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We discuss the potential of light-nuclei measurements in heavy-ion collisions at intermediate energies for the search of the hypothetical QCD critical end-point. A previous proposal based on neutron density fluctuations has brought appealing experimental evidences of a maximum in the ratio of the number of tritons times protons, divided over deuterons square, O tpd. However these results are difficult to reconcile with the state-of-the-art statistical thermal model predictions. Based on the idea that the QCD critical point can lead to a substantial attraction among nucleons, we propose new light-nuclei multiplicity ratios involving He in which the maximum would be more noticeable. We argue that the experimental extraction is feasible by presenting these ratios formed from actual measurements of total and differential yields at low and high collision energies from FOPI and ALICE experiments, respectively. We also illustrate the possible behavior of these ratios at intermediate energies applying a semiclassical method based on flucton paths using the preliminary NA49 and STAR data for O tpd as input.
This work presents, to our knowledge, the first completely passive imaging with human-body-emitted radiation in the lower THz frequency range using a broadband uncooled detector. The sensor consists of a Si CMOS field-effect transistor with an integrated log-spiral THz antenna. This THz sensor was measured to exhibit a rather flat responsivity over the 0.1–1.5-THz frequency range, with values of the optical responsivity and noise-equivalent power of around 40 mA/W and 42 pW/√Hz, respectively. These values are in good agreement with simulations which suggest an even broader flat responsivity range exceeding 2.0 THz. The successful imaging demonstratestheimpressivethermalsensitivitywhichcanbeachievedwithsuchasensor. Recording of a 2.3×7.5-cm2-sized image of the fingers of a hand with a pixel size of 1 mm2 at a scanning speed of 1 mm/s leads to a signal-to-noise ratio of 2 and a noise-equivalent temperature difference of 4.4 K. This approach shows a new sensing approach with field-effect transistors as THz detectors which are usually used for active THz detection.
This Dissertation deals with the development of FAIR-relevant X-ray diagnostics based on the interaction of lasers and particle beams with matter. The associated experimental methods are supposed to be employed in the HIHEX-experiments in the HHT-cave of the GSI Helmholtz Center for Heavy-Ion Research GmbH (GSI) in Phase-0 and in the APPA-cave at the Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research in Darmstadt, Germany.
Diagnostic of high aerial density targets that will be used in FAIR experiments demands intense and highly penetrating X-ray sources. Laser generated well-directe relativistic electron beams that interact with high Z materials is an excellent tool for generation of short-pulse high luminous sources of MeV-gammas.
In pilot experiments carried out at the PHELIX laser system, GSI Darmstadt, relativistic electrons were produced in a long scale plasma of near critical electron density (NCD) by the mechanism of the direct laser acceleration (DLA). Low density polymer foam layers preionised by a well-defined nanosecond laser pulse were used as NCD targets. The analysis of the measured electron spectra showed up to 10- fold increase of the electron "temperature" from T_Hot = 1–2 MeV, measured for the case of the interaction of 1–2 ×10^19 Wcm^(−2) ps-laser pulse with a planar foil, up to 14 MeV for the case when the relativistic laser pulse propagates through the by a ns-pulse preionised foam layer. In this case, up to 80–90 MeV electron energy was registered. An increase of the electron energy was accompanied by a strong increase of the number of relativistic electrons and well-defined directionality of the relativistic electron beam measured to be (12 ±1)° (FWHM). This directionality increases the gamma flux on target by far compared to the soft X-ray sources.
Additionally to laser based active diagnostics, passive techniques involving inherent X-ray fluorescence radiation of projectile and target emitted during heavy-ion target interaction can be used to measure the ion beam distribution on shot. This information is of great importance, since the target size is chosen to be smaller than the beam focus in order to ensure homogeneous heating of the HIHEX-target by the ion beam. High amounts of parasitic radiation and activation of experimental equipment is expected for experiments at the APPA-cave. For this reason, all electronic devices must be placed at a safe distance to the target chamber. In order to transport the signal over a large distance, the X-ray image of the target irradiated by heavy-ions has to be converted into an optical one.
For these purposes, the X-ray Conversion to Optical radiation and Transport (XCOT)-system was developed in the frame of a BMBF-project and commissioned in two beamtimes at the UNILAC, GSI during this work.
In experiments, we observed intense radiation of target atoms (K-shell transitions in Cu at 8–8.3 keV and L-shell transition in Ta) ionised in collisions with heavy ions as well as Doppler-shifted L-shell transitions of Au-projectiles passing through targets. This radiation can be used for monochromatic (dispersive elements like bent crystals) or polychromatic (pinhole) 2D X-ray mapping of the ion beam intensity distribution in the interaction region during the beam-target interaction. We measured the efficiency of the X-ray photon production depending on the target thickness and the number of ions passing through the target. The spatial resolution of the XCOT-system based on the multi-pinhole camera was measured to be (91±17) μm for the image magnification factor M = 2. It was considerably improved by application of a toroidally bent quartz crystal and reached 30 μm at M = 6. This resolution is optimal to image the distribution of a 1mm in diameter ion beam. As next step, the XCOT-system will be tested during the SIS18 beam-time at the HHT-experimental area.
Type-II multiferroic materials, in which ferroelectric polarization is induced by inversion non-symmetric magnetic order, promise new and highly efficient multifunctional applications based on mutual control of magnetic and electric properties. However, to date this phenomenon is limited to low temperatures. Here we report giant pressure-dependence of the multiferroic critical temperature in CuBr2: at 4.5 GPa it is enhanced from 73.5 to 162 K, to our knowledge the highest TC ever reported for non-oxide type-II multiferroics. This growth shows no sign of saturating and the dielectric loss remains small under these high pressures. We establish the structure under pressure and demonstrate a 60\% increase in the two-magnon Raman energy scale up to 3.6 GPa. First-principles structural and magnetic energy calculations provide a quantitative explanation in terms of dramatically pressure-enhanced interactions between CuBr2 chains. These large, pressure-tuned magnetic interactions motivate structural control in cuprous halides as a route to applied high-temperature multiferroicity.
Diese Thesis befasst sich mit dem Problem korrelierter Elektronensysteme in realen Materialien. Ausgangspunkt hierbei ist die quantenmechanische Beschreibung dieser Systeme im Rahmen der sogenannten Kohn-Scham Dichtefunktionaltheorie, welche die Elektronen der Kristallsysteme als effektiv nicht-wechselwirkende Teilchen beschreibt.
Während diese Modellierung im Falle vieler Materialklassen erfolgreich ist, unterscheiden sich die korrelierten Elektronensysteme dadurch, dass der kollektive Charakter der Elektronendynamik nicht zu vernachlässigen ist.
Um diese Korrelationseffekte genauer zu untersuchen, verwenden wir in dieser Arbeit das Hubbard-Modell, welches mit der projektiven Wannierfunktionsmethode aus der Kohn-Scham Dichtefunktionaltheorie konstruiert werden kann.
Das Hubbard-Modell umfasst hierbei nur die lokale Elektron-Elektron-Wechselwirkung auf einem Gitter. Auch wenn das Modell augenscheinlich sehr simpel ist, existieren exakte Lösungen nur in bestimmten Grenzfällen. Dies macht die Entwicklung approximativer Ansätze erforderlich, wobei die Weiterentwicklung der sogenannten Two-Particle Self-Consistent Methode (TPSC) eine zentrale Rolle dieser Arbeit einnimmt.
Bei TPSC handelt es sich um eine Vielteilchenmethode, die in der Sprache funktionaler Ableitungen und sogenannter conserving approximations hergeleitet werden kann.
Der zentrale Gedanke dabei ist, den effektiven Wechselwirkungsvertex als statisch und lokal zu approximieren. Dies wiederum erlaubt die Bewegungsgleichung des Systems
erheblich zu vereinfachen, sodass eine numerische approximative Lösung des Hubbard-Modells möglich wird. Vorsetzung hierbei ist nur, dass sich das System in der normalleitenden Phase befindet und die bei Phasenübergängen entstehenden Fluktuationen nicht zu groß sind.
Während diese Methode ursprünglich von Y. M. Vilk und A.-M. Tremblay für das Ein-Orbital Hubbard-Modell entwickelt wurde, stellen wir in dieser Arbeit eine Erweiterung auf Viel-Orbital-Systeme vor.
Im Falle mehrerer Orbitale treten in der TPSC-Herleitung einzelne Komplikationen auf, die mit weiteren Approximationen behandelt werden müssen. Diese werden anhand eines einfachen Zwei-Orbital Modell-Systems diskutiert und die TPSC-Ergebnisse werden darüber hinaus mit den Ergebnissen der etablierten dynamischen Molekularfeldnährung verglichen.
In diesem Zusammenhang werden auch mögliche zukünftige Erweiterungen bzw. Verbesserungen von TPSC diskutiert.
Ein weiterer wichtiger Aspekt ist die Anwendung von TPSC auf reale Materialien.
In diesem Zusammenhang werden in dieser Arbeit die supraleitenden Eigenschaften der organischen K-(ET)2X Systeme untersucht. Hierbei lassen die TPSC-Resultate darauf schließen, dass das populäre Dimer-Modell, welches zur Beschreibung dieser Materialien herangezogen wird, nicht genügt um die experimentell bestimmten kritischen Temperaturen zu erklären und dass das komplexere Molekülmodell weitere exotische supraleitende Lösungen zulässt.
Schließlich untersuchen wir außerdem die elektronischen Eigenschaften des eisenbasierten Supraleiters LiFeAs und diskutieren inwieweit nicht-lokale Korrelationseffekte, welche durch TPSC aufgelöst werden können, die experimentellen Daten reproduzieren.
In heavy-ion collisions, the quark-gluon plasma is produced far from equilibrium. This regime is currently inaccessible by direct quantum chromodynamics (QCD) computations. In a holographic context, we propose a general method to characterize transport properties based on well-defined two-point functions. We calculate shear transport and entropy far from equilibrium, defining a time-dependent ratio of shear viscosity to entropy density, . Large deviations from its near-equilibrium value , up to a factor of 2.5, are found for realistic situations at the Large Hadron Collider. We predict the far-from-equilibrium time-dependence of to substantially affect the evolution of the QCD plasma and to impact the extraction of QCD properties from flow coefficients in heavy-ion collision data.
Für die vorliegende Arbeit wurden zur Analyse des Auger-Zerfalls kleiner Moleküle nach Photoionisation die aus der Zerfallsreaktion resultierenden Impuls- und Energiespektren von Photo- und Auger-Elektronen in Koinzidenz mit denen der ionischen Fragmente aufgenommen. Dies ermöglichte eine getrennte Betrachtung der während des Ionisationsschrittes und des Zerfallsschrittes dieses Prozesses besetzten Molekülzustände. Um weitere Einsicht in die Dynamik des Zerfalls zu erhalten, wurden vorhandene theoretische Modelle, welche insbesondere die Interaktion der durch die Reaktion produzierten geladenen Teilchen (Post Collision Interaction) einbeziehen, an die gemessenen Energiespektren angepasst. Dies ermöglichte die separate Betrachtung der im Ionisationsschritt besetzten Molekülzustände. So konnten die Emissionswinkelverteilungen der Photoelektronen im molekülfesten Koordinatensystem für jeden besetzten Anfangszustand einzeln betrachtet werden. Die Trennung der Endzustände des Zerfalls erfolgte über die Analyse des Spektrums der Ionen-Aufbruchsenergie (Kinetic Energy Release) und den Vergleich mit berechneten Potentialkurven der beitragenden Endzustände.
Durch die nach den Anfangszuständen separierte Betrachtung des Auger-Zerfalls wurde es auch möglich, die Auswirkungen dieser Zustände auf die Zerfallsdynamik zu analysieren. Dafür lieferte die Anpassung der Modellprofile die Lebensdauer des jeweiligen 1s-Lochzustandes in dem entsprechenden Zerfallskanal. Diese jeweiligen Lebensdauern eines jeden Zustandes wurden abhängig von verschiedenen Parametern mit einer Genauigkeit im Attosekunden-Bereich aus den Energiespektren der Photoelektronen ermittelt.
We derive the relation between cumulants of a conserved charge measured in a subvolume of a thermal system and the corresponding grand-canonical susceptibilities, taking into account exact global conservation of that charge. The derivation is presented for an arbitrary equation of state, with the assumption that the subvolume is sufficiently large to be close to the thermodynamic limit. Our framework – the subensemble acceptance method (SAM) – quantifies the effect of global conservation laws and is an important step toward a direct comparison between cumulants of conserved charges measured in central heavy ion collisions and theoretical calculations of grand-canonical susceptibilities, such as lattice QCD. As an example, we apply our formalism to net-baryon fluctuations at vanishing baryon chemical potentials as encountered in collisions at the LHC and RHIC.
We analyze the behavior of cumulants of conserved charges in a subvolume of a thermal system with exact global conservation laws by extending a recently developed subensemble acceptance method (SAM) [1] to multiple conserved charges. Explicit expressions for all diagonal and off-diagonal cumulants up to sixth order that relate them to the grand canonical susceptibilities are obtained. The derivation is presented for an arbitrary equation of state with an arbitrary number of different conserved charges. The global conservation effects cancel out in any ratio of two second order cumulants, in any ratio of two third order cumulants, as well as in a ratio of strongly intensive measures Σ and ∆ involving any two conserved charges, making all these quantities particularly suitable for theory-to-experiment comparisons in heavy-ion collisions. We also show that the same cancellation occurs in correlators of a conserved charge, like the electric charge, with any non-conserved quantity such as net proton or net kaon number. The main results of the SAM are illustrated in the framework of the hadron resonance gas model. We also elucidate how net-proton and net-Λ fluctuations are affected by conservation of electric charge and strangeness in addition to baryon number.
The production of light (anti-)(hyper-)nuclei in heavy-ion collisions at the LHC is considered in the framework of the Saha equation, making use of the analogy between the evolution of the early universe after the Big Bang and that of “Little Bangs” created in the lab. Assuming that disintegration and regeneration reactions involving light nuclei proceed in relative chemical equilibrium after the chemical freeze-out of hadrons, their abundances are determined through the famous cosmological Saha equation of primordial nucleosynthesis and show no exponential dependence on the temperature typical for the thermal model. A quantitative analysis, performed using the hadron resonance gas model in partial chemical equilibrium, shows agreement with experimental data of the ALICE collaboration on d, 3He, HΛ3, and 4He yields for a very broad range of temperatures at T≲155 MeV. The presented picture is supported by the observed suppression of resonance yields in central Pb–Pb collisions at the LHC. Keywords: Light (anti-)(hyper-)nuclei production, Saha equation, Partial chemical equilibrium.