen selbst gesteckten hohen Zielen gerecht wurde, ist nicht ganz leicht zu beantworten. Die Publikationen, die populär waren, waren selten die innovativsten. Überhaupt gab es immer wieder Gelegenheit, über Sinn und Aufgaben des Vereins zu streiten, etwa wenn es darum ging, die Rolle von Festen und Fachmessen abzuwägen. Manche spektakuläre Aktionen (so der Plan, Seidenraupen in Bayern anzusiedeln) gehörten in ihrer praktischen Wirkung nicht gerade zu den Sternstunden der Agrarökonomie. Dagegen spielte der Verein eine erhebliche Rolle bei der Etablierung landwirtschaftlicher Forschungs- und Lehreinrichtungen und bei der Mobilisierung staatlicher Zuschüsse für solche Zwecke. Er engagierte sich für die Belange der bäuerlichen Bevölkerung und bemühte sich - trotz einer erkennbaren München-Fixierung - um eine flächendeckende Versorgung des Landes mit Bibliotheken und lokalen Vereinen. Stefanie Harreckers Buch liefert einen mustergültig recherchierten, abgewogenen Einblick in das Leben eines nicht ganz dem konventionellen Bild entsprechenden Vereins, der zwischen privatem Klub, wissenschaftlicher Gesellschaft und Lobby angesiedelt war. Dabei kommen sowohl die kleinen Vereinsquerelen zur Sprache als auch die Rolle des Vereins im Kontext der landwirtschaftlichen Entwicklung - insofern handelt es sich bei diesem sehr lesenswerten Buch um einen herausragenden Beitrag zur Vernetzung der allgemeinen mit der viel zu stark vernachlässigten Agrargeschichte. Anmerkung: [1] Etwa durch Eckhart Trox: Militärischer Konservativismus. Kriegervereine und "Militärpartei" in Preußen zwischen 1815 und 1848/49, Stuttgart 1990. Redaktionelle Betreuung: Peter Helmberger
The history of German migration policies was a growth industry during the 1990s. The political battles of the present, such as asylum legislation, integration, and citizenship reform, created growing interest in the German historical experience of migration, migration controls and citizenship law. At the time, the only major work to tackle the subject was Klaus Bade's pioneering study of Prussian migration policies before the First World War, recently republished in an updated edition.[1] Initially, interest in German migration policies was guided largely by two leading questions. Histories of citizenship in Germany tended to adopt a long or a comparative perspective, which sought to test the hypothesis that German citizenship law and its implementation in practice reflected a particularly ethnic German conception of nationhood.[2] Histories of migration policy, by contrast, tended to focus on particular episodes in which a German tendency to view migrants primarily with regard to their usefulness, and not as potential immigrants and future citizens, clearly emerged, especially with regards to histories of the German Empire, the First World War, National Socialism, the Second World War and the post-war treatment of Gastarbeiter. The Weimar Republic, in contrast, was usually passed over in a few pages that highlighted the continuity of labor market control.[3] This state of affairs was remarkable because research on other countries highlighted the interwar period as an epoch of massive change in international migration policies. Race and ethnicity loomed larger than they had before, as indicated by the implementation of a quota system and barred zones in the United States. Moreover, with the First World War came the introduction of documentation requirements and the creation of labor-management bureaucracies that facilitated the distinction between citizens and aliens, as well as attempts to match labor supply to labor demand. Gérard Noiriel had even gone so far as to argue, largely with a view to migration and documentation policies, that the practices of Vichy had their roots in republican reforms of the late 1920s and 1930s.[4] Jochen Oltmer's magisterialHabilitationsschrift closes this gap all but completely. Based on a thorough reading of the archival record and contemporary public debate, his book shows that the transition from the politics of the First World War to the politics of National Socialism in the years of a labor shortage was more complicated previously assumed. He also highlights that migration policy was a field in which the Weimar Republic's problems emerged with particular poignancy. Oltmer's account is organized thematically rather than chronologically, though his subjects are arranged in the order in which they emerged as the main foci of internal administrative and public political debate. In the Weimar Republic's early years, these topics concerned ethnic Germans left outside the Empire's post-Versailles borders, prisoners of war and political refugees. In the later years, the position of migrant workers gained more prominence. While publicly committed to aiding fellow Germans, the republic's practice was ambivalent. The arrival of former residents of Alsace--mostly skilled workers in industries where labor was in demand, from a territory unlikely to be re-conquered soon--was welcome, but emigration of ethnic Germans from areas under Polish control was actively discouraged. The official view of these potential emigrants was less positive, their numbers were larger by several orders of magnitude and maintaining a visible German minority outside Germany's eastern borders seemed a good way to bolster the German case for a revision of the Treaty of Versailles. Migrants from Poland who could not prove they had been persecuted could therefore only expect accommodation in forbidding refugee camps in remote locations. As Oltmer's third chapter shows, this attitude also shaped the Weimar Republic's response to ethnic German emigration from Russia, which peaked during the famine years of the 1920s. Individual ethnicity was, therefore, not a dominant factor in the treatment of refugees; aliens of all ethnic backgrounds remained in a precarious position in the Weimar Republic, regardless of whether they were former prisoners of war who had opted to stay, or Jewish refugees from eastern and southeastern Europe who loomed relatively large in public debates or refugees from Soviet Russia. Ethnicity and race also loomed large in debates on the desirability of labor immigration. In general, the attitudes of state governments had more or less come full circle since the days of the empire. Whereas Prussia had been most concerned about the impact of Polish immigrants on national homogeneity before 1914, Bavaria and Baden-Württemberg proved most rigid after 1919. However, the majority of migrant workers were interested in jobs in Prussia, in the industrial areas of the Ruhr and, more prominently, in the agricultural east, which continued to rely on the access to Polish labor markets, particularly for potato planting and harvesting. In theory, the states and the empire had a powerful new tool to control labor migration: the obligatory work permit, issued only if no German applicants could be found for a job. Things were, however, not so simple in practice. Political interest in ethnic homogeneity was equal to interest in increasing the supply of food, a goal that could only be achieved, East Elbian landowners claimed, if Polish seasonal workers remained available to German employers. Immigration was, however, regarded with distaste by the völkisch right, Prussia's conservative bureaucracy and the Social Democrats, who viewed Polish laborers as an obstacle to the long-overdue modernization of rural Prussia through mechanization and unionization. The solution, fixed quotas for migrant laborers set to decline every year, proved unworkable, as rural employers turned to undocumented laborers. Moreover, the German government did its bit to undermine respect for legality in immigration matters. Seeking to reimpose a de facto policy forcing Polish migrants to return home for part of the year to prevent their settlement in Poland, German officials came into conflict with Polish determination to cut the state's ties to long-term emigrants, and were frequently forced to aid migrants in clandestinely crossing the border, before an unequal agreement could be concluded with Poland in 1927 that confirmed the status of Polish workers as second-class migrants excluded from social insurance and subject to a forced return for part of the year. Oltmer's comprehensively documented study does more than simply fill a gap in existing research. He unearths a striking pattern to Weimar policies, which could be found in many other fields of policy and may contribute to explaining why successive Weimar governments had such a difficult time in gaining the population's respect. Public pronouncements frequently contradicted secret or semi-secret policies. Official quotas for foreign workers, for example, were unofficially raised and little attempt was made to sanction employers of undocumented workers. Such actions exposed the Republic to criticism from the right and created a climate in which even more restrictive National Socialist policies could acquire broad popular support. Oltmer's book thus treats a question at the center, not the periphery, of the Weimar years.
Jonathan Wagner has written a monograph on a migration movement that was in many ways a peripheral one. From a Canadian perspective, Germans accounted for a relatively minor share of immigrants, compared to former residents of the British Isles, of eastern or southern Europe. Seen from Germany, Canada was one of many destinations for migrants who wished to leave the country and were prepared to travel over long distances, but were, for whatever reason, not attracted by the United States, the destination for the overwhelming majority of transcontinental emigrants. Nevertheless, the movement from Germany to Canada was significant in absolute and often symbolic terms. The way Wagner tells it, the story of German-Canadian migration was a tale of parallel experiences: both Germany and Canada experienced federation and increasing international autonomy from the 1860s; both were ruled by domineering conservative figures presiding over de facto liberalization in the 1870s; both participated in the First World War, and both went through traumatic economic crises in the interwar period. ...
The volume consists of eight essays with a precise focus: the study of the "dynamics of social exclusion" as reflected in data available for 1994 to 1996, when a detailed survey of a sample of households in EU countries, the "European Community Households Panel," was conducted. On the basis of these data, the authors document the extent and prevalence of poverty generally and specifically in regard to particular risk groups defined in terms of age, health and personal circumstances (young adults, lone parents, people with sickness or disability and retirees).[1] The analysis was carried out for five countries: Austria, Germany, Greece, Portugal and the United Kingdom, which were taken to be representative of the extremes of EU membership: north and south; wealthy and poor; large and small. The essays discuss income poverty (measured as incomes at 40, 50 or 60 percent of median incomes) as well as housing problems, access to basic necessities like food and utilities, access to consumer durables and social interactions. The essays document not only that the extent of poverty varies between countries--a well-known fact--but also that its causes and effects continue to differ even in an increasingly united western Europe. Austria had the lowest proportion of the population in poor households (17 percent--compared to 18 percent in Germany, 21 percent in the United Kingdom and Greece, and 24 percent in Portugal). While sickness and disability were likely to impoverish individuals in all the countries studied, this was particularly true of Austria, Germany and the United Kingdom (that is, northern Europe); retirement was more likely to result in income poverty in the south. The north-south divide was less relevant for parents; single income households with children were particularly likely to suffer from income poverty in the United Kingdom, Germany and Portugal. Poverty was more likely to be persistent than merely a brief phase in the life cycle. Persistence rates of income poverty were around 80 percent in Greece and Britain, above 70 percent in Portugal and above 60 percent in Germany and Austria. But the effects were rather different. In the United Kingdom, high persistence rates of income poverty coincided with low persistence rates (34 percent) of amenities deprivation, whereas the persistence of necessities deprivation was relatively low in Greece at 39 percent. The volume was conceived as a contribution to policy decision-making in the aftermath of the 2000 Lisbon Declaration, which focused (among other things) on poverty and encouraged member states to set more concrete targets for dealing with social exclusion. Some member states did so; Britain, for example--a country where income poverty was particularly likely to result in deprivation of basic necessities--vowed to abolish "poverty" by 2020. The volume is a treasure-trove of data and empirical analysis; it makes essential, though at times rather trying, reading for anyone interested in the extent of social exclusion, and the likelihood of falling into or escaping from it. It also provides ample proof--if any were needed--that governments seeking to combat social exclusion have to set different priorities, because they are not attacking the same phenomenon. Unfortunately, the empirical as well as the more conceptual contributions reveal some of the approach's and the book's shortcomings.[2] The book's very advantage--providing a precise research agenda--is also a drawback. With its focus on three years, and on the life-cycle rather than more stable factors such as ethnicity, occupation or regional origin, the volume presents a particular image of the risk (and duration) of deprivation, which may be more or less comprehensive for different countries. The narrow temporal focus makes one wonder whether measuring poverty's "persistence" of poverty makes much sense for such a relatively short time. Such doubt is enhanced when considering some of the oddities in the results: how did households that remained poor in the United Kingdom manage to get their hands on consumer durables? (The same question could be asked for the sudden increase in access to necessities in Greek households.) Illustrating the empirical findings with more concrete examples would have been helpful, particularly when they are counterintuitive, for instance the statement that patterns of poverty in eastern and western Germany were converging in spite of the continuing divergence in unemployment patterns. Another question--admittedly suggested by events of the last several years--is whether ethnicity, regional origins or occupations are not more important in determining the extent and duration of social exclusion than life cycle. These factors were not, and partly could not be, measured on the basis of the data used, but have moved to the center of policy debates today. This matter relates to another issue the book does not address: who is to blame for poverty, and what roles have governments and the European Union assumed in determining poverty patterns and trends? Have past policy choices--for instance, cutting benefits; increasing "flexibility" in labor markets; encouraging the emigration of jobs (such things the European Union is frequently accused of doing)--made a difference? Is combating poverty a serious policy agenda, or merely window-dressing to make the "reforms" that were key to the Lisbon agenda for modernizing the EU more palatable? Europe seems to be facing an internal contradiction between the agenda of competition and privatization (which results in higher access costs to essential services for "low value" customers) and the agenda of abolishing poverty. This contradiction is partly sustained by U.K. data. Which element is and should be more important to the European Union or national governments is hotly debated, but of course serious contributions to the debate require a comprehensive review of the present state of affairs through the type of careful studies of which this volume is an excellent example.