Filtern
Erscheinungsjahr
- 2015 (35) (entfernen)
Dokumenttyp
Volltext vorhanden
- ja (35)
Gehört zur Bibliographie
- nein (35)
Schlagworte
- Genfallen-Vektoren (2)
- Gentherapie (2)
- Primäre Immundefekte (2)
- 5-lipoxygenase (1)
- AF4 (1)
- Akute Lymphatische Leukämie (1)
- Alpha-synuclein (1)
- BCR/ABL (1)
- Complex II (1)
- FlexTouch (1)
Institut
- Pharmazie (35) (entfernen)
Die größte Gruppe der Krebserkrankungen bei Kindern sind die Leukämien. Die größte Untergruppe stellen dabei die Leukämien unter Beteiligung des MLL-Gens auf Chromosom 11q23 dar. Die bei MLL-Translokationen gefundenen Partnergene sind äußerst vielfältig. Der häufigste Partner ist jedoch das AF4-Gen auf Chromosom 4. Die bei der t(4;11)-Translokation entstehenden Fusionsproteine MLL-AF4 und AF4-MLL sind die Auslöser der Leukämie, wobei in unterschiedlichen Forschungsarbeiten beiden Fusionsproteinen eine Transformatorische Wirkung bescheinigt werden konnte. Das Wildtyp MLL-Protein liegt in der Zelle in einem Multiproteinkomplex vor, der durch seine Histon-Methyltransferase-Aktivität an Lysin 4 des Histon H3, zu einer offenen Chromatinstruktur führt und dadurch für die Transkriptionsinitiierung essentiell ist. Eine besondere Rolle kommt den MLL-Protein bei der Aufrechterhaltung von epigenetischen Signaturen beispielsweise bei der Embryogenese oder dem Durchlaufen des Zellzyklus zu. Im Gegensatz dazu nimmt der F4-Multiproteinkomplex eine wichtige Stellung in der Transkriptionselongation ein und ermöglicht der RNA-Polymerase II zusammen mit seinen Komplexpartnern die Elongation der mRNA. Die Taspase1 wurde als das Protein entdeckt, dass für die Prozessierung des MLL-Proteins verantwortlich ist und es an den Schnittstellen CS1 bzw. CS2 proteolytisch spaltet. Die hierbei entstehenden Fragmente N320 und C180 können daraufhin dimerisieren und werden gegenüber einem proteasomalen Abbau stabilisiert. Diese Taspase1-Schnittstellen sind auch in dem Fusionsprotein AF4-MLL enthalten und ermöglichen die Stabilisierung des AF4-MLLs nach proteolytischer Spaltung gegenüber seinem proteasomalen Abbau. Die Taspase1 ist eine Threonin-Aspartase aus der Familie der Typ-2 Asparaginasen zu deren weiteren Vertretern die L-Asparaginase sowie die Glycosylasparaginase zählen. Als einziger Vertreter dieser Gruppe ist die Taspase1 jedoch eine Protease. Gemein ist allen Vertretern der Familie, die autoproteolytische Aktivierung des exprimierten Proenzyms hin zu einer katalytisch aktiven Form. Im Falle der Taspase1 kommt es dabei zu einer Spaltung in die als Heterodimer vorliegenden α- und β-Untereinheiten. Das katalytische Nukleophil der aktiven Taspase1 ist dabei das N-terminale Thr234 der β-Untereinheit. Neben ihrer Rolle als Protease des AF4-MLLs und der damit verbundenen Stabilisierung des Onkogens, wird der Taspase1 auch bei den soliden Tumoren eine Rolle als für die Transformation wichtiges Protein zugewiesen, was sich in ihrer häufigen Überexpression in verschiedenen Tumorarten widerspiegelt. Die Taspase1 ist demnach ein interessantes Ziel für die Wirkstoffentwicklung. Hierfür ist die Generierung eines quantitativen Aktivitätstest besonders wichtig und war Ziel dieser Arbeit. Der entwickelte Aktivitätstest basiert auf einem Reporter bestehend aus den beiden Fluoreszenzproteinen TagBFP sowie TagGFP2, die über eine Taspase1 Schnittstelle verbunden wurden. Dieses FRET-Paar lässt dabei die kontinuierliche Beobachtung der Reaktion zu und ermöglicht eine Auswertung der kinetischen Parameter der Reaktion. Von den beiden FRET-Reportern mit den unterschiedlichen Schnittstellen CS1 und CS2,konnte nur der mit der CS2 Schnittstelle exprimiert werden. Dieser Reporter konnte dann für die Validierung des Aktivitätstests eingesetzt werden und ließ die Bestimmung der kinetischen Parameter der Taspase1 für diese Reaktion zu. Die erhaltenen Parameter bewegen sich in einer ähnlichen Größenordnung wie schon publizierte kinetische Parameter eines Peptid-basierten Aktivitätstests. Ausgehend hiervon wurden die dnTaspase, eine dominant negative Taspase1-Mutante, kinetisch untersucht und ihre Inhibition der Taspase1-Aktivität beschrieben. Der Aktivitätstest ließ die Bestätigung der Konzentrationsabhängigen Inhibition der Taspase1-Aktivität durch die dnTaspase zu. Diese Beobachtung konnte auch in einer Zell-basierten Variante des Aktivitätstests bestätigt werden und zeigte sich ferner auch in einer Wachstumsverlangsamenden Wirkung der dnTaspase in der t(4;11)-Zelllinie SEM, wobei dieser Effekt nicht auf einer Zunahme der Apoptose der Zellen zurückzuführen war. Desweiteren wurde der Aktivitätstest benutzt, um eine Reihe von gegen das aktive Zentrum der Taspase1 gerichtete Substanzen auf ihre inhibitorische Wirksamkeit zu untersuchen.Hierbei gelang es einen Kandidat als Leitsubstanz zu identifizieren, der eine konzentrationsabhängige Inhibition der Taspase1 zeigte. Eine Bindung dieser Substanz an die Taspase1 konnte jedoch durch einen Thermal Shift Assay nicht nachgewiesen werden und ein Einfluss auf die Viabilität von proB-ALL Zelllinien konnte nicht beobachtet werden.
In addition to infectious viral particles, hepatitis B virus-replicating cells secrete high amounts of SVPs, which are ssembled by HBsAg in the shape of spheres and filaments but lack any capsid and genome. Filaments are characterized by a much higher amount of the surface protein LHBs as compared to spheres. Spheres are
released via the constitutive secretory pathway, while viral particles are ESCRT-dependently released via MVBs. The interaction of virions with the ESCRT machinery is mediated by α-taxilin that connects the PreS1 domain of LHBs with the ESCRT-component tsg101. Since viral particles and filaments contain a significant amount of LHBs, it is unclear whether filaments are secreted as spheres or released like viral particles. To study the release pathways of HBV filaments in the absence of viral particles, A core-deficient
HBV mutant (1.2×HBVΔCore) was generated by site-directed mutagenesis based on wt1.2x HBV. The start codon of core protein was mutated into stop codon, which was confirmed by DNA sequencing. Data from HBsAg ELISA, Western blot, immunofluorescence microscopy and immunoelectron microscopy showed that the lack of core protein did neither affect the production nor the secretion of HBV SVPs. The intracellular distribution of
LHBs and SHBs showed no difference between wtHBV and the core-deficient mutant expressing cells. Therefore, this system is suitable to investigate the release pathway of HBV filaments in the absence of viral particles. Confocal microscopy analysis of cells cotransfected core-deficient mutants with peYFPRab7 as marker for the endosomal/MVB pathway or with pGalT-eGFP as marker for the trans Golgi apparatus showed that YFP-Rab7, but not GalT-GFP, partially colocalized with LHBs. Furthermore, LHBs could be found in dilated MVBs by immune electron microscopy of ultrathin sections. This was confirmed by isolation of MVBs by cell fractionation using discontinuous sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation and percoll-based linear gradient ultracentrifugation, indicating that filaments enter MVBs in the absence of virion formation. Moreover, inhibition of MVB biogenesis by the small molecular inhibitor U18666A significantly abolished the release of filaments in a dose-dependent manner, but no inhibition could be observed in the production. In contrast, no inhibition on the secretion and production of spheres could be
detected. Inhibition of ESCRT-functionality by coexpression of transdominant negative mutants (Vps4A, Vps4B, CHMP3) abolished the release of filaments while secretion of spheres was not affected. These data indicate that in contrast Abstract 73 to spheres while are secreted via the secretory pathway, filaments are released via ESCRT/MVB pathway like infectious viral particles.
Resistance in glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis is associated with poor prognosis for long term survival in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). As Smac mimetics have been shown to reactivate apoptosis by antagonizing Inhibitor of Apoptosis (IAP) proteins, we investigate the potential of the Smac mimetic BV6 to overcome glucocorticoid-resistance in ALL. This study shows that BV6 synergistically cooperates with glucocorticoids to trigger apoptosis and to suppress clonogenic growth of pediatric ALL cells. Of note, the BV6/glucocorticoid combination treatment also induces cell death in cells having defects in the apoptotic signaling cascade by inducing a switch from apoptotic to necroptotic cell death. The clinical relevance of our novel combination treatment is underscored by parallel experiments in primary pediatric ALL samples, in which glucocorticoids and BV6 act together to induce cell death in a synergistic manner. Importantly, the addition of BV6 enhances the anti-leukemic effects of glucocorticoids in an in vivo mouse model of pediatric ALL without causing substantial side effects, highlighting the potency of a BV6/glucocorticoid combination treatment. In contrast, BV6 does not increase cytotoxicity of glucocorticoids against several non-malignant cell types of the lympho-hematopoietic system. Furthermore, we have identified the novel underlying mechanism of BV6/glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis by showing that BV6 and glucocorticoids synergistically act together to promote assembly of the ripoptosome, a RIP1/FADD/caspase-8-containing cell death complex. Ripoptosome assembly is critically required for BV6/Dexamethasone-induced cell death, since genetic silencing of its members, i.e. RIP1, reduces ROS production, caspase activation and most importantly cell death induction. BV6/glucocorticoid combination treatment promotes ripoptosome assembly by inhibition of both of its negative regulators, IAP proteins and cFLIP. Thus, we identify that BV6 and glucocorticoids cooperate together to reduce cIAP1, cIAP2 and XIAP protein levels and cFLIP expression. Ripoptosome formation occurs independently of autocrine/paracrine loops of death receptor ligands, since blocking antibodies for TNFα, TRAIL or CD95L or genetic silencing of their corresponding receptors fail to rescue BV6/glucocorticoid-induced cell death. In summary, this study shows that the Smac mimetic BV6 sensitizes for glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis by promoting ripoptosome assembly with important implications for the treatment of childhood ALL.
Simultaneous and dose dependent melanoma cytotoxic and immune stimulatory activity of betulin
(2015)
Conventional cytostatic cancer treatments rarely result in the complete eradication of tumor cells. Therefore, new therapeutic strategies focus on antagonizing the immunosuppressive activity of established tumors. In particular, recent studies of antigen-loaded dendritic cells (DCs) eliciting a specific antitumor immune response has raised the hopes of achieving the complete elimination of tumor tissue. Genistein, fingolimod and betulin have already been described as active compounds in different types of cancer. Herein, we applied an integrated screening approach to characterize both their cytostatic and their immune-modulating properties side-by-side. As will be described in detail, our data confirmed that all three compounds exerted proapoptotic and antiproliferative activity in different B16 melanoma cell lines to a given extent, as revealed by an MTT assay, CFSE and DAPI staining. However, while genistein and fingolimod also affected the survival of primary bone marrow (BM) derived DCs of C57BL/6 mice, betulin exhibited a lower cytotoxicity for BMDCs in comparison to the melanoma cells. Moreover, we could show for the first time, that only betulin caused a simultaneous, highly specific immune-stimulating activity, as measured by the IL-12p70 release of Toll-like receptor 4-stimulated BMDCs by ELISA, which was due to increased IL-12p35 mRNA expression. Interestingly, the activation of DCs resulted in enhanced T lymphocyte stimulation, indicated by increased IL-2 and IFN-γ production of cytotoxic T cells in spleen cell co-culture assays which led to a decreased viability of B16 cells in an antigen specific model system. This may overcome the immunosuppressive environment of a tumor and destroy tumor cells more effectively in vivo if the immune response is specific targeted against the tumor tissue by antigen-loaded dendritic cells. In summary, cytostatic agents, such as betulin, that simultaneously exhibit immune stimulatory activity may serve as lead compounds and hold great promise as a novel approach for an integrated cancer therapy.
Acute myeloid leukemia is a hematopoietic stem cell disorder and a type of acute leukemia which is characterized by clonal proliferation of myeloid precursors with a reduced capacity to differentiate into more mature cellular elements. Clinically AML is characterized by a high degree of heterogeneity with respect to chromosome abnormalities, gene mutations, and changes in expression of multiple genes and microRNAs. Cytogenetic abnormalities can be detected in approximately 50% to 60% of newly diagnosed AML patients. Majority of AML cases are associated with chromosomal aberrations, more specifically translocations that often result in gene arrangements and expression of aberrant fusion proteins. This study was carried out with two fusion proteins: PML/RARα and DEK/CAN which results from the translocations t(15;17) and t (6,9) respectively. PML/RARα is the most common translocation (97%) and the main driver in Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia (APL), a wellcharacterized and well treatable subtype of AML. In contrast, DEK/CAN occurs in 1-5% of AML, associated with poor prognosis and defines a high risk group in AML. The expression of PML/RARα results in a fusion protein that acts as a transcriptional repressor by interfering with gene expression programs involved in differentiation, apoptosis, and selfrenewal. Current therapy focused on the targeting of PML/RARα fusion protien. Success has been achieved by using either ATRA, anthracyclines and Arsenic trioxide or their combinations. These agents induce differentiation in PML/RARα positive AML and hence called differentiation therapy. In comparison with ATRA, ATO and anthracyclines are poor cellular differentiation agents. Despite early promise, several studies have reported that differentiation therapy is unable to target/eradicate leukemic stem cells or eradicate the disease. Therefore current therapeutic focus is to eliminate leukemic stem cells and achieve complete molecular remission not only in APL but also in acute lymphoblastic leukemia and chronic myeloid leukemia as well. Key enzymes of the eicosanoid pathways in the arachidonic acid metabolism, such as COX1/2 as well as the 5-LO have been shown to be good targets for leukemic stem cell therapy approach in AML by interfering with the Wntsignaling which is known to be indispensable for the pathogenesis of AML. Recently it was reported that the third eicosanoid pathway based on the cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes interferes with Wnt-signaling as well as with the proliferation and mobilization of hematopoietic stem cells...
Allergy against birch pollen is among the most common causes of spring pollinosis in Europe and is diagnosed and treated using extracts from natural sources. Quality control is crucial for safe and effective diagnosis and treatment. However, current methods are very difficult to standardize and do not address individual allergen or isoallergen composition. MS provides information regarding selected proteins or the entire proteome and could overcome the aforementioned limitations. We studied the proteome of birch pollen, focusing on allergens and isoallergens, to clarify which of the 93 published sequence variants of the major allergen, Bet v 1, are expressed as proteins within one source material in parallel. The unexpectedly complex Bet v 1 isoallergen composition required manual data interpretation and a specific design of databases, as current database search engines fail to unambiguously assign spectra to highly homologous, partially identical proteins. We identified 47 non-allergenic proteins and all 5 known birch pollen allergens, and unambiguously proved the existence of 18 Bet v 1 isoallergens and variants by manual data analysis. This highly complex isoallergen composition raises questions whether isoallergens can be ignored or must be included for the quality control of allergen products, and which data analysis strategies are to be applied.
BACKGROUND: Human SAMHD1 is a triphosphohydrolase that restricts the replication of retroviruses, retroelements and DNA viruses in noncycling cells. While modes of action have been extensively described for human SAMHD1, only little is known about the regulation of SAMHD1 in the mouse. Here, we characterize the antiviral activity of murine SAMHD1 with the help of knockout mice to shed light on the regulation and the mechanism of the SAMHD1 restriction and to validate the SAMHD1 knockout mouse model for the use in future infectivity studies.
RESULTS: We found that endogenous mouse SAMHD1 restricts not only HIV-1 but also MLV reporter virus infection at the level of reverse transcription in primary myeloid cells. Similar to the human protein, the antiviral activity of murine SAMHD1 is regulated through phosphorylation at threonine 603 and is limited to nondividing cells. Comparing the susceptibility to infection with intracellular dNTP levels and SAMHD1 phosphorylation in different cell types shows that both functions are important determinants of the antiviral activity of murine SAMHD1. In contrast, we found the proposed RNase activity of SAMHD1 to be less important and could not detect any effect of mouse or human SAMHD1 on the level of incoming viral RNA.
CONCLUSION: Our findings show that SAMHD1 in the mouse blocks retroviral infection at the level of reverse transcription and is regulated through cell cycle-dependent phosphorylation. We show that the antiviral restriction mediated by murine SAMHD1 is mechanistically similar to what is known for the human protein, making the SAMHD1 knockout mouse model a valuable tool to characterize the influence of SAMHD1 on the replication of different viruses in vivo.
Pharmacology: the pharmacodynamics of nutrients and nutrient interactions in biological functions
(2015)
Epidemiological studies and randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have shown that nutrition and nutritional habits may play a critical role in the optimal functioning of biological systems from conception to old age. Epidemiological studies, due to their methodology, can only provide correlations between consumption of nutrient(s) and biological outcomes, whereas RCTs normally study just one dose of a certain nutrient. Both study types are therefore ill-suited to study the mechanisms by which nutrients exert their benefits. Moreover, the nutrients’ functions may depend on each other. For example, B-vitamins’ functions are known to be interdependent. While the exact mechanisms are unclear, the course and severity of conditions such as obesity, cellular aging, cancer, and neurological disorders can be affected by nutritional approaches. Thus, food and nutrition play an intimate and inextricable role in human health. Despite growing interest in adequate nutrition, the effects of nutrient interaction, the possible varying effects on different organs, and the dependency of such effects on age or health status are complicated topics that deserve careful examination. ...