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Die Arbeit ist der Theorie der Dichtungsarten im genannten Zeitraum ge-widmet und geht den konkurrierenden Einteilungen (Zwei-, Drei-, Vier-, Fünfteilung) und den Gattungsexperimenten der Poetik nach. Die Spekulationen der Romantik und des Idealismus haben diesem Gebiet das Gewicht gegeben, das es bis heute behalten hat. Die Poetik des späteren 18. Jahrhunderts leitet diese Entwicklung ein, doch kennt sie die dialektische Struktur der idealistischen Systeme noch nicht. Sie hat sich mit formalen und inhaltlichen Gesichtspunkten begnügt und nicht selten auf eine Gattungssystematik ganz verzichtet.
Zur Forschungs- und Quellenlage, S. 2 Lesefähigkeit, S. 6 Alphabetismus und Schule, S. 6 Exkurs: Die Schulbildung in Est- und Livland, S. 9 Erwachsenenbildung, S.151 Lesemöglichkeiten, S. 11 Die Stellung der Obrigkeit, S. 11 Die Volksaufklärer, S. 15 Zur Distribution aufklärerischer Volksliteratur, S. 20 Lesebereitschaft und –Bedürfnis, S. 24 Soziale Situation der Landbevölkerung, S. 24 Zur psychischen Struktur des Bauern, S. 26 Zum bäuerlichen Erwartungshorizont, S. 29 Die bäuerliche Lektüre, S. 34 Das Vorlesen, S. 35 Neue Tendenzen am Jahrhundertende, S. 36 Industrialisierung und Pauperisierung, S. 36 Der Schock der Revolution, S. 39 Anmerkungen, S. 44 Literaturverzeichnis, S. 53
Kritik, Literaturkritik (II.) : Die Geschichte des K.-Begriffs von der Renaissance bis zur Gegenwart
(1976)
Das Wort <K.> bezeichnet bildungssprachlich heute fast ausschließlich die Rezension literarischer Neuerscheinungen und die Besprechung künstlerischer Darbietungen als Formen der Publizistik, sowie die Gesamtheit der diese verfassenden Personen. Solchem Wortgebrauch zufolge unterscheidet sich K. von der (akademischen) Literaturwissenschaft neben der Aktualität dadurch, daß sie sich der Äußerung von Werturteilen und der Einflußnahme nicht enthalten muß. In dieser engen Verwendung ist <K.> das Ergebnis eines Bedeutungswandels, dem das französische <critique> und das englische <criticism> nicht in gleicher Weise unterlegen sind, so wenig sich in beiden Sprachen ein <Literaturwissenschaft> vergleichbarer Terminus hat durchsetzen können.
Der Aufsatz von 1976 geht der Frage nach, wie weit Walter Benjamins "Wahlverwandtschaften"-Aufsatz als philologische Studie aufgefasst werden darf. Das Ergebnis ist in wesentlichen Teilen negativ und lädt zu Überlegungen ein, welches Ziel Benjamin in seiner Studie verfolgt und welcher methodologischen Mittel er sich dabei bedient.
In 1937, when Bulgakov was working on Master i Margarita and suffering from rejection by the theatre community, an old friend appealed to him: "Вы ведь государство в государстве. Сколько это может продолжаться? Надо сдаваться, все сдались. Один вы остались. Это глупо." And indeed "государство в государстве" ("a state within a state") is an appropriate way of describing a man who was feverishly working on a modernist novel at the height of socialist realism. The very fact that Master i Margarita was written in the oppressive environment of the 1930s makes it a unique modernist work, for it emerges as a protest against socialist realism and a defense of artistic freedom. In this respect the modernist qualities of Bulgakov's novel acquire a new dimension because Master i Margarita becomes a kind of artistic devil, fulfilling the traditional diabolic role of opposing authority. This is why Woland, as a character, is the metonymic expression of the novel's revolt.
Timothy Findley's "The Wars" is a very powerful and disturbing book. Despite the novel's historically distant setting, the events of "The Wars" do not seem distant at all: the reader is brought close to the horrible violence of World War I and its devastating impact on a young mind. The question is why? The topic is certainly not new — we are аll too familiar with the World War I period. The theme is also an old one — a young man's loss of innocence and baptism by fire on the battlefield. The novelty and vividness of Findley's work are attributable to another source: its form. I hope to show that one artistic device in particular — de-automatization — is largely responsible for the novel's powerful impact on the modern reader.
Vsevolod M. Garshin's story "Four Days" ("Четыре дня") made the author famous when it was published in 1877. Intended as a strong anti·war statement and based on a true incident during the Russian-Turkish war (1877-78), "Four Days" is the interior monologue of a wounded soldier left for dead on an empty battlefield. His last name, Ivanov, which is traditionally considered to be the most common one in Russia, may suggest the idea of "everyman" in order to generalize the protagonists terrible experience on the battlefield into a broad anti-war message. The protagonist finds himself pinned down next to 0the body of a Turkish soldier whom he had killed just before being wounded. Forced to look at the corpse for a long time, Ivanov experiences terrible guilt, since he has never killed before. After four days of physical and mental agony, during which Ivanov reassesses his formerly idealistic attitude toward war and ends up condemning it as something far from glorious and noble, the protagonist is found by his regiment, and, unlike his real-life prototype, he survives (Henry. 47). Throughout the text we do not lave the confines of the protagonist's mind; as a result, the intense, relentless focus on his mental and physical anguish created by the interior monologue: immobilized by his wound, he becomes a prisoner of his own mind; as a result, the intense, relentless focus on his mental and physical anguish created by the interior monologue technique enhances the "horrors of war" effect intended by the author. At the same time the war-related situation and setting provide motivation for the wounded man's interior monologue: immobilized by his wound, he becomes a prisoner of his own mind and its therefore forced by circumtances to think through his entire predicament and its causes.
In his lifetime Daniil Charms only succeeded in publishing two of his poems for adults. Publicly he was a children's author: a job in the Soviet Union which traditionally attracted many writers whose literature for adults was either rejected by the official literary system or had to be hidden altogether if its creators wanted to avoid trouble.
In fact up to the present day it is still Charms the children's author who is best known and loved, although finally under new historical and political conditions the writer for adults has also been allowed to make his debut. However, whatever he wrote, Charms' work was always dominated by an absurdist world view, a view that usually denied all dogma or ideology. His only aim seems to have been to present a world upside down and play around with literary and other conventions, i.e. more than anything else he wanted to be different, acting as a sort of literary "punk".
Although Charms and his associates were preceded by European absurdist authors, such as A. Jarry (1873-1907), it is very difficult to establish any relationship of influence between examples of Western European absurdism and Daniil Charms. Nonetheless, Charms' work, as well as that of Jarry, Ionesco and Beckett, all share the "grotesquely comic as well as irrational" (Abrams 1981: 1) quality of the absurdist movement in its larger modernist context.
Maren Lorenz zeigt anhand gedruckter ärztlicher Gutachtensammlungen und Rechtstexten der Aufklärung zu "Notzucht", wie das sexuelle Verhältnis der Geschlechter im gerichtsmedizinischen Diskurs nachhaltig naturalisiert wurde. Soziale Normen und patriarchale Mythen setzten "neue" naturwissenschaftliche Normen, die Kraft ihrer axiomatischen Autorität Legislative und Judikative gleichermaßen bis zum Ende des 20. Jahrhunderts prägten. Die Möglichkeit sexueller Gewalt, v.a. gegen erwachsene Frauen, wurde auf diese Weise de facto "wegdefiniert".